RAD 101, Chapter 5: Shoulder Girdle
To obtain a more uniform IR density, the respiration phase for the AP projection of the clavicle should be: a. inspiration b. expiration c. shallow breathing d. suspended respiration
expiration
Which classification of bone is the clavicle? a. flat b. long c. short d. irregular
long
Which border of the scapula extends from the superior angle to the inferior angle? a. lateral b. medial c. costal d. superior
medial
For a transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, lung detail may be blurred to better visualize the shoulder area. Which exposure time is recommended to blur the lung structures? a. minimum of 1 second b. minimum of 2 seconds c. minimum of 3 seconds d. minimum of 5 seconds
minimum of 3 seconds
For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray should be directed: a. 15 degrees b. 30 degrees c. 15 to 30 degrees d. perpendicular to the IR
perpendicular to the IR
The respiration phase for an AP projection of the scapula is: a. inspiration b. expiration c. suspended respiration d. shallow breathing
shallow breathing
Of which part of the scapula is the acromion an extension? a. body b. spine c. glenoid cavity d. coracoid process
spine
When the Fisk modification is used for the tangential projection of the intertubercular groove, the patient is: a. prone b. supine c. sitting d. standing
standing
Where is the humerus generally demonstrated on a PA oblique shoulder (scapular Y) image if the shoulder is normal? a. superimposed on the junction of the acromion and coracoid process b. beneath the acromion c. beneath the coracoid process d. completely separated from the glenoid fossa (open joint space)
superimposed on the junction of the acromion and coracoid process
Where is the scapular notch located? a. lateral border b. superior border c. medial border d. dorsal border
superior border
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in external rotation? a. prone b. supine c. palm against the thigh d. back of the hand against the thigh
supine
Where should the center of the IR be positioned for a lateral projection of the shoulder? a. acromion process b. anatomical neck c. surgical neck d. greater tubercle
surgical neck
The respiration phase for an AP projection of the shoulder should be: a. inspiration b. expiration c. suspended d. shallow breathing
suspended
When performing the transthoracic later projection (Lawrence method) of the humerus, which breathing technique should be used to improve best the image contrast and decrease the exposure necessary to penetrate the body? a. rapid breathing b. shallow breathing c. suspended full expiration d. suspended full inspiration
suspended full inspiration
The scapulohumeral articulation is classified as a: a. cartilaginous joint, gliding type b. fibrous joint, gliding type c. synovial joint, ball and socket type d. synovial joint, condyloid type
synovial joint, ball and socket type
All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are: a. synovial—freely movable b. fibrous—slightly movable c. fibrous—immovable d. cartilaginous—immovable
synovial—freely movable
Which portion of the scapula articulates with the clavicle? a. acromion b. coracoid process c. coronoid process d. glenoid cavity
acromion
The large, rounded, elevated process prominently located on the lateral surface of the proximal humerus is the: a. greater tubercle b. lesser tubercle c. medial epicondyle d. lateral epicondyle
greater tubercle
Which of the following will be directly superimposed over the junction of the "Y" on the PA oblique (scapular Y) projection? a. humerus b. humeral head c. coracoid process d. acromion process
humeral head
Which classification of bone is the scapula? a. flat b. long c. short d. irregular
flat
The small, synovial fluid-filled sacs, which relieve pressure and reduce friction in joint tissues, are called: a. bursae b. ligaments c. tendons d. cartilage
bursae
With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the humeral epicondyles be positioned for the AP projection of the shoulder with the shoulder in neutral rotation? a. parallel b. perpendicular c. 45 degrees lateral oblique d. 45 degrees medial oblique
45 degrees medial oblique
When performing AP projections of the shoulder, where should the central ray be directed? a. 1 inch (2.5 cm) medial to the coracoid process b. 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the coracoid process c. 2 inches (5 cm) medial to the coracoid process d. 2 inches (5 cm) inferior to the coracoid process
1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the coracoid process
How should the central ray be angled for the AP projection (Pearson method) of the AC joints? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees cephalad c. 7 degrees cephalad d. 5 to 7 degrees cephalad
0 degrees
The centralray angulation for a lateral scapula is: a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 10 degrees cephalad d. 5 to 10 degrees cephalad
0 degrees
For the lateral projection of the scapula, the body is placed in which position? a. true lateral b. 15 degrees oblique c. RAO or LAO d. RPO or RAO
RAO or LAO
When the Fisk modification is used for the tangential projection of the intertubercular groove, the vertical humerus is placed at an angle of: a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees c. 5 to 10 degrees d. 10 to 15 degrees
10 to 15 degrees
The AP projection of the AC joints places the joints at an increased OID. Which of the following is the recommended SID to compensate for this distance? a. 40" b. 48" c. 72" d. 120"
72"
Which projection demonstrates the scapulohumeral joint space open and the glenoid cavity in profile? a. PA oblique projection (scapular Y) b. AP projection with external rotation c. AP oblique projection (Grashey method) d. inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method)
AP oblique projection (Grashey method)
Which projection of the shoulder best demonstrates the lesser tubercle of the humerus in profile and pointing toward the glenoid cavity? a. transthoracic lateral projection b. AP projection with neutral rotation c. AP projection with internal rotation d. AP projection with external rotation
AP projection with internal rotation
Which of the following projections are improved significantly with the use of a compensating filter? 1.) AP shoulder 2.) lateral scapula 3.) PA oblique (scapular Y) a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
What would be the required patient position to demonstrate the left shoulder using the AP oblique projection (Grashey method)? a. 10 to 15 degrees RPO b. 10 to 15 degrees LPO c. 35 to 45 degrees RPO d. 35 to 45 degrees LPO
35 to 45 degrees LPO
How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder joint? a. 20 degrees toward the affected side b. 20 degrees away from the affected side c. 35 to 45 degrees away from the affected side d. 35 to 45 degrees toward the affected side
35 to 45 degrees toward the affected side
For an AP projection of the shoulder with the arm in a neutral position, the epicondyles of the humerus should be: a. parallel with the plane of the IR b. perpendicular with the plane of the IR c. 45 degrees with the plane of the IR d. 60 degrees with the plane of the IR
45 degrees with the plane of the IR
For the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder, the body is rotated so that the midcoronal plane is how many degrees from the IR? a. 25 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 45 to 60 degrees d. 25 to 60 degrees
45 to 60 degrees
How much is the body rotated for a lateral projection of the shoulder? a. 30 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 60 degrees d. 45 to 60 degrees
45 to 60 degrees
Which projection best demonstrates the humeral head in profile? a. transthoracic lateral projection b. AP projection with neutral rotation c. AP projection with internal rotation d. AP projection with external rotation
AP rotation with external rotation
Which projection of the shoulder best demonstrates the greater tubercle of the humerus in profile? a. transthoracic lateral projection b. AP projection with neutral rotation c. AP projection with internal rotation d. AP projection with external rotation
AP rotation with external rotation
The scapula is classified as a(n): a. flat bone b. short bone c. long bone d. irregular bone
flat bone
Which of the following must be considered when using computed radiography for AP projections of the shoulder? 1.) mA settings above 200 2.) kVp must penetrate the most dense tissue area 3.) very close collimation must be used a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2
PA oblique projection of the shoulder (scapular Y) is performed to evaluate: a. carcinoma b. fractures c. dislocations d. soft tissue swelling
dislocations
How is the arm positioned for an AP scapula? a. abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexed b. abducted 90 degrees, forearm extended c. adducted, lateral rotation d. adducted, medial rotation
abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexed
What is the proper position of the humerus for the inferosuperior axial projection? a. adduction b. adduction and externally rotated c. abducted to a right angle d. abducted to a right angle and externally rotated
abducted to a right angle and externally rotated
The lesser tubercle is situated on which surface of the humerus? a. medial b. lateral c. anterior d. posterior
anterior
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in internal rotation? a. prone b. supine c. palm against the thigh d. back of the hand against the thigh
back of the hand against the thigh
When the arm cannot be rotated or abducted due to injury, which of the following methods can be used to perform a lateral projection of the shoulder? a. Settegast b. Holmblad c. Lawrence d. Pearson
Lawrence
Which of the following methods best demonstrates the supraspinatus "outlet" (coracoacromial arch)? a. Neer b. Alexander c. West Point d. Stryker "notch"
Neer
Which projection of the shoulder joint requires the patient to be rotated until the midcoronal plane forms an angle of 45 to 60 degrees with the plane of the IR? a. transthoracic lateral projection b. PA oblique projection (scapular Y) c. AP oblique projection (Grashey method) d. AP projection with external rotation
PA oblique projection (scapular Y)
The PA oblique projection of the shoulder joint (scapular Y) is performed in which of the following positions? a. AP b. lateral c. RAO or LAO d. RPO or LPO
RAO or LAO
If the patients condition permits, which joint should be demonstrated with the patient in an upright position? a. glenohumeral b. scapulohumeral c. sternoclavicular d. acromioclavicular
acromioclavicular
The Pearson method is an AP projection of the: a. shoulder joint b. proximal humerus c. scapulohumeral joint d. acromioclavicular articulation
acromioclavicular articulation
The acromial extremity of the clavicle articulates with the: a. glenoid cavity b. coracoid process c. sternal extremity of the clavicle d. acromion process of the scapula
acromion process of the scapula
Two exposures are commonly made of the AC joints—one without weights and one with weights. How are the weights applied? a. affixed to the elbows b. affixed to the wrists c. held in the hands d. held by the fingers
affixed to the wrists
What should be adjusted from the regular procedure for the transthoracic lateral projection (Lawerence method) of the humerus if the patient is unable to elevate the unaffected arm? a. breathing procedure b. central ray angulation c. placement of the IR d. rotation of the patient
central ray angulation
For an AP projection of the clavicle, the IR should be centered to the level of the: a. acromion b. coracoid process c. fourth rib d. sternoclavicular articulation
coracoid process
For delineation of the body of the scapula for the lateral projection, the arm is positioned as follows: a. flex the elbow and place the hand on the anterior abdomen b. flex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thorax c. extend the arm straight down at the side d. extend the arm upward and rest the forearm on the head
extend the arm upward and rest the forearm on the head
For delineation of the acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula in the lateral projection, the arm is positioned as follows: a. flex the elbow and place the hand on the anterior abdomen b. flex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thorax c. extend the arm upward and rest the forearm on the head d. extend the arm straight down at the side in the anatomical position
flex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thorax
If a breathing technique cannot be used for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder, the exposure should be made using: a. full expiration b. full inspiration c. partial inspiration d. partial expiration
full inspiration
In order to elevate the clavicle above the ribs and scapula for the AP axial projection, the phase of respiration should be: a. full inspiration b. full expiration c. shallow breathing d. suspended respiration
full inspiration
The rounded head of the humerus fits into an oval depression on the lateral aspect of the scapula called the: a. neck b. acromion c. lateral angle d. glenoid cavity
glenoid cavity
Which portion of the scapula articulates with the humeral head? a. acromion b. coracoid process c. coronoid process d. glenoid cavity
glenoid cavity
Which of the following is prominently shown "in profile" on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation? a. lesser tubercle b. greater tubercle c. scapulohumeral joint d. acromioclavicular joint
greater tubercle
When performing the AP projection of the scapula, the central ray should be directed toward a point 2 inches ___________ to the coracoid process. a. lateral b. medial c. inferior d. superior
inferior
Which projection of the shoulder requires that a horizontal central ray be directed 15 to 30 degrees medially and enter the axilla of the affected arm? a. AP projection b. PA oblique (scapular Y) projection c. inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method) d. transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence method)
inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method)
29. If the patient places the back of the hand against the hip, the humerus will be in: a. external rotation b. internal rotation c. abduction d. adduction
internal rotation
Which border of the scapula extends from the glenoid cavity to the inferior angle? a. medial b. lateral c. superior d. vertebral
lateral
Where is the coracoid process located in reference to the body of the scapula? a. medial and superior b. medial and inferior c. lateral and superior d. lateral and inferior
lateral and superior
In which body position should the patient be placed to demonstrate the left shoulder with the PA oblique projection (scapular Y)? a. left anterior oblique b. left posterior oblique c. right anterior oblique d. right posterior oblique
left anterior oblique
Which of the following is prominently shown "in profile" on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in internal rotation? a. lesser tubercle b. greater tubercle c. glenoid cavity d. acromioclavicular joint
lesser tubercle
The clavicle is classified as a(n): a. short bone b. long bone c. flat bone d. irregular bone
long bone
If the patient places the palm of the hand against the thigh, the humerus will be in: a. lateral position b. external rotation c. internal rotation d. neutral position
neutral position
When demonstrating the intertubercular groove with the Fisk modification of the tangential projection, how should the affected humerus be positioned? a. the humerus should be rotated laterally b. the humerus should be rotated medially c. the vertical humerus should form an angle of 10 to 15 degrees d. the humerus should be abducted to a right angle with the body
the vertical humerus should form an angle of 10 to 15 degrees
A lateral projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus can be obtained with which of the following: a. PA oblique (scapular Y) b. inferosuperior axial (Lawrence) c. inferosuperior axial (West Point) d. transthoracic lateral (Lawrence)
transthoracic lateral (Lawrence)
Which projection of the upper limb should be performed to demonstrate a fracture of the proximal humerus when that arm cannot be abducted? a. tangential projection, Fisk modification b. AP projection of the shoulder with internal rotation c. AP projection of the shoulder with external rotation d. transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence method) of the humerus
transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence method) of the humerus
Patients often arrive in the radiology department with trauma to the shoulder. Which of the following positions is recommended for xray examination of the shoulder on these patients? a. supine b. upright c. lateral recumbent d. lateral decubitus
upright
A HillSachs defect is a: a. fracture due to posterior dislocation of the humeral head b. wedgeshaped compression fracture of the articular surface of the humeral head c. congenital deformity of the humeral head d. congenital deformity of the glenoid cavity
wedgeshaped compression fracture of the articular surface of the humeral head
The SC articulation is formed by the sternal extremity of the clavicle and the: 1.) manubrium 2.) sternum 3.) first rib cartilage a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1 and 3
Which borders of the scapula unite to form the superior angle? 1. medial 2. lateral 3. superior a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
1 and 3 only
For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray should enter: a. 1 inch inferior to the coracoid process b. 1 inch inferior to the acromion c. 2 inches inferior to the coracoid process d. 2 inches inferior to the acromion
1 inch inferior to the coracoid process
Which of the following are clearly demonstrated on the inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint? 1.) proximal humerus 2.) scapulohumeral joint 3.) acromioclavicular articulation a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following positions of the humerus are commonly used when performing an AP projection of the shoulder? 1.) external rotation 2.) neutral rotation 3.) internal rotation a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following projections can be used to demonstrate the clavicle? 1.) AP or PA 2.) AP axial 3.) PA axial a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 3
The centralray angle for an AP axial projection of the clavicle when performed on a patient in the supine position is: a. 15 degrees b. 25 degrees c. 15 to 25 degrees d. 15 to 30 degrees
15 to 30 degrees
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the PA axial projection of the clavicle? a. 15 to 30 degrees caudad b. 15 to 30 degrees cephalad c. 25 to 35 degrees caudad d. 25 to 35 degrees cephalad
15 to 30 degrees caudad
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the clavical with the patient supine? a. 15 to 30 degrees caudad b. 15 to 30 degrees cephalad c. 25 to 35 degrees caudad d. 25 to 35 degrees cephalad
15 to 30 degrees cephalad
How is the central ray directed for an inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint? a. 5 degrees horizontally b. 15 to 30 degrees horizontally c. 5 degrees cephalad d. 15 to 30 degrees cephalad
15 to 30 degrees horizontally
A HillSachs defect may be demonstrated using which of the following projections: 1.) inferosuperior axial (Lawrence) 2.) inferosuperior axial (Rafert modification) 3.) AP axial (Stryker "notch") a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
2 and 3
Which of the following are achieved when the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder is done on full inspiration? 1.) wide latitude 2.) higher contrast 3.) decrease in exposure a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
2 and 3
Which of the following bones makes up the shoulder girdle? 1.) humerus 2.) scapula 3.) clavicle a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
2 and 3
How should the humerus be positioned for an inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder joint? 1.) internal rotation 2.) external rotation 3.) neutral rotation a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
2 only
For an AP projection of the scapula, the IR size and its position should be: a. 8 ́ 10 inches (18 ́ 24 cm) lengthwise b. 24 ́ 30 cm lengthwise c. 8 ́ 10 inches (18 ́ 24 cm) crosswise d. 24 ́ 30 cm crosswise
24 ́ 30 cm lengthwise
How far should the head, shoulders, and elbow be elevated for the inferosuperior axial projection of the shoulder? a. 2 to 3 inches b. 3 to 4 inches c. 4 to 5 inches d. 5 to 6 inches
3 to 4 inches
When performing a lateral projection of the scapula with the patient positioned RAO or LAO, approximately hoe much body rotation is necessary for the average patient? a. 15 to 20 degrees b. 25 to 30 degrees c. 35 to 40 degrees d. 45 to 60 degrees
45 to 60 degrees
How many pounds of weight should be affixed to each wrist for the AP projection of the AC joint? a. 2 lb b. 5 lb c. 2 to 4 lb d. 5 to 8 lb
5 to 8 lb
The IR size commonly used for an AP projection of the shoulder is: a. 8 ́ 10 inch (18 ́ 24 cm) b. 24 ́ 30 cm c. 30 ́ 35 cm d. 18 ́ 43 cm
8' 10 inch (18' 24 cm)
How far should the arm be abducted for an inferosuperior projection of the shoulder joint? a. 15 degrees b. 30 degrees c. 45 degrees d. 90 degrees
90 degrees
Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the glenoid cavity? a. AP b. PA oblique (scapular Y) c. AP oblique (Grashey) d. transthoracic lateral (Lawrence)
AP oblique (Grashey)
Which projection of the shoulder is being performed when the patient is supine with the right shoulder centered on the IR, a vertical central ray is being directed perpendicular to the center of the IR, and the humeral epicondyles are parallel? a. transthoracic lateral projection b.PA oblique (scapular Y) projection c. AP projection with internal rotation d. AP projection with external rotation
AP projection with external rotation
The greater tubercle will be partially superimposed over the humeral head on which of the following projections and positions? a. AP, external rotation b. AP, neutral rotation c. AP, internal rotation d. PA oblique, scapular Y
AP, neutral rotation
If the patient can be positioned properly, the centralray angle for the transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder is: a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees cephalad c. 10 degrees cephalad d. 15 degrees cephalad
0 degrees
What is the centralray angle for the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder joint? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 10 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees caudad
0 degrees
What is the centralray angulation for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulder joint? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees c. 0 to 5 degrees d. 5 to 10 degrees
0 degrees
1. Which of the following bones connects the upper limb to the trunk? 1.) clavicle 2.) scapula 3.) humerus a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2
Which borders of the scapula unite to form the inferior angle? 1. medial 2. lateral 3. superior a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 2 and 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3
1 and 2 only
Which of the following structures is projected in "lateral profile" on a PA oblique (scapular Y) projection? a. humerus b. scapula c. clavicle d. acromion
scapula
Which joint is ball and socket joint? a. acromioclavicular b. humeroulnar c. scapulohumeral d. sternoclavicular
scapulohumeral
The articulation between the glenoid cavity and head of the humerus is called the: a. synovial joint b. spheroidal joint c. acromioclavicular joint d. scapulohumeral joint
scapulohumeral joint
What is the name of the fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula? a. subscapular b. infraspinous c. supraspinous d. scapular notch
subscapular
When the tangential projection of the intertubercular groove is performed with the patient supine, the position of the hand is: a. supinated b. pronated c. lateral d. neutral
supinated
Which projection of the shoulder girdle is performed with the patient supine, an IR placed vertically against the superior surface of the shoulder, and the central ray angled 10 to 15 degrees posteriorly (downward from horizontal)? a. tangential for the intertubercular (bicipital) groove b. AP axial, lordotic postion, for the clavicle c. transthoracic lateral, Lawerence method, for the shoulder d. inferosuperior axial, Lawrence method, for the shoulder
tangential for the intertebercular groove
When the patient is positioned properly for a lateral projection of the scapula, the body of the scapula will be: a. perpendicular to the plane of the IR b. parallel with the plane of the IR c. at a 30degree angle to the plane of the IR d. at a 60degree angle to the plane of the IR
perpendicular to the plane of the IR
Which position of the hand will place the humerus in neutral position? a. prone b. supine c. palm against the thigh d. back of the hand against the thigh
palm against the thigh
With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the humeral epicondyles be positioned for the AP projection of the shoulder with the shoulder in external rotation? a. parallel b. perpendicular c. 45 degrees lateral oblique d. 45 degrees medial oblique
parallel
In order to demonstrate the greater tubercle of the humerus on an AP projection of the shoulder, the epicondyles must be: a. in a neutral position b. at a 45degree angle with the plane of the IR c. parallel with the plane of the IR d. perpendicular with the plane of the IR
parallel with the plane of the IR
With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the humeral epicondyles be positioned for the AP projection of the shoulder with the shoulder in internal rotation? a. parallel b. perpendicular c. 45 degrees lateral oblique d. 45 degrees medial oblique
perpendicular
How should the central ray be directed for the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder? a. cephalically 10 to 15 degrees b. cephalically 15 to 25 degrees c. cephacially 25 to 30 degrees d. perpendicular to the IR
perpendicular to the IR
For an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in internal rotation, the epicondyles of the humerus should be: a. perpendicular to the plane of the IR b. parallel to the plane of the IR c. 45 degrees with the plane of the IR d. 60 degrees with the plane of the IR
perpendicular to the plane of the IR
