Radiation Health and Safety Exam Practice Questions 2
During extraoral panoramic dental radiography, the radiographic image that will be seen on the processed panoramic film when the tongue is not kept in contact with the palate during exposure is:
A dark shadow obscuring the apices of the maxillary teeth- Improper placement of the tongue will not impair the diagnostic value of what is seen on the mandibular teeth
The Frankfort plane is described as:
A plane that passes through the floor of the orbit and to the external auditory meatus- This plane should remain parallel to the floor for optimal results
When the Frankfort plane is positioned too high during the positioning of a patient for a panoramic xray, what will occur in the processed radiograph?
A smile line curved downward- This reverse smile line will curve downward. When positioned correctly, the Frankfort plane will be displayed as a smile line curved slightly upward, indicating the correct direction of the curve of spee
When positioning the patient for panoramic exposure, the Frankfort plane should be positioned:
Parallel to the floor- If it were perpendicular to the floor, the patient's head would have to be on its side. Because the cassette of the panoramic unit is constantly rotating during the exposure, the patient's Frankfort plane cannot be positioned parallel or perpendicular to the cassette because it is not a fixed object.
A "ghost image" as seen on a processed panoramic radiograph appears:
Similar to the real object but on the opposite side of the film- Often mimic the overall shape of the object, but are on the opposite side of the patient in which the object is actually worn
A patient is being prepared for a panoramic exposure. The patient is wearing an earring in the left ear only. The exposure is made and the panoramic radiograph is processed. Where will the earring artifact be seen in the panoramic film?
The earring will be seen on the right side of the film, slightly higher than the real object- This is often known as a ghost image.
During the processing of a radiograph, if an exposed film is accidentally exposed to white light and then processed, what will be the appearance of the processed film?
The film will have blackness in the exposed area of the film- When inadequate levels of fixer are available during the processing procedures of the film, the resulting processed film will contain a straight black border, indicating where the remaining fixer was able to reach the exposed film. A white line on a processed radiograph indicates that during processing, there were inadequate levels of the developer solution when the exposed film was placed in the solution.
What indicates a scratched film during processing on a processed film?
White lines on the processed film- Processed films that have a lack of detail and contrast and appear gray have film fog. White spots found on a processed film are caused by the film coming into contact with the fixer agent prior to processing. Black lines on a processed film indicate the possibility of static electricity created during the opening of the film packet, prior to processing.
During manual processing, air bubbles can adhere to the surface of the undeveloped film is the film is not agitated in each of the processing solutions. What will the appearance of air bubbles on a processed film look like?
White spots- These represent air trapped on the film's surface after it has been placed in the solutions.
How is the maximum accumulated lifetime dose for healthcare workers calculated? a. (N-18) x 5 rem/year b. (N-10) x 5 rem/year c. (N-18) x 10 rem/year d. (N-18) x 10 rem/year
a. (N-18) x 5 rem/year- N refers to the worker's age in years. Rem is the unit of measurement set forth by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement for those individuals who are occupationally exposed to radiation. The 5 rem level indicates that level in which no long-term effects were seen per year.
All of the following statements regarding the somatic effect of radiation are true except: a. Damage caused by radiation from somatic effects is not passed on to future generations b. X-rays can damage somatic tissues c. Damage caused by radiation from somatic effects is passed on to future generations d. X-rays affect somatic cells
a. Damage caused by radiation from somatic effects is not passed on to future generations- Damage caused from the somatic effects of radiation is passed on to future generations and dental x-rays are capable of harming somatic tissues and cells.
What is the most likely reason for a dental radiographer to receive a reading on their personal radiation monitoring device? a. Failure of the dental radiographer in following the rules of working with radiation, to include not wearing the badge outside of the clinic/practice b. Expired film c. Uncooperative patients d. Faulty radiation monitoring device
a. Failure of the dental radiographer in following the rules of working with radiation, to include not wearing the badge outside of the clinic/practice
Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Scattered radiation affects the patient and the radiographer b. Scattered radiation is not dangerous c. Scattered radiation is absorbed by the patient's skin d. Scattered radiation is useful in the production of the latent image on the dental film
a. Scattered radiation affects the patient and the radiographer- It is unknown where the scattered radiation will be deflected to.
Which organization determines the maximum permissible dose a healthcare provider can receive? a. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement b. OSHA c. FDA d. ADA
a. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement- OSHA and the ADA can provide information regarding what the acceptable or permissible dose a healthcare provider can receive to dental professionals, but it is the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement that determines the maximum permissible dose allowed.
Which of the automatic processing solutions contains a hardening agent? a. The fixer b. The developer c. The water bath d. The fixer and developer solutions
a. The fixer- The developing solution does not contain a hardening agent because the action of obtaining the latent image occurs within the developing solution. This latent image can only be kept by the film going into the fixer agent. With the film in the fixer agent, the latent image is chemically imprinted onto the film, followed by the hardening agent that changes the image from a latent one to a true image that cannot be removed.
When mounting processed radiographs, which anatomical landmark can be of assistance in mounting the mandibular premolar periapical? a. The mental foramen b. The genial tubercles c. The lingual foramen d. The maxillary sinus
a. The mental foramen- The genial tubercles and the lingual foramen are anatomical landmarks located in the lingual mandibular anterior area. The premolar is considered a posterior tooth and would not be associated with any of the mandibular anterior landmarks for proper identification or mounting. The maxillary sinus is an anatomical landmark that is associated with mounting the maxillary anterior and posterior periapicals.
Which of the following statements is false pertaining to the characteristics of x-rays? a. X-rays travel in low frequency waves b. X-rays can cause changes in living cells c. X-rays travel in short wavelengths d. X-rays cannot be detected by the senses
a. X-rays travel in low frequency waves
The intraoral film base is coated on ________ with emulsion. a. both sides b. one side c. none of the sides d. at every prophy appointment only.
a. both sides- This differs in comparison to duplicating film. Duplicating film is only coated on one side, allowing for the transfer of the original image through the process of exposing the duplicating film to white light.
When finished with all radiographic exposures, the lead apron can be removed aseptically from the patient in all of the following ways EXCEPT: a. by removing the lead apron with contaminated gloves b. by removing the lead apron with the use of overgloves c. by removing the lead apron after the removal of contaminated gloves, followed by hand washing d. by removing the lead apron barehanded
a. by removing the lead apron with contaminated gloves- When wearing contaminated gloves, touching any surface will also contaminate this surface. Contaminated gloves should be removed and discarded following the final exposure of the intended number of films. Immediately following, the hands should be washed and dried. At this time, the lead apron can be removed from the patient and properly disinfected at a convenient time for the dental staff member.
During x-ray production, the purpose of the step-down transformer is to: a. decrease the voltage from 110 or 220 volts to 3 to 5 volts b. increase the voltage from 110 or 220 volts to 3 to 5 volts c. increase the voltage from 3 to 5 to 110 to 220 volts d. stop 110 or 220 volts from becoming 3 to 5 volts
a. decrease the voltage from 110 or 220 volts to 3 to 5 volts- This decrease in voltage is necessary in the production of energy that can be used for the production of charged electrons worthy of being discharged through the PID and onto the dental film.
When viewing duplicating film in the darkroom, the __________ side of the film appears dull. a. emulsion b. nonemulsion c. x-ray exposed d. abraded
a. emulsion- The opposite side will appear shiny because it does not have the emulsion layer. Although there is emulsion on one side of the duplicating film, this side will not feel any different than the other. The emulsion is placed on the one side of the film by the manufacturer in a very thin layer that is not detected by touch.
Using the proper ________ _______ assists in controlling the amount of radiation emitted to the patient. a. exposure factors b. size film c. monitoring device d. time management
a. exposure factors
If a processed radiograph is viewed as having fewer shades of gray, then the image produced has... a. high contrast b. low contrast c. high density d. low density
a. high contrast- If an image has low contrast evident within the processed radiograph, there will be many shades of gray instead of just black and white. Many dental providers prefer a radiograph with low contrast because it enables them to differentiate between periapical and periodontal disease.
If the kilovolt peak (kVp) setting is lowered, a longer exposure time will be necessary to produce an image with ________ contrast a. high b. low c. minimal d. immediate
a. high- Immediate contrast will be seen in any dental radiograph exposure, depending on the oral anatomy that was radiographed. Whether or not the kVp was set accordingly will indicate if the resulting contrast is enough to produce a diagnostic image. Any time the exposure time is decreased, the quality of the contrast will be decreased.
An intensifying screen, used in extraoral dental radiography: a. increases the effect of radiation, decreasing the amount of exposure time needed b. decreases the effect of radiation, decreasing the amount of exposure time needed. c. increases the effect of radiation, increasing the amount of exposure time needed. d. decreases the effect of radiation, increasing the amount of exposure time needed
a. increases the effect of radiation, decreasing the amount of exposure time needed- Intensifying screens are primarily responsible for the production of the latent image on the extraoral film because it is the intensifying screen that contains the light photons. Extraoral film is much more sensitive to light photons than x-ray photons, so it is essential that a combination of extraoral films and intensifying screens is used.
A dosimeter is used to: a. measure the amount of occupational radiation exposure to the dental radiographer b. measure the amount of radiation exposure to the x-ray film c. measure the amount of exposure to the patient d. measure the amount of total radiation exposure to the patient
a. measure the amount of occupational radiation exposure to the dental radiographer- The total amount of radiation a patient receives cannot be measured; however, if the dental radiographer practices the ALARA concept, the patient's exposure will be limited to only the required amount of exposure to obtain radiographs.
Identify which of the following cell groups of tissue are MOST likely to be affected by radiation: a. reproductive cells b. muscle tissue c. thyroid gland d. liver
a. reproductive cells- Radiation may be able to alter the DNA structure of such cells if it is able to penetrate at a molecular level. Often, this disruption of the DNA forces the cell to not survive or the DNA mutates into abnormal DNA. Because the normal reproductive cell is composed primarily of water, oftentimes the DNA is not affected, but the molecular bonds are. These bonds, once broken, can cause toxins to form that will kill the cell.
When using the paralleling technique during a periapical exposure: a. the central ray of the beam is perpendicular to the tooth and the film b. the central ray of the beam is parallel to the long axis of the tooth and film c. the central ray of the beam is at a 45 degree angle to the tooth and the film d. the central ray of the beam is at a 65 degree angle to the tooth and the film
a. the central ray of the beam is perpendicular to the tooth and the film - This 90 degree angle is formed by the PID placement, perpendicular to the axis of the tooth and the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
When using the Rinn device to assist in the placement of the dental film using the paralleling technique, it is important that: a. the position-indicating device (PID) is parallel to the arm of the film-holding device b. the PID is perpendicular to the arm of the film-holding device c. the PID is pointed away from the ring device d. the PID is beneath the aiming ring of the film-holding device
a. the position-indicating device (PID) is parallel to the arm of the film-holding device- The arm of the film-holding device supports the bite platform that the patient is biting on, which stabilizes the intended angle of the film to be parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
The optimum relative humidity of stored dental film is: a. 10 to 20 percent b. 30 to 50 percent c. 60 to 70 percent d. 80 to 90 percent
b. 30 to 50 percent- Dental films stored in an area exceeding the humidity range 30 to 50 percent are probably also exceeding the desired temperature range to 50 to 70 degrees F. This improper storage can cause the unexposed film to have decreased overall contrast and increased film fog visible on the exposed, processed radiograph.
Determine which of the following statements is TRUE: a. Patients must have a complete series of X-rays taken once a year b. Dental images should not be taken on a "routine basis" c. Multiple attempts at obtaining a diagnostically acceptable radiograph should be made until an attempt is successful d. Informed consent is not needed for exposing routine dental x-rays
b. Dental images should not be taken on a "routine basis"- Dental radiographic imaging should only be used as a tool for diagnosis when pathology is considered. Remember the ALARA concept. Radiographic images should not be taken on a routine basis as indicated by an insurance policy or as a means of generating revenue.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the packaging of extraoral film? a. Each film is packaged individually b. Extraoral film is not supplied in film packets c. Extraoral film does not have to be opened in a darkroom d. Extraoral film is not light sensitive
b. Extraoral film is not supplied in film packets- Extraoral film is supplied in a cardboard box that is lined with black protective paper. Extraoral film boxes must always be opened in safelight conditions.
Which type of x-rays is removed by the aluminum disks found within the x-ray tube head? a. Low energy, short wavelength b. Low energy, long wavelength c. High energy, long wavelength d. High energy, short wavelength
b. Low energy, long wavelength- These wavelength provide no benefit to the x-ray beam that exits the tube head via the PID.
Which type of radiation is created when the primary beam comes in contact with any matter? a. Primary radiation b. Secondary radiation c. Quandary radiation d. Scattered radiation
b. Secondary radiation
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows for which feature that traditional dental panoramic imagery cannot? a. The ability to see both arches b. The ability to distinguish between the types of soft tissue present c. The ability to view the anatomy of the skull d. The ability to view impacted wisdom teeth
b. The ability to distinguish between the types of soft tissue present- As in panoramic imagery, the ability to see the impacted wisdom teeth, anomalies within the arches, and the view of the skull can also be seen in CBCT radiographs.
During production of dental x-rays inside the dental tube, which component is responsible for creating thermionic emission? a. The tungsten target b. The filament target c. The step-up transformer d. The cathode
b. The filament target- The step-up transformer is directly associated with the source of electrical flow into the dental tube. This energy created by the electrical circuit from the wall outlet immediately charges the filament circuit, making charged electrons available to be emitted as x-rays through the PID.
If the milliamp (mA) setting is increased on the dental radiograph x-ray control panel, what will be the overall effect on the density of the processed dental film? a. The processed dental film will have decreased density b. The processed dental film will have increased density c. The processed dental film will have decreased contrast d. The processed dental film will have increased contrast
b. The processed dental film will have increased density- The mA settings on the control panel are directly related to controlling the amount of density that will be seen on the resulting radiograph. Factors including exposure time, technique used, length of the PID used, and kVp settings will also have an effect on the density of the processed film.
Which of the following statements regarding dental panoramic radiography is false? a. The vertical angulation of the panoramic tube head is not adjustable b. The tube head of the panoramic unit always rotates in front of the patient's head, while the film rotates behind the patient c. Screen-type film must be used during panoramic radiography d. Intensifying screens must be used during panoramic radiography
b. The tube head of the panoramic unit always rotates in front of the patient's head, while the film rotates behind the patient- This is false because the tube head of the unit rotates behind the patient while the film rotates in front of the patient
Select which of the following sentences is TRUE following the exposure and disinfection of standard dental radiographs and preparing to process the film: a. Gloved hands should be used to transport the cup containing the exposed films to the processing area b. Ungloved hands should be used to transport the cup containing the exposed films to the processing area c. Utility gloves should be used to transport the cup containing the exposed films to the processing area d. Surgical gloves should be used to transport the cup containing the exposed films to the processing area
b. Ungloved hands should be used to transport the cup containing the exposed films to the processing area- If proper infection control has been followed up to this point, the outer surface of the cup containing the films should not be contaminated. The films inside the cup have been disinfected, and they can be handled safely without gloves. Surgical gloves need not be worn because the films were not taken in a sterile environment, nor will they be processed in a sterile environment. Wearing utility gloves to transport the processed radiographs will contaminate the cup used to transport the exposed radiographs, defying the rules of proper disinfection/cross contamination during the entire processing of exposed dental radiographs.
If a dental x-ray tube head has a faulty seal, the following will result: a. the x-ray unit will not emit radiation/energy to successfully expose the film b. leakage of radiation c. the electrical system of the dental radiography unit will sound an alarm d. the x-ray unit will not turn on
b. leakage of radiation- Operation of the dental x-ray unit will not be disabled. Quality assurance practices can help to maintain safe operational equipment. In the event that a dental x-ray tube head is thought to have a faulty seal, the unit should be taken out of service and it should be checked out.
Intraoral film contains a lead foil sheet. This lead foil sheet is located _______ to the film to assist in protection of the film from exposure to secondary radiation. a. both sides b. one side c. behind the black protective paper of d. outside of
b. one side- The lead foil sheet is located behind the the film, to assist in protecting the film from exposure to secondary radiation. This is only true if the tube side of the film, or white side, is facing the PID attached to the tube head.
The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology recommends using the __________ technique, which will provide the dentist with the most accurate image with the least amount of distortion. a. bitewing b. paralleling c. bisecting angle d. extraoral
b. paralleling- This recommendation stems from the theory that if the dental film is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth during exposure, this will provide the least possible means of distortion of the tooth being radiographed.
Which of the following type of radiation is also known as "useful radiation"? a. secondary radiation b. primary radiation c. tertiary radiation d. scattered radiation
b. primary radiation- All other radiation is not beneficial to the patient, radiograph, or radiographer. Much of this non-beneficial radiation is filtered out by the aluminum disks even before the primary beam is emitted from the PID
Fast film, such as E-speed film: a. requires more radiation to produce an image on the film b. requires less radiation to produce an image on the film c. requires no radiation to produce an image on the film d. requires the most radiation to produce an image on the film
b. requires less radiation to produce an image on the film- This is due to the difference in size of the silver halide crystals, the thickness of the emulsion, and the presence of radiosensitive dyes. All dental film requires a degree of radiation to assist in the production of the latent image.
Distortion and overlapping of dental anatomy as seen on processed panoramic x-rays are caused by: a. structures being captured within the focal trough b. structures being captures outside of the focal trough c. structures being captured within the Curve of spee d. structures being captured outside the Curve of spee
b. structures being captures outside of the focal trough-
As a dental assistant, quality assurance, particularly in dental radiography, is a very important step. Assume that your office uses a step wedge to determine the varying densities seen on a processed film and to determine the quality of processing solutions. If the density of the image on the processed radiograph is different than the density of the previous day's radiograph: a. the solutions have been contaminated b. the developer solution should be changed c. the fixer solution should be changed d. the developer solution is at an adequate strength
b. the developer solution should be changed- Although it is customary for the developer and the fixer to be changed at the same time, it must be noted that the most important first step in processing a dental radiograph is to ensure that the strength of the developer is adequate. The developer is the chemical that initiates the processing procedure.
Under state laws, the respondeat superior doctrine states that: a. the employee is responsible for his or her own actions when taking a dental radiograph b. the employer is responsible for the actions of the radiographer when taking a dental radiograph c. the patient is responsible for the actions of the dental radiographer d. the state is responsible for the actions of the dental radiographer
b. the employer is responsible for the actions of the radiographer when taking a dental radiograph- This varies from state to state because many states require dental radiographers to be licensed.
The density of a radiographic film being exposed can be controlled by the: a. exposure time b. the milliamp setting (mA) c. the kilovolt peak (kVp) setting d. the impulse setting
b. the milliamp setting (mA)- Milliamp settings can be adjusted manually in older machines. in newer machines, milliamp and kVp settings settings can be increased and decreased at the same time, usually changed with the type of tooth being radiographed.
All of the following would appear radiolucent on a processed dental periapical x-ray EXCEPT: a. the orbit of the eye b. the nasal septum c. the mucosa of the cheek d. dentin
b. the nasal septum- This anatomical landmark would appear more radiopaque than radiolucent. This is because the nasal septum is composed of dense bone that does not allow x-rays to penetrate.
During the labial mounting of processed radiographs: a. the raised dot on the film is facing down b. the raised dot on the film is facing up c. the raised dot on the film is in the middle of the processed radiograph d. the radiographer has a view as if they were inside the patient's mouth and looking out
b. the raised dot on the film is facing up- During lingual mounting of the film, the raised dot of the processing film is facing down. The raised dot of the film will never be found in the middle of the dental film. Anything seen as a raised dot in the middle of the film should be assumed to be an artifact or something that may have been transported onto the film during processing.
What size of the PID is more effective in reducing patient exposure? a. 5 inch b. 8 inch c. 16 inch d. 14 inch
c. 16 inch- The use of the long-cone technique, which requires a 16 inch PID, increases the source-to-film distance and reduces the skin exposure to dental radiography patients.
What are the three supplies needed to duplicate a film? a. Darkroom, duplicating film, radiation b. Darkroom, regular film, radiation c. Darkroom, white light, duplicating film d. Darkroom, duplicating film, processor
c. Darkroom, white light, duplicating film - Radiation is not needed in duplicating film because the intent is to simple transfer the image of one film onto another. This is achieved by using duplicating film that responds to white light to transfer the imagery from a processed dental film onto the duplicating film.
Even though the packaging states that the dental film has not yet reached its expiration date, improper storage can ruin the packaged film. Determine which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the application of quality assurance on packaged film that has not yet reached its expiration date: a. Fresh chemicals have been placed in the processor. An unexposed dental film has been run through the processor. The final processed film appears fogged. This indicates the films in this package may be used for patient radiographs. b. Fresh chemicals have been placed in the processor. An unexposed dental film has been run through the processor. The final processed film appears green. This indicates the films in this package may be used for patient radiographs. c. Fresh chemicals have been placed in the processor. An unexposed dental film has been run through the processor. The final processed image appears clear with a slight blue tint to the film. This indicates the films in this package may be used for patient radiographs. d. Fresh chemicals have been placed in the processor. An unexposed dental film has been run through the processor. The final processed film appears black. This indicates the films in this package may be used for patient radiographs.
c. Fresh chemicals have been placed in the processor. An unexposed dental film has been run through the processor. The final processed image appears clear with a slight blue tint to the film. This indicates the films in this package may be used for patient radiographs.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding radiation protection to the dental radiographer? a. The dental radiographer is able to stand in the line of the direct beam once b. The dental radiographer should stand six feet or closer to the x-ray unit during exposure c. If a lead barrier is not available for the dental radiographer to stand behind, he or she should stand at a right angle to the beam d. If a lead barrier is not available for the dental radiographer to stand behind, he or she should not stand at a right angle to the beam
c. If a lead barrier is not available for the dental radiographer to stand behind, he or she should stand at a right angle to the beam- The dental radiographer should never stand within six feet of the PID during exposure, nor should they ever be in the area of a direct beam.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a radiation-monitoring badge? a. It can be worn outside of the dental office/clinic b. It can be worn for more than one month without being sent to a facility to be tested for possible occupational exposure c. It will be affected by bright sunlight if worn outside of the dental office/clinic d. It will not be affected by bright sunlight if worn outside of the dental office/clinic
c. It will be affected by bright sunlight if worn outside of the dental office/clinic
Determine which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the standard of care that is provided by a dentist: a. Documentation signed by the patient, releasing the dental provider from liability, protects the dentist when treating a patient who refuses dental x-rays b. Dentists are allowed to treat a patient even though the patient refuses necessary dental x-rays c. Legally, a patient cannot consent to negligent care. d. Legally, a patient can consent to negligent care.
c. Legally, a patient cannot consent to negligent care.- "Documentation signed by the patient, releasing the dental provider from liability, protects the dentist when treating a patient who refuses dental x-rays" is a false statement because the dentist providing treatment can/will be liable for any negligence should a procedure result in a negative outcome. "Dentists are allowed to treat a patient even though the patient refuses necessary dental x-rays" is also false because an ethical practicing dentist will not attempt to treat a patient who refuses dental x-rays because they are a vital tool in the proper diagnosis and treatment for every patient.
Choose which of the following statements is FALSE: a. Primary and secondary radiation are created when exposing an x-ray b. Secondary radiation is not useful when exposing an x-ray c. Primary radiation is created when the secondary radiation interacts with matter d. Secondary radiation can cause a fogging effect on dental radiographs
c. Primary radiation is created when the secondary radiation interacts with matter- It is primary radiation that is emitted from the target of the x-ray tube.
What is/are the main cause(s) of unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient? a. Expired film b. Movement of the patient c. Retaking radiographs d. The patient's oral anatomy
c. Retaking radiographs- Care must be taken to ensure that the prescribed dental exposure is captured the very first time, every time an exposure is made. This mind set assumes that "every exposure taken will result in the required area of concern being diagnostically identifiable"
In an automatic processor, which solution(s) must be kept at a temperature between 50 and 95 degrees? a. The water bath b. The fixer solution c. The developer solution d. The fixer and developer solutions
c. The developer solution- This increase in temperature allows for the exposed radiograph to be developed much more rapidly than if the solutions were kept at a cooler temp. Cooler temperatures of the developing solution of the automatic processor will have a direct effect on the resulting radiograph, making it of no diagnostic value. The probe that is often found in the automatic processor developing solution tank should be closely monitored to keep the developing solution at the required temperatures.
Which of the following is used to control the penetrating power of the x-ray beam? a. The milliamp selector b. The tube head c. The kilovolt peak selector d. The tungsten filament
c. The kilovolt peak selector- The tube head encompasses the dental tube that contains the anode, cathode, filament circuit, and tungsten target, which are all part of the process of the creation of the energy needed to produce x-rays. The tungsten filament is the area of the cathode where the thermionic emission of the energy created gathers together.
When describing the long axis of a tooth when referring to the paralleling technique, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The long axis can be seen on each tooth b. The long axis of the tooth divides it into thirds c. The long axis of the tooth divides it into equal halves d. The long axis of the tooth divides it into equal sections; one section contains only the crown of the tooth, the other section contains only the root of the tooth
c. The long axis of the tooth divides it into equal halves This long axis cannot be seen and must be imagined by the radiographer. Through knowledge of dental anatomy and morphology, it must be understood that the roots of the teeth in the oral cavity are specifically angled in the alveolar bone, creating this long axis of the tooth. The only time the tooth is thought of as being divided horizontally will be when discussing the identification of the anatomical crown versus the root of the tooth.
When mounting processed radiographs, which anatomical landmark can be of assistance in mounting the maxillary central periapical? a. The coronoid process b. The mental ridge c. The median palatine suture d. The external oblique
c. The median palatine suture- The mental ridge is commonly associated with the mandibular periapical. The coronoid process is also associated with the maxilla; however, it is seen usually posterior of the mouth rather than in the anterior region of the mouth. The external oblique is usually associated with the mandible and is oftentimes seen in a molar bitewing radiograph.
When applying quality assurance procedures to the automatic processor, two films, one exposed to light and the other not exposed to light, are processed. Determine which of the following statements is true regarding the two processed films: a. The processor is working properly if both films processed are black and dry b. The processor is working properly if the unexposed film has varying degrees of density, as seen in the processed film c. The processor is functioning properly if the unexposed film is clear and dry and the exposed film is black and dry d. The processor is functioning properly if the unexposed film is green and the exposed film is black
c. The processor is functioning properly if the unexposed film is clear and dry and the exposed film is black and dry
In reference to the properties of the dental x-ray wavelength, which of the following statements is true? a. The longer the wavelength of the x-ray, the greater is its energy b. The shorter the wavelength of the x-ray, the lesser is its energy c. The shorter the wavelength of the x-ray, the greater is its energy d. The absence of the wavelength of the x-ray, the greater is its energy
c. The shorter the wavelength of the x-ray, the greater is its energy
Indicate which of the following statements is TRUE: a. All dental x-rays pass through the patient's skin and reach the dental film b. The skin tissues of the patient being radiographed absorb all x-rays c. The skin tissues of the patient being radiographed absorb some x-rays d. No dental x-rays pass through the patient's skin and reach the dental film
c. The skin tissues of the patient being radiographed absorb some x-rays- Not all of the x-rays completed come in contact with the patient. Scattered x-rays may immediately diverge from the PID and never reach the patient.
During intraoral radiography exposure, if the central ray of the beam is not centered on the image receptor; a. overlapping will be seen in the resulting processed film b. ghost imaging will be seen in the resulting processed film c. a cone cut will be seen in the resulting processed film d. elongation will be seen on the resulting processed film
c. a cone cut will be seen in the resulting processed film If part of the image receptor is not penetrated by the primary beam, this portion of the receptor will be unaffected by the exposure.
Blurred imagery sometimes found around an object on a processed radiograph is defined as being: a. a resin restoration b. detail c. a penumbra d. a removable appliance
c. a penumbra- A removable appliance will appear as having distinctive outlines if the appliance was created with metal framework. Details around the tooth structure being radiographed will appear clear and concise in specific areas of the tooth. Details can be regarded as as the complete opposite of penumbra. Resin restorations can be seen as minor changes in tooth structure that follow the cavosurface of the margin of the preparation.
All of the following should appear radiopaque on a processed dental periapical x-ray EXCEPT: a. a metal restoration b. dense cortical bone c. a sinus cavity d. maxillary tuberosity
c. a sinus cavity- Varying degrees of radiopacity would be seen in each of the other anatomical areas and metal restorations because the x-ray beam cannot fully penetrate these substances.
When using the paralleling technique during intraoral periapical exposure, the film should be placed ________ and _________. a. as close as possible to the teeth, near the lingual surface of the teeth b. as close as possible to the teeth, near the occlusal surface of the teeth c. as far away as possible from the lingual surface of the teeth, near the middle of the mouth d. as far away as possible from the lingual surface of the teeth, near the opposite side of the mouth
c. as far away as possible from the lingual surface of the teeth, near the middle of the mouth- This ensures that the patient will be placed in such a way that the long axis of the tooth will be parallel to the placement of the film.
All of the following can be adjusted prior to exposing a panoramic radiograph EXCEPT: a. milliamperage b. kilovoltage c. exposure time d. patient positioning
c. exposure time- Exposure time is predetermined by the manufacturer, according to kVp and mA settings. Assistants are encouraged to properly adjust the patient to ensure that the best image will be captured.
A disadvantage of panoramic imagery is: a. The maxilla and mandible can be captured in one image b. the patient will receive lower radiation exposure than if they had received a full-mouth series of x-rays c. image sharpness d. patient comfort
c. image sharpness- The primary purpose of the panoramic x-ray is to evaluate lesions in the jaws and wisdom tooth eruption patterns and to locate impacted teeth. Image sharpness is directly affected by how well the patient's jaw is positioned into the focal trough set by the manufacturer. When the jaw is placed furthest away from the intended focal trough alignments of the panoramic unit, is will result in increased image distortion and decreased image sharpness.
Identify which of the following cell groups of tissue are LEAST likely to be affected by radiation: a. oral mucosa b. bone marrow c. nerve tissue d. connective tissue
c. nerve tissue- This is due to the fact that nerves are located deep within muscle tissue or bone, such as the skull. Although nerve tissue is abundant in the body, it is usually located under protective layers of tissue or bone.
Which dental imaging technique can be used to reduce radiation exposure to the eye? a. bisecting angle technique b. beam cone technique c. paralleling technique d. occlusal technique
c. paralleling technique- With proper placement of the film parallel to the long axis of the tooth, the direction of the x-ray beam is directed specifically at the tooth to be radiographed rather than the eye. When proper techniques and film-holding devices are not used, the risk for the eye to come in contact with the primary beam emitted is great.
The difference acute radiation exposure and chronic radiation exposure is: a. the type of radiation involved b. the type of scattered radiation received c. the amount of radiation received and the time frame in which it is absorbed d. the type of wavelengths creating the exposure
c. the amount of radiation received and the time frame in which it is absorbed- Acute radiation exposure is a large or very high amount of radiation over a short period of time. This can lead to serious illness. Chronic radiation exposure is an unspecified amount of exposure over a long period of time.
Legally, dental images, as part of the patient's dental record, are property of... a. the patient b. the patient's caretaker c. the dentist d. the insurance company
c. the dentist- The patient, patient's authorized caretaker, and insurance company are able to review, or have a copy of, the dental images once they are authorized for release by the patient. Although the patient or insurance company paid for the services to have the image taken, the images legally belong to the provider.
A critical organ(s) affected by cumulative radiation exposure is/are: a. the mucosa of the mouth b. the bones of the hand c. the lens of the eye d. the nostrils
c. the lens of the eye- The lens of the eye is the most sensitive to radiation out of those listed. A critical organ is one that does not have an immediate source of protection to absorb the radiation exposure. The layers of skin, for example, are protective layers that must be penetrated before the radiation can reach deep internal organ.
The optimum storage temperature of dental film is: a. 80 to 90 degrees F b. 20 to 40 degrees F c. 30 to 60 degrees F d. 50 to 70 degrees F
d. 50 to 70 degrees F- Storage of film in an area with an ambient temperature greater than 50 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit can cause film fogging; storage of film in an area with ambient temperature of lower than 50 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit can cause a disruption of the emulsion of the stored film.
Which of the following is NOT a device used for radiation monitoring? a. Film badge b. Pocket dosimeter c. Thermoluminescent device d. A pedometer
d. A pedometer- A pedometer measures the amount of steps a person takes, not radiation.
Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding electromagnetic radiation? a. Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light b. Electromagnetic radiation travels in a straight line c. Electromagnetic radiation is made up of photons d. All of the above statements are true
d. All of the above statements are true
Duplicating film is available in which of the following sizes? a. periapical b. 5 by 12 inches c. 8 by 10 inches d. All of the above
d. All of the above- The various sizes of duplicating film allow for the various sizes of radiographs (intraoral and extraoral) to be duplicated. Today, digital radiography eliminates the need for duplicating film, and a second copy of the saved radiograph can be sent to the additional dentists or specialty practices as needed.
Reticulation of the emulsion occurs in which of the following situations? a. During automatic processing when the exposed film remains in the fixer for too long b. During manual processing when the exposed film remains in the fixer for too long c. During automatic processing when the exposed film remains in the developer for too long d. During manual processing when the exposed film is subjected to a sudden temperature change between the developer bath and water bath
d. During manual processing when the exposed film is subjected to a sudden temperature change between the developer bath and water bath- This occurrence is primarily seen during manual processing than in automatic processing; there is not water bath that separates the developing solution from the fixer solution.
What causes overlap to be seen on a bitewing radiograph? a. Incorrect vertical angulation of the PID b. Incorrect alignment of the film in the area of the teeth being radiographed c. Incorrect kilovolt peak and milliamp settings d. Incorrect horizontal angulation of the PID
d. Incorrect horizontal angulation of the PID- Incorrect vertical angulation in a bitewing will result in either the maxillary or mandibular crowns of the teeth to be included in the radiograph in unequal ratios.
The ALARA concept can be best described by which of the following statements? a. Patient exposure to dental radiation should be maintained to at least as reasonable achievable b. Patient exposure to dental radiation should be maintained to as low as the radiation allows c. Patient exposure to dental radiation should be maintained to as low as rays are arranged correctly d. Patient exposure to dental radiation should be maintained to as low as reasonably achievable
d. Patient exposure to dental radiation should be maintained to as low as reasonably achievable- Reminder that if a dental x-ray is needed, it should be obtained at the very first attempt.
Which federal law requires that all persons who operate x-ray machinery to produce dental radiographs are properly trained and certified? a. OSHA b. JADA c. FDA d. The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act
d. The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act- The Journal of the American Dental Association (JADA) is filled with useful information regarding the practice of dentistry in the United States. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a federal agency that regulated workplace safety and health. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a regulating agency in the United States that promotes proper health and human services through laws and state regulations.
When mounting processed radiographs, which anatomical landmark can be of assistance in mounting the molar bitewing? a. The maxillary sinus b. The mandibular canal c. The mental foramen d. The external oblique
d. The external oblique- The mental foramen is found in the periapical region of the mandibular bicuspids. Bitewing radiographs are not to include the apices of the teeth being radiographed, therefore, the mental foramen will not be seen in a bitewing. The mandibular canal is seen in the mandibular bicuspid or molar periapical, at the area of the apices of the bicuspids and/or molar. A properly positioned bitewing radiograph will not be placed to include the apices of the mandibular teeth. The maxillary sinus will not be included in the molar bitewing because it is an anterior periapical anatomical landmark usually seen in the maxillary anterior periapicals.
When mounting processed radiographs, which anatomical landmark can be of assistance in mounting the mandibular central periapical? a. The zygomatic process b. The hamulus c. The tuberosity d. The lingual foramen
d. The lingual foramen- The zygomatic process, the hamulus, and the tuberosity cannot assist you in mounting a mandibular central periapical because they are maxillary anatomical landmarks.
If the milliamp (mA) setting is decreased on the dental radiograph x-ray control panel, what will be the overall effect on the density of the processed dental film? a. The processed dental film will have increased density b. The processed dental film will have increased contrast c. The processed dental film will have decreased contrast d. The processed dental film will have decreased density
d. The processed dental film will have decreased density- The mA settings on the control panel are directly related to controlling the amount of density that will be seen on the resulting radiograph. Factors including exposure time, technique used, length of the PID used, and kVp settings will also have an effect on the density of the processed film.
What is the federal requirement regarding the thickness of the aluminum filter on an x-ray machine operating at 70 kVp or greater? a. The thickness of the aluminum filtration must be 2.0 mm b. The thickness of the aluminum filtration must be 3.0 mm c. The thickness of the aluminum filtration must be 4.0 mm d. The thickness of the aluminum filtration must be 2.5 mm
d. The thickness of the aluminum filtration must be 2.5 mm
A good quality processed bitewing radiograph will show all of the following EXCEPT: a. the crestal bone b. maxillary and mandibular crowns c. the interproximal areas of the teeth within the image d. a periapical radiolucency
d. a periapical radiolucency- The apices of the teeth are not seen in a bitewing x-ray. The crestal bone, interproximal areas between the teeth, and images of the maxillary and mandibular crowns should all be seen in a diagnostically acceptable bitewing radiograph.
In reference to the density of a processed film when viewed, nonpathological conditions appearing as distinctive black areas can be identified as: a. soft tissue b. bone c. amalgam fillings d. air spaces
d. air spaces- This blackened area indicates that the x-ray beam was not obstructed by anything in its path during exposure. Exposure to bone will be indicated on the processed radiograph as white areas with subtle porosites because the x-ray beam is unable to completely penetrate. Amalgam fillings will show as completely opaque and white in color.
Movement of the patient during a panoramic radiograph will result in: a. superimposed imagery b. darkening of the processed film c. ghost imagery d. blurred imagery
d. blurred imagery- This will be found in the area in which the patient actually moved, or the cassette came into contact with the patient's shoulder due to faulty positioning of the patient prior to exposure.
The bisecting angle technique: a. must be used with only a short position-indicating device (PID) b. must be used with only a long PID c. must be used only with an eight-inch PID d. can be used with any length PID
d. can be used with any length PID- Although the bisecting angle technique is often called the "short cone technique" the long PID can also be used, as long as the primary beam is directed toward the imaginary bisector dividing the long axis of the tooth and the image receptor.
Disproportionate changes in the size of an image on a processed radiograph are caused by: a. improper placement of the film prior to exposure b. too large of a film size having been used c. excessive or insufficient horizontal angulation d. excessive or insufficient vertical angulation
d. excessive or insufficient vertical angulation- The inability to see between the contacts of the teeth is the result of improper horizontal angulation. The size of the film will only directly relate to disproportionate changes in the processed radiograph if too small of a film was used to perhaps see the apex of the tooth.
Potassium bromide, a chemical found in the automatic processor developer solution, is responsible for which of the following? a. activates the developing agent b. prevents rapid oxidation of the developing agent c. dilutes the developing solution d. prevents the developer from developing the halide crystals that are unexposed
d. prevents the developer from developing the halide crystals that are unexposed- Sodium sulfite prevents the rapid oxidation of the developing agent and is considered a preservative agent. Sodium carbonate is used to activate the developing agents, while water is added as needed to the automatic developing solution, should the levels drop below the appropriate level as indicated in the manufacturer's directions for the processor.
During panoramic positioning of the patient, if the patient's chin is positioned too low, the following will be seen on the processed radiograph: a. a smile line curved downward b. open contact on the posterior teeth c. detail in the anterior apical regions d. the absence of the patient's condyles in the correct anatomical position
d. the absence of the patient's condyles in the correct anatomical position- Often, the borders of the ramus and condyles, bilaterally, are seen as being distorted in width and seemingly higher in the cranial cavity than they should be as related to the correct anatomical position of such landmarks.
All of the following are part of the panoramic head positioning device EXCEPT: a. notched bite block b. forehead rest c. lateral heat guides d. the cassette
d. the cassette-
As a dental assistant, quality assurance, particularly in dental radiography, is a very important step. Assume that your office uses a step wedge to determine the varying densities seen on a processed film and to determine the quality of processing solutions. If the density of the image on the processed radiograph matches the density of the previous day's radiograph: a. the solutions have been contaminated b. the developer solution should be changed c. the fixer solution should be changed d. the developer solution is at an adequate strength
d. the developer solution is at an adequate strength
When using the paralleling technique during periapical exposure: a. the film and the long axis of the tooth are perpendicular to each other b. the film and the long axis of the tooth are at right angles to each other c. the film and the long axis of the tooth are at a 45 degree angle from each other d. the film and the long axis of the tooth are parallel to each other
d. the film and the long axis of the tooth are parallel to each other- At no time will the film and the long axis of the tooth be perpendicular to each other. During the bisecting angle technique; the long axis of the tooth is established and the film is placed at a right angle to an imaginary bisecting line that divides the angle created by the long axis and the imaginary line.
During manual processing, fixer spots will appear on a processed film as: a. black spots b. yellowish brown spots c. dark spots d. white spots
d. white spots- Developer spots will appear as black or dark spots. Yellowish or brown spots seen on the processed film are the result of the solutions, either fixer or developer, being exhausted. Care must be taken to keep a record of how many processed films have been through each of the solutions; this record can be used in determining when the processor chemicals should be changed.
During extraoral panoramic dental radiography, if the chin is positioned too high or tipped inward:
the Frankfort plane is positioned too high- With this improper positioning of the chin, a reverse smile line may be seen on the processed radiograph. The Frankfort plane should be parallel to the ground the avoid numerous negative effects
