Reactions
CaS + H2O + CO2 -> Ca(HCO3)2 + H2S
...
P + O₂--> P₂O₅
4P + 5O₂--> 2P₂O₅
The law of conservation of mass states, if you started out with 4 grams of Iron and 3 grams of Oxygen in the REACTANT, when they combine in the PRODUCT you would have a total of _____ grams of Iron oxide.
7
solution
A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Synthesis
A+B= AB
Decompostion
AB= A+B
Law of Conservation of Mass
All chemical equations must be balanced. This means that the same number of atoms of each element must be found in both the reactants and the products of the reaction. Which scientific law does this illustrate?
Atomic Mass
The average of the masses of all the isotopes in an element
spectator ion
an ion that does not directly take part in a chemical reaction (appears unchanged on both sides)
C₈H₁₈ + O₂--> IO₂+ H₂O
can't work (law of converstion: matter and energy can never be changed or distroyed)
product
the "ending substance(s) in a chemical reaction
K3AsO4 + H2S -> As2S5 + KOH + H2O
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K3[Fe(SCN)6] + Na2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 -> Fe(NO3)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + CO2 + H2O + Na2SO4 + KNO3
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K4Fe(CN)6 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 -> KHSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 + HNO3 + CO2 + H2O
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K4[Fe(SCN)6] + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + CO2 + H2O + K2SO4 + KNO3
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KBr + Al(ClO4)3 -> AlBr3 + KClO4
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KClO3 -> KCl + O2
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KClO3 -> KClO4 + KCl
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PbCrO₄ + HNO₃ → Pb(NO₃)₂ + H₂CrO₄
1 PbCrO₄ + 2 HNO₃ → 1 Pb(NO₃)₂ + 1 H₂CrO₄
S + N₂O → SO₂ + N₂
1 S + 2 N₂O → 1 SO₂ + 2 N₂
SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃
1 SO₂ + 1 H₂O → 1 H₂SO₃
SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄
1 SO₃ + 1 H₂O → 1 H₂SO₄
SiC + Cl₂ → SiCl₄ + C
1 SiC + 2 Cl₂ → 1 SiCl₄ + 1 C
composition reactions (general form)
A + B → AB
All chemical reactions are accompanied by, or involves a change in ___________.
energy
covalent bond
sharing of electrons
products
the resulting molecules or compounds in a chemical reaction. (what comes out)
(NH4)2BeF4 -> BeF2 + NH3 + HF
...
(NH4)2Cr2O7 -> NH3 + H2O + Cr2O3 + O2
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(NH4)3AsS4 + HCl -> As2S5 + H2S + NH4Cl
...
Ag2S + KCN -> KAg(CN)2 + K2S
...
AgNO3 + FeCl3 -> Fe(NO3)3 + AgCl
...
Al + FeO -> Al2O3 + Fe
...
Al + HCl -> AlCl3 + H2
...
Al + KOH + H2O -> KAlO2 + H2
...
Al + NH4ClO4 -> Al2O3 + AlCl3 + NO + H2O
...
Al + NaOH + H2O -> NaAl(OH)4 + H2
...
Al + O2 -> Al2O3
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Al(NO3)3 + Na2CO3 -> Al2(CO3)3 + NaNO3
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BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 -> BaSO4 + AlCl3
...
Be(OH)2 + NH4HF2 -> (NH4)2BeF4 + H2O
...
Bi(NO3)3 + H2S -> Bi2S3 + HNO3
...
C + SiO2 + Cl2 -> SiCl4 + CO
...
C10H16 + Cl2 -> C + HCl
...
C2H2 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
...
C2H3Cl + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + HCl
...
C2H5OH + O2 -> CO + H2O
...
C2H5OH + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
...
C3H8 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
...
C4H10 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
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C6H6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
...
Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C -> CaSiO3 + P4 + CO
...
Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 -> CaSiO3 + P2O5
...
Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 -> P4O10 + CaSiO3
...
Ca3P2 + H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + PH3
...
Ca5F(PO4)3 + H2SO4 -> Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 + HF
...
CaCN2 + H2O -> CaCO3 + NH3
...
CaHPO4⋅2H2O + NaOH + H2O -> Na2HPO4⋅12H2O + Ca(OH)2
...
CaS + H2O -> Ca(HS)2 + Ca(OH)2
...
CaS2 + O2 -> CaS2O3
...
Cr(OH)3 + H2SO4 -> Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
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FeCl3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + Fe(OH)3
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FeCl3 + NH4OH -> Fe(OH)3 + NH4Cl
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FeO + H3PO4 -> Fe3(PO4)2 + H2O
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FeS + O2 -> Fe2O3 + SO2
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FeS2 + O2 -> Fe2O3 + SO2
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FeSO4 + K3[Fe(CN)6] -> Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 + K2SO4
...
H2S + Cl2 -> S8 + HCl
...
H2SO4 + Al(OH)3 -> Al2(SO4)3 + H2O
...
H2SO4 + HI -> H2S + I2 + H2O
...
H2SO4 + NaHCO3 -> Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
...
I2 + HNO3 -> HIO3 + NO2 + H2
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K2CO3 + C + N2 -> KCN + CO
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K2MnO4 + H2SO4 -> KMnO4 + MnO2 + K2SO4 + H2O
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KNO3 + C12H22O11 -> N2 + CO2 + H2O + K2CO3
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KO2 + CO2 -> K2CO3 + O2
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KOH + AlCl3 -> KCl + Al(OH)3
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Mg3N2 + H2O -> Mg(OH)2 + NH3
...
MgNH4AsO4 + 6H2O -> Mg2As2O7 + NH3 + H2O
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MgNH4PO4 -> Mg2P2O7 + NH3 + H2O
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MnO2 + HCl -> MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
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Na3AsO3 + H2S -> As2S3 + NaOH
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NaCl + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + HCl
...
NaOH + Cl2 -> NaCl + NaClO + H2O
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NaOH + Zn(NO3)2 -> NaNO3 + Zn(OH)2
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NiS + O2 -> NiO + SO2
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P4 + H2O -> H3PO4 + H2
...
P4 + O2 -> P2O5
...
P4O10 + H2O -> H3PO4
...
P4O10 + HCl -> POCl3 + HPO3
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P4O6 + H2O -> H3PO3
...
P4O6 -> P4 + P2O4
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PCl3 + H2O -> H3PO3 + HCl
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Si + NaOH + H2O -> Na2SiO3 + H2
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Si + S8 -> Si2S4
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Si2H3 + O2 -> SiO2 + H2O
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SiCl4 + H2O -> H4SiO4 + HCl
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SiH4 + O2 -> SiO2 + H2O
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SiO2 + HF -> SiF4 + H2O
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Sn(OH)2 + NaOH -> Na2SnO2 + H2O
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Sn(OH)4 + NaOH -> Na2SnO3 + H2O
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TiCl4 + Mg -> MgCl2 + Ti
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(CuOH)₂CO₃ → CuO + CO₂ + H₂O
1 (CuOH)₂CO₃ → 2 CuO + 1 CO₂ + 1 H₂O
CaCO₃ + HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂
1 CaCO₃ + 2 HCl → 1 CaCl₂ + 1 H₂O + 1 CO₂
CaC₂ + N₂ → CaCN₂ + C
1 CaC₂ + 1 N₂ → 1 CaCN₂ + 1 C
NaCl + NH₄HCO₃ → NaHCO₃ + NH₄Cl
1 NaCl + 1 NH₄HCO₃ → 1 NaHCO₃ + 1 NH₄Cl
NaPO₃ + CuO → NaCuPO₄
1 NaPO₃ + 1 CuO → 1 NaCuPO₄
CO + O₂ → CO₂
2 CO + 1 O₂ → 2 CO₂
ClO₂ + H₂O → HClO₂ + HClO₃
2 ClO₂ + 1 H₂O → 1 HClO₂ + 1 HClO₃
NaOH + FeSO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + Fe(OH)₂
2 NaOH + 1 FeSO₄ → 1 Na₂SO₄ + 1 Fe(OH)₂
chemical reaction
A _____ _____ when substances interact to form one or more new substances with different properties than the original substances.
Anion
A negative ion
double replacement reactions (general form)
AB + CD → AD + CB
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
1
Barium atoms = ________
8
How many Boron?
18
Oxygen atoms = ________
6
Silicon atoms = ________
aqueous substance
that substance is dissolved in water
Aluminum oxide
this is the way to write the chemical formula
element symbol above an →
used to indicate a catalyst
(NH4)2Cr2O7 -> Cr2O3 + N2 + H2O
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Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 -> Al2(SO4)3 + H2O
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Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaSO4 + Al(OH)3
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Al2O3 + C + N2 -> AlN + CO
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Al4C3 + H2O -> CH4 + Al(OH)3
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AlCl3 + AgNO3 -> AgCl + Al(NO3)3
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As + NaOH -> Na3AsO3 + H2
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As2O5 + H2O -> H3AsO4
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Au + HCl + HNO3 -> AuCl3 + NO + H2O
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Au + KCN + O2 + H2O -> K[Au(CN)2] + KOH
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Au2O3 -> Au + O2
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Au2S3 + H2 -> Au + H2S
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B2O3 + H2O -> H3BO3
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C7H10N + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + NO2
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C7H16 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
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C7H6O2 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
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CH4 + O2 -> CO2 +H2O
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CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2
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Ca + AlCl3 -> CaCl2 + Al
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Ca(NO3)2 -> CaO + NO2 + O2
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Ca(OH)2 + P4O10 + H2O -> Ca(H2PO4)2
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Ca10F2(PO4)6 + H2SO4 -> Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 + HF
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Ca3(PO4)2 + C -> Ca3P2 + CO
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Ca3(PO4)2 + H2SO4 -> CaSO4 + H3PO4
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Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4 -> Ca(H2PO4)2
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Cu + CO2 + O2 + H2O -> CuCO3⋅Cu(OH)2
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CuSO4 + KCN -> CuCN + K2SO4 + C2N2
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Fe + H2O + O2 -> Fe2O3.H2O
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Fe + H2O -> Fe3O4 + H2
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Fe + O2 -> Fe2O3
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Fe(OH)3 -> Fe2O3 + H2O
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Fe2(SO4)3 + Ba(NO3)2 -> BaSO4 + Fe(NO3)3
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Fe2(SO4)3 + KOH -> K2SO4 + Fe(OH)3
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Fe2O3 + C -> CO + Fe
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Fe2O3 + CO -> Fe + CO2
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Fe2O3 + H2 -> Fe + H2O
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Fe3O4 + H2 -> Fe + H2O
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FeC2O4⋅2H2O + H2C2O4 + H2O2 + K2C2O4 -> K3[Fe(C2O4)3]⋅3H2O
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H3AsO3 -> As2O3 + H2O
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H3BO3 + Na2CO3 -> Na2B4O7 + CO2 + H2O
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H3BO3 -> H4B6O11 + H2O
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H3PO3 -> H3PO4 + PH3
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H3PO4 + (NH4)2MoO4 + HNO3 -> (NH4)3PO4⋅2MoO3 + NH4NO3 + H2O
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H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2 -> Ca(H2PO4)2 + H2O
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H3PO4 + HCl -> PCl5 + H2O
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HCl + HNO3 -> NOCl + Cl2 + H2O
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HCl + K2CO3 -> KCl + H2O + CO2
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HClO4 + P4O10 -> H3PO4 + Cl2O7
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Hg(OH)2 + H3PO4 -> Hg3(PO4)2 + H2O
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Hg2CrO4 -> Cr2O3 + Hg + O2
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MnO2 + KOH + O2 -> K2MnO4 + H2O
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NH3 + NO -> N2 + H2O
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NH3 + O2 -> HNO2 + H2O
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NH3 + O2 -> NO + H2O
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NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCl2 + NH3 + H2O
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NH4VO3 -> V2O5 + NH3 + H2O
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NO + NaOH -> NaNO2 + H2O + N2O
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Na + H2O -> NaOH + H2
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Na2B4O7 + HCl + H2O -> NaCl + H3BO3
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Na2CO3 + HCl -> NaCl + H2O + CO2
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Na2O2 + H2O -> NaOH + O2
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Na2S2 + O2 -> Na2S2O3
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Na2SnO3 + H2S -> SnS2 + NaOH + H2O
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PCl5 + H2O -> H3PO4 + HCl
...
PCl5 + P2O5 -> POCl3
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POCl3 + H2O -> H3PO4 + HCl
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Pb + Na + C2H5Cl -> Pb(C2H5)4 + NaCl
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Pb(NO3)2 -> PbO + NO2 + O2
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Pb(OH)2 + NaOH -> Na2PbO2 + H2O
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Pb3(VO4)2⋅PbCl2 + HCl -> VO2Cl + PbCl2 + H2O
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Pb3O4 + HNO3 -> Pb(NO3)2 + PbO2 + H2O
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S8 + O2 -> SO3
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Sb + O2 -> Sb4O6
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Se + NaOH -> Na2Se + Na2SeO3 + H2O
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U3O8 + HNO3 -> UO2(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O
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UO2 + HF -> UF4 + H2O
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UO2(NO3)2⋅6H2O -> UO3 + NO2 + O2 + H2O
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V2O5 + Al -> Al2O3 + V
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V2O5 + Ca -> CaO + V
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V2O5 + HCl -> VOCl3 + H2O
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VO2Cl + NH4OH -> NH4VO3 + NH4Cl + H2O
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Zn + NaOH + H2O -> Na2Zn(OH)4 + H2
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[Ag(NH3)2]Cl + HNO3 -> NH4NO3 + AgCl
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(CN)₂ + NaOH → NaCN + NaOCN + H₂O
1 (CN)₂ + 2 NaOH → 1 NaCN + 1 NaOCN + 1 H₂O
(NH₄)₂SO₄ + CaCO₃ → (NH₄)₂CO₃ + CaSO₄
1 (NH₄)₂SO₄ + 1 CaCO₃ → 1 (NH₄)₂CO₃ + 1 CaSO₄
AgBr + Na₂S₂O₃ → Na₃[Ag(S₂O₃)₂] + NaBr
1 AgBr + 2 Na₂S₂O₃ → 1 Na₃[Ag(S₂O₃)₂] + 1 NaBr
Al(OH)₃ + NaOH → NaAlO₂ + H₂O
1 Al(OH)₃ + 1 NaOH → 1 NaAlO₂ + 2 H₂O
AlN + H₂O → NH₃ + Al(OH)₃
1 AlN + 3 H₂O → 1 NH₃ + 1 Al(OH)₃
Al₂O₃ + Na₂CO₃ → NaAlO₂ + CO₂
1 Al₂O₃ + 1 Na₂CO₃ → 2 NaAlO₂ + 1 CO₂
As₂O₃ + H₂O → H₃AsO₃
1 As₂O₃ + 3 H₂O → 2 H₃AsO₃
BaCO₃ + HNO₃ → Ba(NO₃)₂ + CO₂ + H₂O
1 BaCO₃ + 2 HNO₃ → 1 Ba(NO₃)₂ + 1 CO₂ + 1 H₂O
BaO + H₂O → Ba(OH)₂
1 BaO + 1 H₂O → 1 Ba(OH)₂
BaO₂ + H₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + H₂O₂
1 BaO₂ + 1 H₂SO₄ → 1 BaSO₄ + 1 H₂O₂
Be(OH)₂ → BeO + H₂O
1 Be(OH)₂ → 1 BeO + 1 H₂O
BeF₂ + Mg → MgF₂ + Be
1 BeF₂ + 1 Mg → 1 MgF₂ + 1 Be
BeO + C + Cl₂ → BeCl₂ + CO
1 BeO + 1 C + 1 Cl₂ → 1 BeCl₂ + 1 CO
BeSO₄ + NH₄OH → Be(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄
1 BeSO₄ + 2 NH₄OH → 1 Be(OH)₂ + 1 (NH₄)₂SO₄
C + H₂O → CO + H₂
1 C + 1 H₂O → 1 CO + 1 H₂
CO₂ + NH₃ + H₂O → NH₄HCO₃
1 CO₂ + 1 NH₃ + H₂O → 1 NH₄HCO₃
CO₂ + NH₃ → OC(NH₂)₂ + H₂O
1 CO₂ + 2 NH₃ → 1 OC(NH₂)₂ + 1 H₂O
Ca(ClO₃)₂ → CaCl₂ + O₂
1 Ca(ClO₃)₂ → 1 CaCl₂ + 3 O₂
Ca(HCO₃)₂ → CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
1 Ca(HCO₃)₂ → 1 CaCO₃ + 1 CO₂ + 1 H₂O
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
1 Ca(OH)₂ + 1 CO₂ → 1 CaCO₃ + 1 H₂O
Ca(OH)₂ + H₃PO₄ → CaHPO₄ + H₂O
1 Ca(OH)₂ + 1 H₃PO₄ → 1 CaHPO₄ + 2 H₂O
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → Ca(HCO₃)₂
1 Ca(OH)₂ + 2 CO₂ → 1 Ca(HCO₃)₂
CaC₂ + H₂O → C₂H₂ + Ca(OH)₂
1 CaC₂ + 2 H₂O → 1 C₂H₂ + 1 Ca(OH)₂
CaO + C → CaC₂ + CO
1 CaO + 3 C → 1 CaC₂ + 1 CO
CaS + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂S
1 CaS + 2 H₂O → 1 Ca(OH)₂ + 1 H₂S
CaSO₄ → CaS + O₂
1 CaSO₄ → 1 CaS + 2 O₂
Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + Ca(H₂PO₄)₂
1 Ca₃(PO₄)₂ + 2 H₂SO₄ → 2 CaSO₄ + 1 Ca(H₂PO₄)₂
CdSO₄ + H₂S → CdS + H₂SO₄
1 CdSO₄ + 1 H₂S → 1 CdS + 1 H₂SO₄
CuSO₄ + KCN → Cu(CN)₂ + K₂SO₄
1 CuSO₄ + 2 KCN → 1 Cu(CN)₂ + 1 K₂SO₄
FeS + H₂SO₄ → H₂S + FeSO₄
1 FeS + 1 H₂SO₄ → 1 H₂S + 1 FeSO₄
Fe₂O₃ + SiO₂ → Fe₂Si₂O₇
1 Fe₂O₃ + 2 SiO₂ → 1 Fe₂Si₂O₇
Hg₂CO₃ → Hg + HgO + CO₂
1 Hg₂CO₃ → 1 Hg + 1 HgO + 1 CO₂
H₃PO₄ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaHPO₄⋅2H₂O
1 H₃PO₄ + 1 Ca(OH)₂ → 1 CaHPO₄⋅2H₂O
H₄As₂O₇ → As₂O₅ + H₂O
1 H₄As₂O₇ → 1 As₂O₅ + 2 H₂O
K₂O + H₂O → KOH
1 K₂O + 1 H₂O → 2 KOH
Li₂O + H₂O → LiOH
1 Li₂O + 1 H₂O → 2 LiOH
MnO₂ + K₂CO₃ + KNO₃ → K₂MnO₄ + KNO₂ + CO₂
1 MnO₂ + 1 K₂CO₃ + 1 KNO₃ → 1 K₂MnO₄ + 1 KNO₂ + 1 CO₂
MnS + HCl → H₂S + MnCl₂
1 MnS + 2 HCl → 1 H₂S + 1 MnCl₂
Mn₂O₃ + Al → Al₂O₃ + Mn
1 Mn₂O₃ + 2 Al → 1 Al₂O₃ + 2 Mn
NH₃ + O₂ → HNO₃ + H₂O
1 NH₃ + 2 O₂ → 1 HNO₃ + 1 H₂O
NH₄NO₃ → N₂O + H₂O
1 NH₄NO₃ → 1 N₂O + 2 H₂O
Na₂Cr₂O₇ + S → Cr₂O₃ + Na₂SO₄
1 Na₂Cr₂O₇ + 1 S → 1 Cr₂O₃ + 1 Na₂SO₄
Na₂O + H₂O → NaOH
1 Na₂O + 1 H₂O → 2 NaOH
Na₂SO₃ + S → Na₂S₂O₃
1 Na₂SO₃ + 1 S → 1 Na₂S₂O₃
N₂ + H₂ → NH₃
1 N₂ + 3 H₂ → 2 NH₃
N₂O₃ + H₂O → HNO₂
1 N₂O₃ + 1 H₂O → 2 HNO₂
N₂O₅ + H₂O → HNO₃
1 N₂O₅ + 1 H₂O → 2 HNO₃
PCl₅ + H₂O → POCl₃ + HCl
1 PCl₅ + 1 H₂O → 1 POCl₃ + 2 HCl
PCl₅ + KNO₂ → NOCl + POCl₃ + KCl
1 PCl₅ + 1 KNO₂ → 1 NOCl + 1 POCl₃ + 1 KCl
SiO₂ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaSiO₃ + H₂O
1 SiO₂ + 1 Ca(OH)₂ → 1 CaSiO₃ + 1 H₂O
SiO₂ + Na₂CO₃ → Na₂SiO₃ + CO₂
1 SiO₂ + 1 Na₂CO₃ → 1 Na₂SiO₃ + 1 CO₂
SrBr₂ + (NH₄)₂CO₃ → SrCO₃ + NH₄Br
1 SrBr₂ + 1 (NH₄)₂CO₃ → 1 SrCO₃ + 2 NH₄Br
UF₄ + Mg → MgF₂ + U
1 UF₄ + 2 Mg → 2 MgF₂ + 1 U
UO₃ + H₂ → UO₂ + H₂O
1 UO₃ + 1 H₂ → 1 UO₂ + 1 H₂O
Xe + F₂ → XeF₆
1 Xe + 3 F₂ → 1 XeF₆
Zn + HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
1 Zn + 2 HCl → 1 ZnCl₂ + 1 H₂
Zn + KOH → K₂ZnO₂ + H₂
1 Zn + 2 KOH → 1 K₂ZnO₂ + 1 H₂
Zn(OH)₂ + NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂O
1 Zn(OH)₂ + 2 NaOH → 1 Na₂ZnO₂ + 2 H₂O
[Cr(N₂H₄CO)₆]₄[Cr(CN)₆]₃ + KMnO₄ + H₂SO₄ → K₂Cr₂O₇ + MnSO₄ + CO₂ + KNO₃ + K₂SO₄ + H₂O ***This is the mother of all chemical equations***
10 [Cr(N₂H₄CO)₆]₄[Cr(CN)₆]₃ + 1176 KMnO₄ + 1399 H₂SO₄ → 35K₂Cr₂O₇ + 1176 MnSO₄ + 420 CO₂ + 660 KNO₃ + 223 K₂SO₄ + 1879 H₂O
Cu(CN)₂ → CuCN + C₂N₂
2 Cu(CN)₂ → 2 CuCN + 1 C₂N₂
HAsO₂ → As₂O₃ + H₂O
2 HAsO₂ → 1 As₂O₃ + 1 H₂O
HAsO₃ → As₂O₅ + H₂O
2 HAsO₃ → 1 As₂O₅ + 1 H₂O
HIO₃ → I₂O₅ + H₂O
2 HIO₃ → 1 I₂O₅ + 1 H₂O
HNO₂ + O₂ → HNO₃
2 HNO₂ + 1 O₂ → 2 HNO₃
HNO₃ + P₂O₅ → N₂O₅ + HPO₃
2 HNO₃ + 1 P₂O₅ → 1 N₂O₅ + 2 HPO₃
HgO → Hg + O₂
2 HgO → 2 Hg + 1 O₂
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
2 H₂ + 1 O₂ → 2 H₂O
H₂O₂ → H₂O + O₂
2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + 1 O₂
H₃AsO₄ → As₂O₅ + H₂O
2 H₃AsO₄ → 1 As₂O₅ + 3 H₂O
H₃PO₄ → H₄P₂O₇ + H₂O
2 H₃PO₄ → 1 H₄P₂O₇ + 1 H₂O
K + Br₂ → KBr
2 K + 1 Br₂ → 2 KBr
KHSO₄ → K₂S₂O₇ + H₂O
2 KHSO₄ → 1 K₂S₂O₇ + 1 H₂O
Mg(OH)₂ → (MgOH)₂O + H₂O
2 Mg(OH)₂ → 1 (MgOH)₂O + 1 H₂O
NaHCO₃ → Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
2 NaHCO₃ → 1 Na₂CO₃ + 1 CO₂ + 1 H₂O
Na₂HPO₄ → Na₄P₂O₇ + H₂O
2 Na₂HPO₄ → 1 Na₄P₂O₇ + 1 H₂O
N₂ + O₂ → N₂O
2 N₂ + 1 O₂ → 2 N₂O
writing formulas step 2 look at the periodic table for the oxidation number
2+
writing formulas step #6 reduce the oxidation numbers like they are fractions
2/2 will reduce to 1/1 MgO is the answer
Use the Law of Conservation of Mass to answer the following; mercuric oxide ---> mercury + oxygen HgO ---> Hg + O2 If 27.0 g of mercuric oxide (the red solid compound) is heated and completely decomposes to give the elements oxygen and mercury. 2.0 g of oxygen are produced. How many grams of mercury are produced?
25
Ag₂O --> Ag + O₂
2Ag₂O --> 4Ag + O₂
aluminum + hydrochloric acid yield aluminum chloride + hydrogen gas
2Al + 6HCl --> 2AlCl₃+ 3H₂
hydrogen + nitrogen monoxide yield water + nitrogen
2H₂+ 2NO --> 2H₂O + N₂
K + MgBr₂--> KBr + Mg
2K + MgBr₂--> 2KBr + Mg
Na + H₂O --> NaOH + H₂
2Na + 2H₂O --> 2NaOH + H₂
Mg + N₂ → Mg₃N₂
3 Mg + 1 N₂ → 1 Mg₃N₂
O₂ → O₃
3 O₂ → 2 O₃
Polyatomic Ions
3 or more elements involved Charge is based on how many electrons are lost or gained
If a chemical reaction such as photosynthesis begins with 6 atoms of carbon, how many atoms of carbon should be in the products? 12 atoms of carbon, 6 atoms of carbon, 3 atoms of carbon, or 2 atoms of carbon
6 atoms of carbon
CO₂+ H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂
6CO₂+ 6H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
The law of conservation of mass states, if you had 8 atoms of Irons and 6 atoms of oxygens before the reaction you would have to have ___ atoms of Irons and ____ atoms of oxygen after the reaction.
8, 6
single replacement reactions (general form)
A + BC → B + AC or A + BC → C + BA
oxidation or oxidize
A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust
molecules
A coefficient in front of a chemical formula tells me the number of ________.
coefficient
A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation. indicates HOW MANY MOLECULES of each reactant and product there are. (everything following a coefficient until it reaches the next symbol must be multiplied by that coefficient)
Atom
A particle that makes up all elements and contains electrons, protons, neutrons, and a nucleus
Cation
A positive ion
chemical equation
A representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show how the compounds and molecules in the reactants form new compounds in the products.
pure substance
A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
subscript
A small number to the right of a symbol that is written below the normal line of letters.
formation of a precipitate
A student mixes two clear solutions. After a few minutes small, solid particles begin to form in the solution and settle to the bottom of the container. Which of the following is evidence that a chemical reaction is happening? color change odor change temperature change formation of a precipitate
the bubbles indicated a chemical change was occuring
A student placed 2 grams of baking soda in a balloon and 100 mL of vinegar in a flask. After stretching the opening of the balloon across the neck of the flask, the student raised it to dump the baking soda into the flask. He immediately observed foaming bubbles in the flask and the balloon began to expand. The student concluded that... - a physical change only was occuring - the bubbles indicated a chemical change was occuring - the baking soda and vinegar were products of a chemical reaction - the gas was oxygen
atoms
A subscript to the right of a chemical symbol tells me the number of ________.
decomposition reactions (general form)
AB → A + B or ABC → A + BC or ABC → AB + C
SIngle Replacement
AB+C=AC+B (you started off with someone and now you are alone)
Double Replacement
AB+CD=AD+CB (elements switch partners)
Stock System
Ag (+1) Cd (+2) Zn (+2) Sc (+3)
3
Aluminum atoms = ________
Ion
An atom that has a positive or negative net electric charge depending on whether it loses or gains electrons.
Molecule
Any group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds in a gas state
Writing Names step 1 BaF2 write the name of the element with a positive oxidation number
Barium it has a positive oxidation number
writing names final answer
Barium Fluoride
methane
CH₄
CH₄+ O₂--> CO₂+ H₂O
CH₄+2O₂--> CO₂+ 2H₂O
combustion
CO2 (carbon dioxide) is heat which is produced
Law of Conservation of Mass
Calculated in Grams Balanced Equations Matter cannot be created or destroyed in any chemical reaction
24
Carbon atoms = ________
4
Carbon atoms = ________
When you use a formulas and symbols to describe a reaction, it is a ____________________________ .
Chemical Equation
Halogens
Contains nonmetals, 7 valence electrons in it's outermost energy level. Very reactive
Which of the following is a chemical reaction in a word equation; Copper reacts with sunshine to make copper shine Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper chloride Copper + chlorine ---> copper chloride Cu + Cl2 ---> CuCl2
Copper + chlorine ---> copper chloride
Which of the following is a chemical reaction in a sentence; Copper reacts with sunshine to make copper shine Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper chloride Copper + chlorine ---> copper chloride Cu + Cl2 ---> CuCl2
Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper chloride
Which of the following is a chemical reaction in a Formula chemical equation; Copper reacts with sunshine to make copper shine Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper chloride Copper + chlorine ---> copper chloride Cu + Cl2 ---> CuCl2
Cu + Cl2 ---> CuCl2
decane
C₁₀H₂₂
ethane
C₂H₆
propane
C₃H₈
butane
C₄H₁₀
pentane
C₅H₁₂
hexane
C₆H₁₄
heptane
C₇H₁₆
octane
C₈H₁₈
nonane
C₉H₂₀
diatomic molecules (def:)
Elements which combine in pairs only when in "free" state (not in compounds)
Chemical reactions that ABSORBS heat, or take away heat from their surroundings, is called _______________ .
Endothermic reactions
Chemical reactions that RELEASES energy to their surroundings in the form of heat, is called _______________ .
Exothermic reactions
FeCl₃+ NaOH --> Fe(OH)₃+ NaCl
FeCl₃+ 3NaOH --> Fe(OH)₃+ 3 NaCl
Fe₂(C₂O₄)₃ → FeC₂O₄ + CO₂
Fe₂(C₂O₄)₃ → 2 FeC₂O₄ + 2 CO₂
writing names step 2 BaF2 write the first part of the name of the negative element
Fluor
writing names step 3 BaF2 add the ending -ide to the first part of the negative element
Fluoride
EXothermic reaction EX=exit thermo-thermal or heat
GIVES OFF energy in the form of heat. Feels hot.
alkali metals
Group 1, 1 electron in outer level, very reactive, soft, silver, shiny, low density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
1
How Many Carbon?
6
How Many Chlorine?
3
How Many Nitrogen?
12
How Many Oxygen?
2
How Many Oxygen?
8
How Many Oxygen?
9
How many Calcium?
4
How many Carbon?
3
How many Chlorine?
2
How many Copper?
12
How many Hydrogen?
2
How many Hydrogen?
24
How many Hydrogen?
3
How many Hydrogen?
1
How many Nitrogen?
12
How many Nitrogen?
4
How many Nitrogen?
6
How many Nitrogen?
1
How many Oxygen?
12
How many Oxygen?
24
How many Oxygen?
36
How many Oxygen?
4
How many Oxygen?
6
How many Oxygen?
9
How many Oxygen?
3
How many Phosphorous?
2
How many Phosphorus?
2
How many Potassium?
6
How many Potassium?
12
How many Sulfur?
15
How many TOTAL atoms are in this chemical formula?
30
How many TOTAL atoms are in this chemical formula?
80
How many TOTAL atoms are in this chemical formula?
10
How many atoms TOTAL are there in this chemical formula?
4
How many chemical formulas are in this chemical equation?
5
How many chemical formulas are in this chemical equation?
1
How many coefficients are in this chemical equation?
1
How many phosphorous?
Diatomic Molecules
Hydrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Nirtogen Exist as molecule instead of single atom
32
Hydrogen atoms = ________
6
Hydrogen atoms = ________
chemical equation
I am a combination of chemical formulas used to describe what happens in a chemical reaction. What am I?
chemical formula
I am a combination of symbols and numbers that represent the number and types of elements (atoms) present in a compound. What am I?
coefficient
I am a number written in front of a chemical formula to show how many molecules of that substance are present.
precipitate
I am a solid that forms as a result of a chemical reaction. I will fall to the bottom of the container. What am I?
compound
I am a substance of two or more elements chemically combined and in a definite proportion. What am I?
chemical change
I am a type of change in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances with different properties than the original substances. What am I?
physical change
I am a type of change in which the characteristics of a substance are only changed physically and the original properties stay the same. What am I?
two molecules
If 2 atoms of oxygen are combined with 4 atoms of hydrogen, how many molecules will be formed?
arrow
In a chemical equation the ________ symbol shows a reaction has take place.
True
In a chemical equation, the coefficients tell you the number of molecules of each reactant used and the number of molecules of each product made. - True - False
False
In a chemical equation, the reactants and products can have different numbers of atoms for each element. - True - False
False
In a chemical equation, you can end up with different numbers of atoms of an element on the reactant side for the same element on the product side. - True - False
products
In a chemical reaction the new substances formed are called the ________.
coefficient
In the chemical equation above what is letter "A" pointing to?
subscript
In the chemical equation above what is letter "B" pointing to?
chemical formula
In the chemical equation above what is letter "C" pointing to?
chemical symbol
In the chemical equation above what is letter "D" pointing to?
reactants
In the chemical equation above what is letter "E" pointing to?
products
In the chemical equation above what is letter "F" pointing to?
2
In the equation above, what is the coefficient of the magnesium molecule?
2
In the equation above, what is the subscript of the oxygen molecule?
1
In the table, how many atoms of oxygen are in hydronium?
Hydrogen Peroxide
In the table, what does H2O2 stand for?
Law of Conservation of Mass
In this law the number of atoms in the reactants must be equal to the number of atoms in the product.
chemical equation
Is this a chemical equation or a chemical formula?
balanced
Is this equation balanced or unbalanced? Hint: T-chart!
unbalanced
Is this equation balanced or unbalanced? Hint: T-chart!
3
Lithium atoms = ________
Ionic Compounds
Metal- Nonmetal Transition Metal- Nonmetal Polyatomic Ion-Nonmetal Polyatomic Ion-Metal Polyatomic Ion- Polyatomic Ion
writing formulas step 1 write the symbol of the element with a positive oxidation number Magnesium
Mg
Mg + S → MgS which is oxidized? reduced?
Mg is oxidized S is reduced
writing formulas step #5 elements switch oxidation numbers
Mg2- O2+ (switched)
Na₂SO₄ oxidation numbers?
Na = 1+, O = 2-, S = 6+
products
New substances formed during a chemical reaction are indicated on the right side of the equation and are called ________.
2
Nitrogen atoms = ________
balancing equations step #2 try to get the same element on each side of the arrow to equal. example Na has 1 (left side)-- Na has 2 (right side). We add a 2 in front of the NaOH to make the Na =.
Now everything is equal on the right and left side of the arrow.
diatomic molecules (list)
N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂, H₂
writing formulas step 3 write the symbol of the element iwth a negative oxidation number oxygen
O
Which of the following are diatomic molecules; H2O Be12 O2 Z3
O2
chemical symbol
One or two letters used to represent an element.
24
Oxygen atoms = ________
4
Oxygen atoms = ________
6
Oxygen atoms = ________
Covalent Compounds
Prefixes are used 2 or more nonmetals
The two parts chemical reactions are ___________ and ___________.
Reactants and Products
2
Silver atoms = ________
reactants
Substances used during a chemical equation are indicated on the left side of the equation and are called ________.
chemical equation
The ________ ________ identifies the reactants and resulting products.
products
The ________ are formulas written on the right side of the arrow.
reactants
The ________ are the formulas written on the left side of the arrow symbol.
subscript
The ________ shows how many atoms of an element are present in a substance.
yields
The arrow in a chemical equation means ________.
balanced equation
The elements on each side of the = sign are the same
CH4
The following is a model of a molecule of Methane. What is the chemical formula for Methane?
reactants
The starting substances in a chemical reaction are called the ________.
Mass Number
The sum of the protons and neutrons in a nucleus
Law of Conservation of Mass
This law states that, "Matter is not created or destroyed, it only changes form."
2
What coefficient needs to be put in the blank to make this chemical equation balanced? Hint: T-chart
3, 3
What coefficients needs to be put in each blank to make this chemical equation balanced? Hint: T-chart
6, 6, 6
What coefficients needs to be put in each blank to make this chemical equation balanced? Hint: T-chart
yields
What does the arrow in the equation mean?
one
When there is no subscript there is only ________ atom present.
J
Which of the following equations follows the Law of Conservation of Mass?
The model does not show why the atoms are bonding.
Which of the following is a limitation of the model above? - The model does not show what the products of the reaction are. - The model does not show what the reactants of the reaction are. - The model does not show why the atoms are bonding. - The model does not show the number of atoms involved in the reaction.
1, 1, 2, 1
Which of the following sets of coefficients would balance the following equation? - 1, 1, 2, 1 - 1, 2, 1, 2 - 2, 1, 1, 2 - 2, 1, 2, 1
D
Which of these equations shows rust, Fe2O3, forming when oxygen, O2, reacts with iron, Fe?
molecule
a compound made of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
chemical formula
a formula that shows the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms. Atoms are indicated by the element symbols and the number of each type of atom is indicated by a subscript.
period
a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table sharing the same number of electron levels
chemical reaction
a process by which one or more chemical substances are converted into different substances by breaking or forming chemical bonds
composition reactions (def:)
a reaction between two elements, two compounds or an element and a compound to form a new compound
hetrogenous
a solution or mixture that is NOT the same, alike, or uniform througout.
homogenous
a solution or mixture that is the same, alike, and uniform througout.
catalyst
a substance that causes or speeds up a chemical reaction.
catalyst
a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction
family/ group
a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and similar chemical properties
chemical property
any characteristic of a substance, such as flammability, that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change. examples are reactivity, flammability, oxidation, and stability.
(aq)
aqueous substance
ionic bond
attraction between opposite charges of the ion
redox reactions (def:)
chemical change in which there is a transfer of electrons among bonding atoms
The way atoms are joined together is changed during the ________________________ to make a new substance?
chemical reaction
other types of reactions that are redox reactions
composition, decomposition, single replacement and combustion reactions
hydrate
compound that has water chemically attached MgSo4 * 7H20
The law of _____________________ states that during a chemical reaction, matter can not be created or destroyed, the number and the type of atoms you start with is the the number and the type of atoms you end with.
conservation of matter
During a chemical reaction Atoms aren't created or ____________.
destroyed
Elements that never want to be alone, so they often hang out in PAIRS is called ___________________ .
diatomic molecules
O2, H2,Al2
examples of diatomic molecules
reduction (definition and result)
gain of electrons oxidation number decreases
(g)
gaseous substance
combustion
heat and light are produced
(l)
liquid substance
oxidation (definition and result)
loss of electrons oxidation number increases
Which property of metals allows them to be used to make coins that have the same thickness? - electrical conductivity - density - malleability - specific heat
malleability
The law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction that the _________ DOES NOT CHANGE and the number of _________ DOES NOT CHANGE.
mass, atoms
activity series
metals will only replace other metals that are "less active" than they are
alkane series
methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane
subscript
number written to the lower right of a chemical symbol. shows the number of atoms of the element that comes before it
Noble Gases
one of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table(helium, neon,argon, krypton, xenon, and radon); noble gases are unreactive
writing formulas step #4 look at the periodic table to find the oxidation number of the next element Oxygen
oxygen is 2-
inhibitor
prevents certain reactions (protects and slows down)
The reactants during the CHEMICAL REACTION turn into the ____________ .
products
reactants and products
reactants are on the left side of the arrow products are on the right side of the arrow
decomposition reactions (def:)
reactions in which a compound breaks down into either the elements that make it up, or into simpler compounds or some of each
double replacement reactions (def:)
reactions in which two ionic compounds exchange their positive or negative parts
single replacement reactions (def:)
reactions involving a compound reacting with an element to yield another compound and another element
combustion (def:)
reactions is which an element or a compound reacts with oxygen (rapidly).
oxidation / reduction reactions (aka)
redox reactions
ENdoTHERMic EN=enter Therm=heat
requires energy in the form of heat. Energy enters. Feels cold to the touch.
(s)
solid substance
CATalyst
substance that SPEEDS up a chemical reaction
composition reactions (aka)
synthesis reactions or combination reactions
oxidation number
tells you how many electrons an atom has gained, lost, or shared to become stable
reactant
the "starting substance(s)" in a chemical reaction
oxidation number
the apparent charge of atoms when in a compound
yeilds
the arrow that shows the changing from the reactant to the product in a chemical equation. (can think of it as meaning "equals")
reactants
the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction. (what goes in)
Reactivity
the likelihood of an element bonding with another to form a new compound.
Balanced Equation
the number of atoms in reactants must equal those in product. Law of Conservation of Matter. (what goes in must come out)
Reactants
the part of a chemical reactions that you start with, the part before the ----> (arrow).
Conservation of Mass
the principle stating that matter may be rearranged but is not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction
Products
the substances that you end up with, the part after the ----> (arrow).
Which remains/stays the same during a chemical reaction, - the temperature of the elements, - the total number of atoms, - the total number of compounds - the heat of the substances
the total number of atoms
Which is evidence that elements can combine to form new compounds? melting a solid a liquid a piece of metal with a magnet two liquids react together to create a solid
two liquids react together to create a solid
All chemical reactions have _______ parts
two,
Combustion
type of synthesis reaction that produces heat and light
←→
used to indicate a "reversible" reaction
→
used to separate reactants from products
+
used to separate two reactants or two products
ionic bond
usually formed between metals and nonmetal