RBT EXAM

Step. 2 Acquisition plan (2)

Prepare for session 1. clear environment 2. easy access to materials

differential reinforcement

Delivering different levels of reinforcement once behavior is emitted. ex- a.Jp independently and appropriately asks for the ball(a skill the therapist has been working on) the therapist delivers increased, super excited reinforcement for independent skill) b. JP has the ability and skill set to complete the worksheet independently. She engaged in inappropriate behavior when prompted to complete the tasks.Once JP finishes, the therapist delivers neutral verbal praises for completion( thank you for finishing the sheet)

Assessment step 1 (1,2,3)

Describe behavior in observable and measurable terms 1. Be specific 2. Cannot be subjective 3. Observable, measurable, and agreed upon on ex- being sad is objective subjective: tears streaming down face

pairing ( teaching tools)

The main key to a proper ABA program is for the therapist to pair themselves with highly enjoyable activities in order for teaching to occur. When a child knows that when you come over, good things happen, the ability to teach this child and reinforce this child becomes significantly stronger.

applied behavioral analysis

The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.

Latency

The time duration between a demand being place and the client engaging in the behavior ex- therapist says hi jasmine, the time latency, would be the time delay between hi and jasmine responding.

Reactive Strategies(2)

Strategies designed to manage the behavior at the time it occurs (in the moment).These strategies are managed situationally to provide safety and prevent the escalation of the behaviors NOT meant to change behavior over time. 1. restraint- (manual restraint) means the use of hands or body to immobilize a person's freedom of movement or normal access to his or her body for more than 15 continuous seconds. This does not include physically guiding a client during transport or skill training for up to 2 minutes. 2.seclusion- enforced isolation or confinement of an individual in a room or area.​

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Momentary time sample

Did behavior occur or not occur at precisely specified time intervals ex- only record behavior if it happened b/w 5-10 minutes.

Measurement step 5 (1,2,3)

Entering Data and Updating Graphs 1. Data should be entered immediately after session at least 24 hrs after session for accuracy. 2. Graphs should be updated weekly 3. Check for levels(setting of data low or high ), Trend (overall direction),Variability

Assessment step 4

Functional Assessment Procedure-observing the behavior and documenting the narrative. 1.Collect ABC data

Fading

Gradual removal of stimuli. (proximity,prompts, social praise, reinforcement) ex- Therapist, at the beginning would sit next to client for table time to work on appropriate behavior sitting during table time. After 1 month of the therapy, therapists begins sitting within 2 ft of client.After 2 months therapist sits 5 ft away and so on. Sitting at the table behavior still occurs at the presence of staff.

Premack Principle(grandma's rule)

The concept, developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity. ex- you can play outside once you finish your homework

What is the difference between an established contingency and a bribe?

The difference is when the behavior is reinforced. If they are rewarded before they preform target behavior it can turn into a bribe vs reinforcement when they are rewarded after target behavior is preformed. ex of reinforcement- premack principle

behavioral momentum( teaching tools)

basically means to build up momentum to what you really want the child to do, by tossing out easy, that they are super likely to do first ex- touch nose, clap hands, touch head, tie shoes

What should your go-to response be, especially if you are unsure of the function of a new behavior?

block and redirect

Task Analysis

breaking down a complex set of skills into smaller, easier to teach parts. ex- task analyisis- brush hair a. get brush b. place brush on right side of head c. brush right side 3 times

Probe data

data is collected on the initial trial. Only checks the initial trial of each program or target item to see whether the teaching and prompting of the previous session was enough to maintain the target skill or item the following day ex- collecting data for baseline of client

Punishment

decreases the likelihood of a behavior ex- a.Positive Punishment- Adding a curfew to reduce behavior of staying out late. b. Negative Punishment- Taking away free-time until client completes homework.

Reinforcement

increases the likelihood of a behavior a. Positive- adding reward for good behavior so behavior increases b. negative- medicine takes pain away so person is more likely to take medicine again

intellecual disability

intellectual development disorder (IDD) or general learning disability, and formerly known as mental retardation (MR) is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ score below 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living. ​

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features, and mild to moderate intellectual disability. The average IQ of a young adult with Down syndrome is 50, equivalent to the mental age of an 8- or 9-year-old child, but this varies widely.​

Permanent Product

measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects the behavior produced on the environment ex- measuring if program has effectively reduced problem behaviors

Behavior support plan( assessment tools)

outlines replacement behavior to be taught and the procedures in which they will be taught

when should partial data be collected?

when trying to decrease a behavior (vocal outburst behavior)​

when should whole data be collected?

when trying to increase a behavior (time on task)

Motivating Operation (MO)

1. a variable that alters(meaning decreases or increases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of an event or stimuli OR 2. The frequency of behaviors that have been reinforced or punished by stimulus event ex- a. kiddo that does not eat breakfast is more likely to want to earn edibles during math class that occurs prior to lunch due to food deprivation b. bathroom sign makes it easier for kiddo to identify where the bathroom is increasing their frequency of wanting to use the bathroom

What warrants an official report?(4)

1. abuse 2.neglet 3. exploitation 4. abandonment

What are the 7 dimensions of ABA?

1. applied 2.behavioral 3. analytic 4.technological 5.conceptual(replicable) 6. effective 7.generality

discrete trial training

1.A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that involves a step-by-step approach of presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response. 2. Teaching skills and acquisition in controlled environment 3. A one-to-one setting where the therapist can control the situation to ask a specific question in order to gain a specific response. 4.Reinforcement in prearranged and delivered ex- Therapist first teaching skills of identifying letters then rewarding, then sounding out letters then rewarding, and finally connecting the sound of the letters and then rewarding

Stimulus Control

1.Alters aspects of behavior depending on presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus 2. To gain stimulus control therapist must be reinforcing, consistent, and follow through demands and expectations ex- When favorite therapist places demand kiddo complies because of stimulus control instead of another therapist.

Forward Channing

1.Client completes the first step in the procedure and then the therapist prompts the rest of the skill. 2.As the client masters the first skill, prompts will systematically fade from consecutive skills in the chain ex- client learns to tie his shoe. The client will independently complete first step, then Abbye provides prompts for rest of skill.

Baseline

1.Clients intial set of behaviors/skills prior to intervention 2. Duration of absent problematic behavior after and episode ex- cleints knowledge of appropriate play skills prior to therapy beginning.

Besides reinforcement and punishment what else can affect behavior?(1,2)

1.MO'S 2. settings

who do we report to>

1.Reports of child abuse should be made to the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF). Abuse reports can be made through the DCF statewide hotline (call 1-800-96-ABUSE) or through the DCF website.​ 2. Fail to report can result in third degree felony

Skill Acquisition consist of

1.Target Skill( skill being taught) 2.procedure 3. Reinforcement schedule 4. Data collection methods

Extinction

1.when a behavior that has always been reinforced is no longer reinforced. 2.Extinction Burst- results when behavior has been reinforced for an extended period of time, then reinforcement is removed. An increase in frequency, duration, and intensity of inappropriate behavior. ex- removing attention from screaming behavior, removing escape from a demand after agression

History of reinforcement

A general idea of person's learning experiences. ex- learning ayden's good behavior can be reinforced with token economy

Mandatory reporter ( professional code of conduct)

A mandated reporter is one who is required by law to report reasonable suspicions of abuse

Consequence

A result, punishment or reinforcement of behavior ex- good job!, panned ignoring, attention from teacher

Step 3 Skill Acquisition (A,1,2,B,1,2,3,4)

A. Use different types of reinforcement 1. Unconditioned reinforcement- reinforces that are naturally reinforcers they are not learned but innate. ex- food,water 2. Conditioned reinforcer- reinforcers that are learned ex- toys, video games, activities B. Use different reinforcement schedules- a rule specifying the environment arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement; a description of contingency reinforcement. 1. Continuous(fixed) reinforcement schedule- reinforce every occurrence of behavior. ex- reward johnny every time he gets the answer correct. 2.Intermitten reinforcement- reinforce after an average number of responses. ex- Johnny will get a reward after an average of 4 correct responses. 3. Fixed Interval- Time based reinforcement. Reinforcement will be delivered at set time interval. ex- Johnny will receive a reward every 5 minutes. 4. Variable Interval- Reinforcement will be delivered at a variable time interval. ex- Johnny will receive a reward on an AVERAGE of every 5 minutes.

Step 1 of behavioral reduction plan (eats)(1,2,3)

Behavioral operational definition-describe common functions of behavior EATS 1. Escape 2. Attention 3.Sensory- automatic reinforcement. They preform behavior bc behavior itself is reinforcing. ex- touching orbes bc they feel good , brushing hair to look good

Generalization

Behaviors occur in other places, with other people, across other items without presence of stimulus reinforced behavior(without teaching behavior in other places, or with other individuals) ex- when client is told to sit they will respond with appropriate sitting behavior across various people and places

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996) PROTECTS CLIENT PRIVACY

duration

how long behavior occured ex-kyle cried for 10 minutes.

Functional Analysis (assessment tools)

identifies function in a controlled environment by manipulating variables ex- putting a toy in front of a client to see if he will pick it up

Tact

identifying items in the environment ex- therapist shows a picture of a cow and asks. Kid responds with "cow"

Natural Environment Training

Using a client's natural environment to teach and shape socially significant behaviors. ex- A client is playing on the playground at school and another student takes their toy. This gives you an opportunity to teach manding to peers.

Behavior Momentum

Utilizing a mastered skill in order to increase the response rate of more difficult task ex- touch ur head, stomp ur feet, say ur address (easy, easy ,hard)

Behaviors

1. Any observable and measurable response to a stimulus that immediately follows and antecedent. 2.All behaviors are learned! ex- cleaning up toys, client engaging in agression, elopment.

BSP(Behavior support plan_

1. Developed after working with child. 2. Information identified in the FBA 3. Replacement behaviors & teaching methods 4. Current behavior protocol for engagement in inappropriate behavior 5. Fluid and can change

who completes insurance notes?(4)

1. Every therapist who works with a child alone​ 2. write each session 3. must be completed when billing is due 4.Check with lead to make sure you are following insurance guidelines for the insurance note.

Functional Behavioral Assessment(FBA)

1. Initial assessment to obtain information from client 2. Identifies: a. current behaviors targeted for reduction b.current functions for inappropriate behaviors c. background information on client 3. Does not change once written

Measurement Step 1 (2)

1. Make sure data collections materials are readily available 2. Modify environment so it is easy to control.

RBT Task list(6)

1. Measurement 2. Assessment 3. Skill Acquisition 4. Behavioral Reduction Plan 5. documenting and reduction 6. Professional Conduct and scope of practice

What must punishment procedures ALWAYS be paired with?​(2)

1. Reinforcement because alone can create escape avoidance 2. paired creates longer stronger behavior

Replacement Behavior

1. a behavior in which the therapist identifies to increase 2. This is a more competing, yet more socially acceptable appropriate behavior, with the same function as target behavior ex- Abbye is implementing a behavior reduction protocol for a target behavior, hitting, which gains access to attention from adults. When placing hitting for attention on requesting attention from adults(tapping or saying excuse me) to give the client a more appropriate way to gain attention

Reporting extranous Mo's( professional code of conduct)

1. document mo's in data sheets and to supervisor

Punishment Procedures (5)

1. planned ignoring- A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers- usually attention, physical contact and verbal interaction are withheld for a brief period contingent of the occurrence of the target behavior.​ 2.Response blocking- A procedures in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behavior to prevent completion of the targeted behavior.​ 3. Time out from positive reinforcement- The contingent with-drawl of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment. 4. separation- Removing an individual from an environment contingent on engagement in target behavior.​ 5.Social disapproval & verbal redirection/ 'talking it out'(should not use for functions)

Preference assessments( assessment tools)(1,2)

1. preference assessments- direct observation with client choices 2.preference inventories- interviews with client or someone that knows them well

Registered Behavior Technician (3)

1. primarily responsible for direct implementation of behavior analytic services 2. RBT must be supervised at least 5% of the time supervised 3. cannot interfere with programs

Types of Prompts(3)total=9

1. shadow prompt- Using one's body (usually a hand) to 'shadow' the learner's same by part while completing a task. This allows for the therapist to be close enough to interrupt and correct incorrect responses while also allowing the learner the opportunity to complete the task independently when possible. ex- being there to correct positioning of washing hands if client does it incorrectly 2. most to least prompting- Beginning with the most intrusive prompt level and fading prompts out as the learner begins to comply. ex- write your name and then write each letter by itself 3.Least to Most- Beginning with the least intrusive prompt level and fading prompts in as the learner ceases to comply or responds incorrectly. ex- write each letter seperately then write name all together.

What does it mean to respect client dignity?(4)

1. speaking about the respectfully 2. avoid talking about them in front of them 3. respect client, family, and peers around them 4. THINK BEFORE U SPEAK

How to remain HIPPA compliant (4)

1. use initials when speaking publicly 2. only use initials on programs outside of home 3. password protected 4. dont talk to anyone that does not have HIPPA consent

echoic

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response. ex- say "I want ball" response: I want ball

tact

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement. ex- asking ryan to touch the peg board

Intraverbal

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does NOT have point to point correspondence with that verbal stimulus. ​ ex-Sd: "The wheels on the bus go round and _____" Response: "round"​

mand

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement. (Request)

Token economy

An intervention implemented where the clients earns conditioned reinforcers as a consequence for engagement in appropriate behavior ex- aiden earns a power ranger for appropriately completing non-preffered task without engagement in behaviors targeted for reduction.

What do we do with the data?

Analyzed regularly, used to complete BSP updates and monthly summaries.

Mand

Any request made to receive or refuse something ex- "I want" "I need"

ABA

Applied Behavior Analysis. Gradually applying interventions based on principles to shape and improve socially significant behaviors.

Measurement step 3 (3)

Apply discontinuous measurements- count in some instances of behavior not all 1.Partial Interval Recording- Divide the observational period into a series of brief intervals, and only record if target behavior occurs any time during that time interval. ex- recording how many times Nick cried for ONLY the 5-10 minute interval you chose to record. 2. Whole Interval Training- divide interaval and ONLY record if it happend during the whole interval. ex- only record if Nick cried at the whole time during the 5-10 min interval 3.Momentary Time Sampling- Divide observational period into series of brief time intervals. Only record wether the target behavior occurred at the end of that time interval only. ex- During class Nick cried during 5-7 minutes but the momentary time sampling interval was 5-10 minutes so behavior was not counted.

Assessment Step 3

Assistance with individualized assessment procedures could be assessments that involves curriculum bases, social skill, or developmental skills(meeting developmental milestones). ex- Conducting VB-MAPP and observing/ documenting how long a child plays with each toy.

Intraverbal

Carrier phrase in order to elicit appropriate response(fill in the blank) ex- you watch tv in the........ ? to elicit living room.

maintence

Client continues to engage in target behaviors/responses after intervention is no longer in place. ex- kiddo receives intervention in mading which they have mastered. The client continues to appropriately mand long after services has been discontinued.

Assesment step 2

Conduct preference assessments- Techniques designed to identify items that are preferred by an individual and thus may serve as reinforcer. 1. Ask person 2. free operant(observational) 3. Trial Based

Functional Behavioral Assessment (assesment tools)

Identifies function based on ABC data collection

Step 1 Acquisition Plan (5)

Identify special components 1. Target Skill 2.Procedure 3. Reinforcement schedules 4. Data collection methods 5. other- discriminative stimulus, prompting hierchy, response class

Skill Acquisition step 4(A,1,2,B,1,2,3,4)

Implement Discrete Trial Training (DTT)- Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit response. A. Terms to know for DTT 1. Trial- individual teaching opportunity 2.Errorless teaching- A teaching procedure in which child is prompted to make correct response immediately to ensure correct response each time.Prompt is then slowly faded away. B.How to prepare for DTT 1. pre-session pairing 2. sted fast pace 3. implement reinforcement schedules 4. record data on target responses

Skill Acquisition step 6

Implement Discrimination training - Responding to conditions only you want them to respond. Only under SD, certain stimulus) ex- when asking a child to point at the picture of a horse you don't want them to point at another picture or complete the request before you even ask. A. Type of trials 1. Mass trials- A series of successive teaching trials that ensures success of the student. The mass trial phase begins with prompted trials, and the teacher systematically fades away until student can achieve independently. ex- Teacher request cup(stimulus) several times with cup only on the table until student achieves independently. 2. Expanded Trial- A series of teaching w/ distracters. The amount of distractors presented to student varies systematically. Distractors can be known and unknown.(good for memory) ex- Make someone come into the room while asking for responses, play a game before target request 3. Random Rotation- The target response is randomly rotated with other target response. ex- Instead of asking for green ask for red.

Skill Acquisition Step 5

Implement Task Analysis Procedures- Process of breaking down a complex skill into smaller teachable units. A.Use chaining procedures- A sequence of responses that produces a stimulus change that function as conditioned reinforcement for next response chain. 1. Forward chaining- The 1st response is target for teaching independence and the rest of the procedures the therapist will prompt. ex- Johnny takes out the bread to make a sandwich and is prompted on how to finish the sandwich. 2. Backward chaining-The entire chain is prompted and client must complete last one independently. ex- Johnny is given all the steps on how to complete a sandwich except the last step on how to put the second bread on top.

Measurment step 2 (3)

Implement continuous(count every time behavior occurs) measurement procedures 1. frequency- add behaviors over period of time.Count/time ex- Nick cried 4 times during that hour 2. Count- when behaviors occur count them. ex- Nick cried 6 times 3. Duration- How long did behavior occur ex- Nick cried for 60 minutes.

Skill Acquisition Plan step 4(A,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

Implement naturalistic teaching procedures- Lose structure. Target teaching opportunities under natural condition. ex- If you are working on manding program, playing with car to contrive motivation so that learner mands for the car under motivating operation. A. Use prompts 1. Physical 2. Model- model child how to tie shoes 3. Verbal- I see red very close to us(verbal hint) 4. Gestural- All done ASL sign to help child say all done 5. Positional/proximity- Putting the correct flash card closer to the client so they can choose right answer. 6. point- Teacher points at correct answer

Measurement step 4

Implementing Permanent Product Recording- measuring behavior after it occured by measuring effect the behavior produced on the environment. ex- test results, baseball averages

Contingent

Punishment or reinforcement delivered once the specific behavior occurs( for something to be contingent it must be provided based on specific behavior emitted) ex- client receives chocolate chip cookie once client appropriately said the word chip

behavior

The way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment. It is observable, measurable, and can effect environment.

Why do we collect data?

To analyze progress and to look for patterns (trends) Are programs/procedures working? If not, we need to change them

Frequency Count

Total number of occurrences per unit of time ex- johnny cried 10 times within an hour

Frequency

amount of time behaviors occurs ex- the behavior occurred 35 times during the one therapy session.

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

an environmental variable that occurs and has been previously reinforced ex- kid wants help on paper, cookie sign, someone says hello

intermittent reinforcement

an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Antecedent

any event that occurs that elicits a behavior typically occurs before inappropriate behavior. ex- demand is placed to pick up toy

Shaping

differentially reinforcing behaviors that are similar to target behaviors until the target behavior is reached ( reinforcing successive approximation of goal behavior) ex- when working on vocal communication the therapists will reinforce sounds close to the actual word until master is reached.

who do you report legal concerns to?

direct supervisor( lead therapist)

prompt(6)

refers to providing assistance or cues to encourage the use of a specific skill. 1.Physical- using physical guidance to facilitate completion of task/direction or produce the correct response ex- pick up noah so he gets up 2. verbal- using verbal cues to facilitate completion of task/direction or produce the correct response ex- which is the color grey I see it in your shirt? 3. Model- refers to providing assistance or cues to encourage the use of a specific skill. ex- demonstrates to student how to wash hands by first washing their hands 4. gestural- Using gestures to facilitate completion of task/direction/ or produce the correct response ​ ex- using ASL to hint "all done" 5. Positional- Manipulating stimuli by changing the position, shape, size, color, etc. in order to facilitate the correct response​ ex-putting the correct flash card closer to the child 6. partial- Providing less than a full prompt to facilitate completion of task/direction/ or produce the correct response ​ ex- The car is rrrrrrrrrrrrreeeee hint the car is red.

continious reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Duration

the length of time a behaviors occurs ex- emotional outburst occurred for 30 min

Target Behavior

the selected behavior the intervention wants to change ex- client does not respond when an adult or peer calls their name. Target behavior: client will independently respond to their name, with at least 3 seconds

Backward Chaining

the therapist provides prompts for the completion of the skill until the very last step, the client then independently completes the last step of the chain. As the client masters the last skill, prompts will systematically fade from consecutive skills in the chain. ex- JP is learning to make a sandwhich. The therapist provides prompts for entire skill up until cutting the sandwhich in half.JP then independently cuts the sandwhich in half.