Radiation Protection; test 1 - CH. 1 & CH. 2
Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in
An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level
cellular damage
Consumer product that produce substantial radiation exposure levels when it was first made available to consumers
color television
the amount of natural background radiation remains fairly _____ from year to year
constant
_____ radiation consists of predominantly of high energy protons
cosmic
rays of extraterrestrial origin that result from nuclear interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars
cosmic rays
the degree to which the diagnostic study is accurately reveals the presence of absence of disease in a patient
diagnostic efficacy
the degree to which the diagnostics study accurately reveals the presence or absense of disease in the patient defines:
diagnostic efficacy
one of the three basic principles of radiation protection
distance
Ultraviolet radiation less than 10 EV, visible light, on infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves or considered to be non-ionizing because they
do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms
Imaging facilities must have an effective radiation safety program that provides patient protection and patient ______.
education
The full range of frequencies and wavelength of electromagnetic waves is known as the _____
electromagnetic spectrum
the full range of frequencies and wavelengths of eltrimagnetic waves
electromagnetic spectrum
electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through, space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays
electromagnetic wave
Specified in electron volts (eV)
energy
in medicine, When radiation safety principles are applied correctly during imaging procedures, the _____ Deposited in living tissue the radiation can be limited, thereby reducing the potential for _____
energy ; biologic effects
natural sources of ionizing radiation that grow larger because of accidental or deliberate human actions, such as mining
enhanced natural sources
If that person spends 10 hours of flying aboard a commercial aircraft during a period of normal sunspot activity, That individual receives a radiation _____ that is about equal to the dose received from one chest x-ray examination
equivalent dose
Radiation quantity use for radiation protection purposes that attempts to specify numerically the differences in transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiation
equivalent dose
damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation
biological effects
SI unit of measuring radiation exposure
gray
_____ understanding of biological effects associated with diagnostic radiology was gained throughout the twentieth century
greater
The average dose received by the exposed population living within a 50 mile radius of the TMI nuclear power station was _____
0.08 mgy ?
as of 2006, the average US citizen inhabitant received an EqD of approximately _____ per year from extraterrestrial radiation
0.3 mSv
a patient may elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when: 1. illness occurs 2. injury occurs 3. a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent
1, 2, and 3
the amount of radiation received by a patient may be indicated in terms of: 1. entrance skin exposure (ESE) 2. bone marrow dose 3. gonadal dose
1, 2, and 3
which of the following commonly used building materials contains radon? 1. bricks 2. concrete 3. gypsum wallboard
1, 2, and 3
Effects of radiation protection measures taken into consideration
1. Both human and environmental physical determinants 2. technical elements 3. procedural factors
How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy
1. By using knowledge of radiation in-deuced hazards that have been gained over many years 2. By employing effective methods to limit or eliminate radiation induced hazards
During phase 1 of the TRACE program, after new and more definitive radiation Safety policies and procedures have been written, some ways of providing patient and community education or through the use of
1. Informational posters placed strategically throughout the healthcare facility 2. Brochures that describe imaging procedures in simple terms 3. Basic information on a specific website design for patient education
During a routine radiologic examination, where radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer patient questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate any patient
1. apprehension 2. fears
The ALARA philosophy should
1. be a main part of every health care facility's personnel radiation control program 2. be established and maintained because there are no established dose limits for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures 3. show that radiographers and radiologist in a facility have considered reasonable actions that will reduce patient and personnel dose below required limits
Certain individual radiologic procedures need to have patient does dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include
1. computed tomography 2. general fluoroscopy 3. interventional procedures
the amount of radiation a patient receives may be indicated in terms of
1. entrance skin exposure 2. bone marrow dose 3. gonadal dose
To reduce radiation exposure to the patient
1. reduce the amount of the x ray "beam on" time 2. utilize as much distance as warranted between the x ray tube and the patient for the examination 3. shield the patient when appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices
Which of the following basic principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer
1. time 2. distance 3. shielding
the millusievert (mSv) is equal to:
1/1000 of a sievert
the millisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert (Sv), is equal is
1/1000 of an Sv
the EPA estimates that _____% Of the homes in the United States exceed the recommended limit of 4 pCi/L of radon
10
Year in which x-ray was discovered
1895
From which of the following sources do the human beings receive the largest does a ionizing radiation? 1. Radioactive fallout from atomic weapons testing 2. medical radiation procedures 3. cosmic rays 4. area around a nuclear reactor
2
Which of the following places human beings in closer contact with extra terrestrial radiation 1. PA and kateralbsigutal radiographic images of the chest 2. a flight in a commercial airplane 3. visit to a nuclear power plant
2
of the following groups of people. which group is most likely to experience adverse health defects as a consequence of substantial exposure to ionizing radiation? 1. employees on duty at TMI-2 at the time of the 1979 nuclear power plant accidents 2. Members of the general population living within 50 miles of the TMI - 2 nuclear reactor at the time of the 1979 accident 3. Members of the general population living near kiev in the former Soviet union at the time of the 1986 accident at the chernobyl nuclear power plant 4. News reporters visiting the former Soviet union 10 years after the 1986 chernobyl accident
3
As of 2006, as reported in NCRP Report No. 160, what percentage of natural background comes from radon and thoron?
37
According to NCRP report number 160, which reflects usage patterns through 2006, radon and thoron account for what percentage of natural background radiation exposure
37%
during the accident at the TMI-2 nuclear power plant in march 1979, the US department of energy estimated that about _____% of the material in the TMI-2 nuclear reactor core reached a _____ state
40 ; muten
which of the following was the total average annual radiation exposure from manmade and natural radiation abs of 2006?
6.3 mSv per year
Artificial teeth made in the United States are estimate to give the tissues of the oral cavity an average dose of _____ mSv/yr
600
beta particles are
8000 times lighter than alpha particles
acronym for as low as reasonably achievable
ALARA
the _____ concept should serve as a guide for the selection of technical exposure factors
ALARA
the rationale for _____ Comes from evidence compiled by scientist over the past century
ALARA
______ does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.
BERT
method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specified period of time such as days, weeks, months, or years
BERT
which of the following is a method that can be used to answer patients questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure?
BERT
entrance skin exposure; surface of the skin where X-radiation enters the patient's body, resulting in an area of maximum exposure
ESE
A three-year pilot research project was launch in the republic of Belarus in 1996, in the aftermath of the chernobyl nuclear accident, two in power local citizens in making their own decisions regarding reconstruction of their overall quality of life; this project was known as the
ETHOS project
the aim of the _____ Was to rebuild acceptable living conditions for local citizens in contaminated territories in the Ukraine region of Russia by actively involving them in the reconstruction process
ETHOS project
radiation quantity that takes into account the disengagement of all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body
EfD
when illness or injury occurs Or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent, a patient may
Elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing Radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
A radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation
EqD
Nuclear power plant severely damaged as a consequence of a 9.0 magnitude earthquake that triggered a tsunami
Fukushima Daiichi
Classified as ionizing radiation
Hi energy ultraviolet radiation, GammaRay's, and x-rays
Who recommends The useOf background equivalent radiation time or improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure
National Council on radiation protection and measurements
Occupational and non-occupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when
Radiographer and radiologist keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable
in medicine, When radiation safety principles or correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited. this results in
Reducing the potential for adverse effects
What increases radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiographer?
Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness
SI Unit of measure for the radiation quantity, "equivalent dose"
Sv
what is a two phase program to create radiation awareness and community education?
TRACE
Consists of two phases: 1. formulating new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implementation of patient and community education and 2. technological enhancements
TRACE program
Typically, people are more likely to except a risk if they perceive that
The potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved
the sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of EqD (T or F)
True
An equivalent dose as low as 0.25 Sv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days?
a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood
The end of result of the TRACE Program is:
a reduction in patient dose
standardized dose reporting for radiologic procedures can lead to:
a reduction in patient radiation dose
containing two protons and two neutrons
alpha particle
For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have:
an effective radiation safety program
Classified as particulate radiations
aploga particles and beta particles
makes patients feel that they are active participants in their own health care
appropriate and effective communication
the term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonymous with the term:
as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)
the earths _____ and _____ help shield it from cosmic rays
atmosphere ; magnetic field
The number of protons contained with in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
identifies the element and determine its placement in the periodic table of elements
atomic number
management in a health care facility should perform a periodic exposure _____ to determine how radiation exposure in the workplace may be lowered
audit
ionizing radiation such as x-rays have both a _____ and a _____ potential
beneficial ; destructive
When ionizing radiation is used to obtain a mammogram For the welfare of a patient, the directly realized _____ of the exposure to this radiant energy _____ any slight _____ of Inducing a radiogenic malignancy or any genetic defect
benefits ; far outweigh ; risk
identical to a high-speed electron, Except it is emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms instead of originating in atomic shells outside of the nucleus
beta particle
Radiologic technologist and radiologists follow _____ procedures
established
Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants
fallout
BERT Is based on an annual US population exposure of approximately 1 mSv per year (T or F)
false
BERT implies risk from radiation exposure
false
Changes in white blood cell count are a classic example of molecular damage caused by significant exposure to analyzing radiation(T or F)
false
Color television monitors in used today produce substantial radiation exposure for the general public(T or F)
false
Diagnostic Efficacy is not important part of radiation protection in the healing arts (T or F)
false
EfD enables the calculation of the EqD (T or F)
false
Human made radiation is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation (T or F)
false
Humans are not continuously exposed to sources of ionizing radiation (T or F)
false
It is the responsibility of the referring position to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program ina health care fascility (T or F)
false
It's a radiographer makes an error in selecting technical Radiographic exposure factors for a specific projection of an anatomic body part, The projection can be repeated without an increase in radiation dose for the patient and the radiographer (T or F)
false
Most patients are unaware that most of their background radiation comes from there artificial radio activity in their own body (T or F)
false
Particulate radiations do not vary in their ability to penetrate matter(T or F)
false
Plans were made to cover the remains of chernobyl reactor unit 4 and the concrete sarcophagus that entombs it with a weatherproof massive aluminum boat(T or F)
false
Production of the high energy x-ray photons is a consequence of ionization in human cells (T or F)
false
Sunspots indicate regions of decrease electromagnetic field activity and or sometimes responsible for injecting particulate radiation into space(T or F)
false
The ability of x-rays to cause injury in normal biologic teach you just became apparent recently (T or F)
false
The solar contribution to the cosmic ray background decreases during periods of high sunspot activity(T or F)
false
Threshold Exits for radiation induced malignant disease (T or F)
false
X-rays or a form of non-ionizing radiation (T or F)
false
an electron hasn't approximately the same mass as a proton (T or F)
false
atmospheric nuclear testing has escalated since 1980(T or F)
false
if emitted from a radioisotope deposited in the body (ex. in the lungs) alpha particles cannot be absorbed in epithelial tissue and therefore are not damaging to that tissue (T or F)
false
non-smokers exposed to high radon levels have a higher risk of lung cancer than do smokers (T or F)
false
The total average annual EfD From natural background and man-made radiations combined is 3.6 mSv (T or F)
false. it's 6.3 mSv
in pregnant woman, _____ may be estimated
fetal dose
Optimal radiographic images should be obtained with the _______ exposure.
first
Patients not only should be made aware of what a specific procedure involves and what type of cooperation is required, but also must be informed of what needs to be done, if anything, as a _____ to their examination
follow up
given in units of hertz (Hz) (ex. cycles per second)
frequency
biologic effects of ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn
genetic damage
a radiographer should always shield the patient with appropriate _____ and/or _____ shielding
gonadal ; specific area
The intensity of cosmic rays varies with altitude relative to the earth surface. The _____ intensity occurs at high altitudes, and the _____ intensity occurs st sea level
greatest ; lowest
another name for multislice spiral computed tomography
helical
beta particles are identical to ______ except for their origin
high speed electrons
in cooler months, when homes and buildings are tightly closed, radon levels are usually _____
higher
BERT emphasizes that radiation is an ______ part of our environment.
innate
responsibility of facilities that provide imaging services
insuring the highest quality of service
process that is the foundation of interactions of x-rays with human tissue
ionization
what process is the foundation of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue?
ionization
x-rays are a form of _____ radiation; therefore, their use in medicine for the detection of disease and injury requires _____ measure
ionizing ; protective
produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter
ionizing radiation
why are the long term effects, such as an increased incidence of cancer in exposed baby population living near japans fukushima daiichu nuclear plant, unable to be accurately determined?
it was extremely difficult to measure the amounts of radiation people received
radiation has been present on earth since
its beginning
Russian liquidators who work during 1986 and 1987 at the chernobyl nuclear power complex demonstrated a sadistically significant rise in the number of
leukemia cases
The Russian liquidators who worked during 1986 and 1987 at the Chernobyl power complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of:
leukemia cases
radiation exposure should always be kept at the _____ possible level for the general public
lowest
White blood cells that defend the body against foreign invaders by producing antibodies to combat diseases are
lymphocytes
The most effective tool for diagnosing breast cancer continues to be
mammography
diagnostic efficacy is _____ when Essential images are produced under recommended radiation protection guidelines
maximized
When radiation is safely And prudently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure Can be _____ while the potential risk of biological damage is _____
maximized, minimized
The upper boundary doses of ionizing radiation for which there is a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic defect
maximum allowable levels of radiation exposure
The frequency of exposure to manmade radiation in medical applications continues to to increase rapidly among all age groups in the United States because of
medicolegal considerations and physicians replying more on radiologic diagnosis to assist them in patient care
BERT is a:
method of comparison
a subunit of the sievert equal to 1/1000 of a sievert
millisievert (mSv)
When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with:
minimal radiation exposure
Effective radiation protection consist of the tools and techniques primarily designed to _____ radiation exposure while producing _____ diagnostic images
minimize ; optimal quality
radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body may be classified as
natural sources of ionizing radiation
Based on evidence of harmful biological effects
need to safeguard against significant and continuing radiation exposure
How is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing received?
no fallout from such testing is ever received
radon is considered to be a _____ gas because it behaves as a free agent that floats around the soil
noble
Radiation exposure received by persons not employed in the medical imaging profession. Example patients , the general public
nonoccupational doses
radiation workers are required to perform _____ practices in a manner consistent with the ALARA principle
occupational
teen that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA
optimization for radiation protection
genetic or somatic changes in a living organism (ex. mutation, cataracts, and leukemia) caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to ionizing radiation
organic damage
The United States performed above ground nuclear weapons test before 1963. During the ______, An atomic cloud was created by 37-kiloton testing device that was exploded from a balloon at the Nevada test site on June 24, 1957. The top of the atomic cloud, which contain man-made ionizing radiation, ascended approximately 43,000 feet
priscilla test
A consequence of ionization in human cells
production of free radicals
radiologic technologists and radiologists use _____ decides whenever possible
protective
Positively charged components of an atom
protons
kinetic energy that passes from one location to another
radiation
The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of
radiation dose
the actual _____ to the Global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing is not received all at once. It is instead delivered over a period of years at changing _____
radiation dose ; dose rates
a disease process that does not have a fixed threshold
radiation induced cancer
fear of being exposed to radiation
radiation phobia
effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation
radiation protection
effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation define:
radiation protection
individual in a hospital setting expressly charged by the addministration To be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program
radiation safety officer (RSO)
A naturally occurring process by which instability of the nucleus is relieved through various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions
radioactive decay
which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation?
radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body
Have the responsibility to select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and themselves
radiologic technologists
an unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability
radionuclide
The tissues of the human body contain many naturally existing _____Which have been ingested in minute quantities from various foods or inhaled as particles in the air
radionuclides
_____ in the soil and air add to the human radiation dose burden
radionuclides
radon is the first decay product of _____
radium
the environmental protection agency (EPA) considers _____ to be the second leading cause of cancer in the united states
radon
thoron is radioactive decay product of an isotope of
radon
in the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, the possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation
risk
Radiologic technologist and radiologists are educated in the _____ operation of radiation producing imaging equipment
safe
the unit of equivalent dose is the _____
sievert (Sv)
radiographers should select the _____ radiation exposure that produces useful radiographic images
smallest
a tremendous explosion on the surface of the sun is called a _____
solar flare
the benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patients radiation dose history being the option of knowing whether or not the ordering is an additional radiologic procedure is advisable
standardized dose reporting
the millisievert is a _____ of the sievert (Sv)
subunit
the quantity of _____ Radiation present in any area depends only composition of the soil or rocks in the geographic region
terrestrial
long lived radioactive elements present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth and emitting densely ionizing radiatuons
terrestrial radiation
medical radiation procedures account for
the largest manmade dose of ionizing radiation received by humans
What do airport surveillance systems, ionization type smoke detectors, Older Luminous basis Dial time pieces, nuclear power plants, and false teeth made of porcelain have in common
they are all sources of manmade radiation
_____ cancer continues to Be the main adverse health effects of the 1986 accident at the chernobyl nuclear power plant
thyroid
to use _____ As a basic principle for radiation, a radiographer can reduce the amount of x-ray "beam on" time
time
After ordering an x ray examination or procedure, the referring physician must accept basic responsibility for Protecting the patient from non-useful radiation exposure (T or F)
true
BERT Is a method of explaining radiation to the public (T or F)
true
Because it is extremely difficult to measure the amount of radiation people received in the area near the Fukushima nuclear plant, the long-term effects such as an increased incidence of cancer in the expose population cannot be accurately determined(T or F)
true
Because of the large variety of radiologic equipment and differences in imaging procedures and in individual radiologist and radiographer technical skills, the patient does for each examination varies according to the facility providing imaging services(T or F)
true
Diagnostic effecacy agency provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified (T or F)
true
From 1920 until approximately 1970 shoe fitting fluoroscopes were used in stores where shoes were sold so that customers could see how well a pair of shoes fit before purchase(T or F)
true
In general terms, risks can be defined as the probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity (T or F)
true
Pilots and flight attendants may be more at risk to receive harmful doses of radiation when compared with workers at a nuclear plant(T or F)
true
Porcelain used for making dentures is a common example of a consumer product that contains radioactive material(T or F)
true
Radiation produce from an x-ray tube is an example of controllable radiant energy
true
Radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays are forms of electromagnetic waves(T or F)
true
Radiologic technologist and radiologist are educated in the safe operation of radiation producing imaging equipment (T or F)
true
TRACE Stands for tools for radiation awareness and community education (T or F)
true
The basic principles of time, distance, and shielding can be applied for the safety of both the patient and the radiographer (T or F)
true
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom constitutes the atomic number, or "Z" (T or F)
true
Then radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer a patient questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can't do much to alleviate the patients apprehension and fears during a routine radiologic examination (T or F)
true
There is a need for each radiation producing modality to record patient radiation dose (T or F)
true
Various methods of radiation protection may be applied to ensure safety for persons employed in radiation industries, including medicine, and for the population at large (T or F)
true
Wave particle Duality means that electromagnetic radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy(T or F)
true
Wavelength is the physical distance between successive maximum values of electric and magnetic field's(T or F)
true
a healthcare facility must have a written policy statement describing the radiation safety program. This statement must also identify the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA And must be available to all employees in the workplace (T or F)
true
most radiation induced cancers have a latent period of 15 years or more (T or F)
true
neutrons are electrically neutral components od an atom (T or F)
true
radon initially doesn't not cling to other particles(T or F)
true
sources of ionizing radiation may be natural or manmade (T or F)
true
Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called
unnecessary radiation
Unfortunate accident involving nuclear reactors can occur. this can lead to substantial, _____ radiation exposure for humans and the environment.
unplanned
Creation of ______ atoms is a consequence of ionization in healthy tissue.
unstable
specified in meters
wavelength
medical radiation exposure results from the use of diagnostic _____ and _____ in medicine
x-ray machines ; radio pharmaceuticals
