Radiation therapy student exam 2
The equivalent square of a 4 x 10 cm field is:
5.7
For the treatment of prostate cancer, conventional doses consist of:
7,500-8,000 cGy.
Orthogonal films are two portal images that are captured ___ degrees apart
90
A ______ break in the DNA is efficiently repaired and not significant for cell kill. a) single strand b) double strand c) triple strand d) proximal strand
A
A ________________ should be used to help hold a patient securely when transferring from a wheelchair to the table. a) transfer belt b) backboard c) sling d) footstool
A
All of the following are contraindications for chemotherapy, EXCEPT: a) Third trimester pregnancy. b) Recent surgery. c) Liver or kidney impairment. d) Infection
A
Ionic iodine contrast media is referred to: a) As radiopaque and has a high osmolality rate. b) As water soluble and has a low osmolality rate. c) As water soluble and has a high osmolality rate. d) Non-water soluble and has a low osmolality rate.
A
Positioning aids consist of: a) Prone pillows and head rests. b) Large rubber bands. c) Vac-Lock vacuum cushions. d) Alpha Cradle foaming agent devices.
A
The advantages of megavoltage beams for treatment of deep lesions are: a) Lower skin dose and greater penetration. b) Higher skin dose and greater penetration. c) Lower skin dose and less penetration. d) Higher skin dose and less penetration.
A
The base of the tongue first spreads to what lymph node or lymph group? a) Jugulodigastric b) Submental c) Retropharyngeal d) Facial
A
Which cancer of the brain and/or spinal cord is the MOST likely to seed through the craniospinal fluid? a) Medulloblastoma b) Oligodendroglioma c) Astrocytoma d) Pituitary adenoma
A
Which of the following is not one of the four R's of radiation therapy? a) reconfirmation b) repopulation c) repair d) reoxygenation
A
Which of the following refers to a two dimensional image reconstructed from CT data that shows a beam's eye view of the treatment field? a) digitally reconstructed radiograph b) field size c) localization d) verification
A
A deliberate act wherein one person threatens to harm another person without consent and the victim perceives that the other has the ability to carry out the threat.
Assault
The concept that patients are treated as individuals and informed about procedures to facilitate appropriate decisions.
Autonomy
All of the following are examples of external beam radiation treatment delivery methods, EXCEPT: a) 3D conformal. b) CBCT. c) IMRT. d) SBRT.
B
Erythema typically occurs at: a) 1,000 - 2,000 cGy. b) 2,000 - 3,000 cGy. c) 3,000 - 4,000 cGy. d) 4,000 - 5,000 cGy.
B
Intact breast treatment field borders are best described by which of the following? a) The superior border is at the edge of the head of the clavicle and the inferior border is just at the inframammary fold. b) The superior border is at the edge of the head of the clavicle and the inferior border is 2 cm below the inframammary fold. c) The superior border is at the midline of the sternum and the inferior border is 2 cm below the inframammary fold. d) The superior border is at the midline of the sternum and the inferior border is the midaxillary line.
B
One rem is equal to: a) 0.1 Sv b) 0.01 Sv c) 0.01 mSv d) 0.1 mSv
B
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a tumor of: a) Smooth muscle. b) Skeletal muscle. c) Cartilage. d) Bone.
B
The MOST common site for heterotopic bone formation is the: a) Olecranon process. b) Acetabulum. c) Humeral head. d) Patella.
B
The hard palate is part of which subdivision of the head and neck? a) Nasopharynx b) Oral Cavity c) Oropharynx d) Hypopharynx
B
The result of whole body irradiation to doses in the 1,000 - 5,000 cGy range which will result in system failure of the _____________ is manifested by infection, bone marrow depression, electrolyte imbalance, watery diarrhea, and denudation to the villi in the small intestines. a) hemopoietic b) gastrointestinal c) cerebrovascular d) respiratory
B
The topographic anatomical landmark that correlates with thoracic vertebrae 2 (T2) is the: a) Xiphoid process. b) Manubrium. c) Angle of Louis. d) Body of the sternum.
B
What is the normal range of white blood cells in a healthy adult? a) 2,000 to 8,000 cells/mcL b) 3,500 to 10,500 cells/mcL c) 2,000 to 8,000 billion cells/L d) 3,500 to 10,500 billion cells/L
B
Which of the following tumor sites is MOST OFTEN treated with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)? a) Extremity b) Prostate c) Larynx d) Whole brain
B
To do good and act in the best interest of the patient even if inconvenient and sacrifices must be made.
Beneficence
The scattering foil in a linear accelerator is used to:
Broaden and flatten the electron beam.
Brachytherapy is commonly used for all of the following cancers, EXCEPT for _____ cancer. a) Cervical b) Breast c) Pancreatic d) Prostate
C
Common chemotherapy drugs used for treating breast cancer include all of the following EXCEPT: a) Carboplatin b) paclitaxel (Taxol) c) Romidepsin (Istodax) d) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
C
If a patient arrives with lab work results indicating a white bood cell count (WBC) of < 2000 g/dl, the therapist should: a) Continue treatment as usual. b) Discontinue treatment for a few days. c) Bring this to the radiation oncologist's attention prior to treatment delivery. d) Treat the patient then, take the patient to see the radiation oncologist overseeing the patient after treatment is completed that day.
C
Indirect interaction of radiation and the cell is more likely to occur using which type of radiation: a) protons. b) high linear energy transfer (LET). c) low linear energy transfer (LET). d) electrons.
C
It is within the therapist's responsibilities to _________________ treatment when significant changes are noted in the patient's condition until the physician is consulted. a) with old b) implement c) withhold d) change
C
The pituitary can be located by identifying what skeletal structure in the skull? a) Cribriform plate b) Occipital foramen c) Sella tursica d) Glabella
C
What is the normal range of platelets in a healthy adult? a) 50,000 - 250,000 billion/L b) 150,000 - 450,000 billion/L c) 150,000 - 450,000 mc/L d) 50,000 - 250,000 mc/L
C
Which is NOT used to achieve a uniform dose by compensating for missing or curved tissue? a) wedges b) shielding blocks c) MLC d) bolus
C
Which of the following imaging techniques can produce a 4D image? a) MV portal b) KV portal c) Cone beam CT d) Orthogonol pair
C
Which of the following is true regarding sensitive screening tests? a) They are able to provide true negative results. b) The prostate-specific antigen test is an example of a sensitive test. c) They are able to provide a true positive result. d) They are sensitive tests which are synonymous with those that are specific.
C
Which of these devices may best be used to measure the dose at various points within a mantle field when treating a Hodgkin's patient? a) Film dosimetry b) Geiger Mueller counter c) Thermoluminescent dosimeter d) Victoreen thimble chamber
C
Which type of interaction is sometimes described as true absorbtion? a) Coherent scattering b) Compton effect c) Photoelectric effect d) Pair production
C
The cricoid cartilage is at which vertebral level?
C6
Therapists with higher emotional intelligence have more effective ______________ and patient care skills.
Communication
All of the following can be used to aid in patient positioning, EXCEPT: a) field light b) wall lasers c) overhead lasers d) room lights
D
Exposure to low levels of radiation may produce: a) Genetic effects. b) Neoplastic disease. c) A diminished life span. d) All of the above.
D
Level II axillary lymph nodes lie: a) Along each side of the sternum. b) Near the coracoid process. c) Lateral to the pectoralis minor muscle. d) Under the pectoralis muscle.
D
Regarding the cell survival curve, _____ is determined by the final portion of the curve. It is an expression of radio sensitivity of the cell. a) Dq b) n c) n-1 d) D0
D
The benefits of brachytherapy include which of the following? a) can be performed on an out-patient basis b) has a shorter recovery time c) is minimally invasive technique d) all the above
D
The carina: a) Is the bifurcation at the level of T4-T5 b) Typically correlates to the 'angle of Louis'. c) Forms the beginning of the right and left main stem bronchi. d) All of the above
D
Topograms: a) Are referred to as pilot or scout images. b) Are used for patient alignment. c) Define the CT scan range. d) All of the above are correct.
D
Vac Fix immobilization devices are used to immobilize all of the following parts of the body, EXCEPT the: a) Pelvis. b) Abdomen. c) Chest. d) Head and neck.
D
What is the equivalent square of a 7 x 12 cm field with a 2 x 2 cm square block? a) 6.4 cm b) 7.2 cm c) 8.4 cm d) 8.9 cm
D
When assisting a patient from a wheelchair to the treatment table, the patient's ________ should be closer to the side of movement. a) right b) left c) weaker d) stronger
D
Which of the following describes CT simulation lasers? a) Consist of a single overhead laser that moves to project the sagittal plane. b) Are two vertical moving lateral lasers to project coronal plane. c) Can be fixed lasers to project the transverse plane. d) All the above
D
Which of the following is TRUE regarding multileaf collimator (MLC) leaves? a) They are made of lead b) Wider leaf width increases conformality of the treatment field c) Always replace a set of jaws in the collimator d) Transmission is less than that through a cerrobend block
D
Which of the following organs is most sensitive to radiation? a) bladder b) brain c) liver d) lung
D
Which treatment delivery plan uses advanced technology to conform radiation beams to the shape of the tumor? a) 2D b) 3D c) wedge pair d) IMRT
D
______ is considered the critical target because its ionization produces the greatest consequence to the cell.
DNA
What is the MOST common type of radiation therapy used for cancer treatment?
External beam radiation
A highly reactive species with an unpaired valence or outer shell electron is known as a(n)?
Free radical
Two power sources used to generate electromagnetic waves for the linear accelerator are the:
Kylstron and magnetron
A lateral decubitus position refers to having a patient:
Lie on their side.
Rectal cancer typically spreads distantly to the:
Liver
The therapist creates ___________ images to demonstrate reproduction of the treatment area and verify correct beam placement.
Localization
The Ann Arbor staging system is commonly used to stage which cancers?
Lymphoma
Human cells are most radiosensitive in the ______ cycle.
M
The process posterior to the earlobe that can be used to mark the inferior border of the whole brain field is the:
Mastoid process
Treatment that combines more than one method of treatment is known as:
Multimodality
The prostate can be located by the:
Neck of the femur
The ethical principle that directs health care professionals to avoid harmful actions to patients.
Nonmaleficence
In an isodose distribution, the point where the dose is set at 100% is called the:
Normalization point.
The primary lymphatic drainage of the testicle is the _______.
Periaortic nodes
The opening between the stomach and the duodenum is the:
Pyloric sphincter
The doctrine of ________________ describes how a person is injured through no fault of his/her own.
Res ipsa loquitur
_____ is used to define the size and extension of a tumor at the time of diagnosis
Staging
TD 5/5 is defined as:
The dose which will cause 5% of the population to experience a defined side effect within 5 years.
The TNM staging system is a commonly used staging system in which "T" defines:
The size and extent of the primary tumor.
What is the daily tolerance of the laser and treatment isocenter coincidence?
+/- 2 mm
Fractionated Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) treatments are typically delivered over the course of how many days?
1-5
Individual treatment dose indicated in the prescribed dose is known as:
fractionation
The most anterior lobe of the cerebrum is the:
frontal lobe
Effects on __________ cells may have a clinical impact.
germ
_______ is the aggressiveness of a tumor based on the degree of differentiation.
grading
The area of the lung where blood vessels and the primary bronchi enter and exit the lungs is termed the:
hilum
The goal of _______________ care is to help dying patients and their families by providing support for quality of life.
hospice
The point in space relative to the treatment machine about which various components of the linear accelerator rotate is known as the:
isocenter
Radiation-induced cancer, leukemia and genetic effects follow a ____________ dose-response relationship
linear, nonthreshold
The penetration of x-ray through tissue is primarily a function of:
mAs
Rising too quickly can cause dizziness and/or fainting which are symptoms of _______________ .
orthostatic hypotension
The proper application of light pressure with fingers to the body is called ____________.
palpation
The __________ is legally responsible for providing detailed information to the patient to obtain a patient's informed consent.
physician
During which stage of gestation is embryonic death and resorption the most common result of exposure to radiation?
preimplantation
The measurement of the thickness of a patient along the central axis (CA), or at any other point within the irradiated volume is known as:
separation
Oral defamation is referred to as:
slander
The junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum is referred to as the:
sternal angle
When using a custom cerrobend block, what needs to be added to the monitor unit calculations?
tray factor
Radiation exposure during the gestational period of _________ days usually affects the nervous system.
23-37
Relative biological effect (RBE) refers to a comparison of the effect of radiation of a test type as compared to the effect of the standard of:
250 kV x-ray.
A PA only treatment field is an example of a ___ treatment
2D
What is the daily tolerance level of the optical distance indicator (ODI)?
2mm
The threshold radiation dose to the whole brain for necrosis or infarction is:
4,500 cGy.
