Readings in Philippine History

Limasawa

was the first site of the first mass and not the Butuan.

1. to learn about the past 2. to understand the present 3. to appreciate your heritage 4. to broaden your perspective 5. to acquire background for critical thinking

why study history?

Internal criticism

examination of the truthfulness of the evidences.

c. Aliping Saguiguilid-

slaves who served their master and could be sold

Historical research

*requires rigor *study of history remains scientific because of the rigor of research and methodology that historians employ.

Zeus Salazar

- "Pantayong Pananaw"; a Filipino historian introduced the new guiding philosophy for writing and teaching history.

Reynaldo Ileto

- "history from below"

Renato Constantino

- "people's history"

f. Katipunan's Code of Conduct

- to a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate. - Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor - A good deed that springs from a desire for personal profit and not from a desire to do good is not kindness

Historians

- Individuals who write about history

b. In the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence, Bonifacio and his co-founders were not mentioned.

- It is because the way of historical narration found in the said document also reflects the politics of the victors. - It is because even official records and documents, while truthful most of the time, still exude the politics and biases of whoever is in power.

Historiography

- a study of historical writings (History is different, it studies generally the past) Historiography also refers to the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources. It also studies the trends and ideologies that affected the writing of a historical narrative.

A. Examination of the Author's Main Argument and Point of View 1. Ferdinand Marcos's Today's Revolution: Democracy

- about martial law in the Philippines in the 1970s.

Secondary

- historical source which studies a certain historical subject.

Internal Criticism

- is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production; it is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics

External Criticism

- is the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with historical characteristics of the time when it was produced; and the materials used for evidence; it is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence

Samuel Tan

- mainstreamed the role and relevance of Filipino Muslims in the country's national history

Teodoro Agoncillo

- pioneered nationalist historiography in the country by highlighting the role of the Filipino reformists and revolutionaries from 1872; "lost history"

Primary

- source is considered as contemporary accounts of events

Historiography

- the practice of historical writing; history as history

Historiagraphy

-history of history -study of the past, events that happened in the past and the caused of such events. -learn historical facts, understanding of the facts' and the historian's context.

History

-the study of the past -Greek word 'historia' which means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation. -subjective -classical Latin, historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people written documents and historical evidences.

Historian

-to seek historical evidences and facts and to interpret these facts "Facts cannot speak for themselves." -to give meaning to these facts and organize them into timeline, establish causes and write history -to seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory, rememberinv and historical understanding both present and future.

A. Identification of the Importance of the Text Compare the writers

1. Remedy in case two writers have conflicting scores on one historical issue -

Consider the authors' potential bias

2. How to evaluate two writers' point of view in case of conflicting accounts on significant historical event. -

2. On the issue of the place of the first mass ever held in the Philippines, the account of Pigafetta is more detailed.

3. Description of Pigafetta's account on the First Mass in the Philippines. The score on the eventualities was a. specific, b. extensive and c. events oriented

Do they have appropriate sources?

3. One way to evaluate writers' conflicting views on a particular issue is to analyze their arguments, what particular question should you answer to analyze their points of view? -

e. Miguel de Loarca-

A friar and a colonial official who wrote about the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period who arrived in the Philippines 1576 and became an encomendero of Panay.

4. Factors in judging Albo's account on the First Mass as insufficient:

A. Albo himself was not present in all the valuable events Magellan's group experienced. B. He missed mentioning the very first mass that was held in the location

SECONDARY SOURCES

According to Gottschalk, an American Historian, these sources are a testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness. Already used primary sources as references It can be books, articles, and scholarly journals that already interpreted primary sources.

1. First Voyage Around the World by Magellan - Antonio Pigafetta

Analysis: Pigafetta regarded the indigenous belief systems and the way of life as inferior to Christianity. He would always remark on the nakedness of the natives or how he was fascinated by their exotic culture.

Internal criticism

Deals with the credibility and reliability of a historical source. Focuses on how the author framed the intent and meaning of a composed material. dwells on the substance of the content

The Period of Darkness (Pre-Hispanic Period) and the Period of Enlightenment (Spanish Colonial Period).

During the Spanish Colonial Period, they presented our history into two parts:

e. Magdalo -

Emilio Aguinaldo

a. writer's past experience b. state of being c. economic status and culture

Factors that can affect the point of view of a history writer.

b. Datu -

He governed the people in the barangay and led them whenever there is war.

Teodoro Agoncillo

He was a faculty member of the Department of History in the University of the Philippines-Diliman from 1958-1977.

2. Customs of the Tagalogs a. Fray Juan de Plasencia-

He was born and raised in Extremadura, Spain in the 16th century during the country's Golden Age (Siglo de Oro).

Historians are the only source of history.

History is limited only to the story heroes and villains.

a. Historians attempt to understand the past b. Historians attempt to understand the past based on evidence c. Historical evidence that comes directly from society is called primary source. d. Historians interpret the primary source to decide what they actually tell us about the past e. Interpretation: The process of deciding on the meaning of a historical source f. Based on these interpretations, historians attempt to create a narrative (a story) about what happened in the past g. Historical narratives and interpretations are known as secondary sources.

How History is made?

It depends on the subject of historical research

How sources being classified.

a. Originality of the document. b. Genealogy of the document c. Genesis of the document

Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified factors in evaluating sources internally

History

It existed for around 2,400 years and is old as mathematics and philosophy - study of past events presented in chronological order and with explanation - sanaysay na may saysay - kwento na may kwenta

History

It is the study of chronological records of the past which covers people, places and events.

Antonio Pigafetta

Italian nobleman who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his circumnavigation of the world.

History

Its object of study is the past, the events that happened in the past, and the causes of such events - Derived from the Greek word historia which means "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation". - Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of people through written documents and historical evidences.

Analysis: As a document written for fraternity whose main purpose is to overthrow a colonial regime, we can explain the content and provisions of the Kartilya as a reaction and response to certain value systems that they found despicable in the present state of things that they struggled against with. Moreover, one can analyze the values upheld in the document as consistent with the burgeoning rational and liberal ideals in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Equality, tolerance, freedom, and liberty were values that first emerged in the eighteenth century French Revolution, which spread an illustrado himself, certainly got an understanding of these values.

Kartilya repeatedly emphasized the importance of honor in words and in action. The teaching of the Katipunan on how women should be treated with honor and respect, while positive in many respects and certainly significant stride from the practice of raping and physically abusing women, can still be telling of the Katipunan's secondary regard for women in relation to men.

PRIMARY SOURCE

Materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied Eyewitness accounts - Example of these are: Old photographs, old sketches and maps, cartoons for political expression, stone tools, oral accounts, chronicles, and etc.

A. The Independent B. The Bag-Ong Kusog C. The Philippines Free Press

Newspapers published political cartoons in their editorial section during the American administration.

c. June 12, 1898 -

Proclamation of the Philippine Independence in Cavite Viejo or Kawit, Cavite; signaled the end of the 333 years of Spanish colonization.

Primary sources 1. First Voyage Around the World by Magellan - Antonio Pigafetta

Pigafetta's perspective was narrow to realized that such attire was appropriate to the tropical climate of the islands. The same true for materials that the natives used for their houses like palm and bamboo. These materials would let more air come through the house and compensate for the hot climate in the islands.

to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth

Reason why historians and students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize the primary and secondary sources

Realization that freedom of expression via political caricatures was a key factor in exposing the ills of American occupation.

Reason why political caricatures are significant in the narrative of Philippine history-

It serves as one of the most important primary sources in the study of the purest pre-colonial Philippines.

Significance of the book First Voyage Around the World by Magellan .

Antonio de Morga

Spanish lawyer and soldier who lived in the Philippines from 1594-1604 Described Filipinos as "lazy" to work during day time.

f. Affirmation of the article of Plasencia "Customs of the Tagalogs".

That Filipinos already had an established and distinct culture before the arrival of the conquistadors.

2. Teodoro Agoncillo's Revolt of the Masses:

The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan - a historical source.

Analysis:

The testimonies of Pigafetta and Albo as revealed on their primary accounts coincide and support each other. However, Pigafetta's accounts were more detailed.

A. The Independent B. The Bag-Ong Kusog C. The Philippines Free Press

The transition from the Spanish Colonial era to the American Occupation period demonstrated different changes and shifts:

3. Kartilya ng Katipunan

a. In 1892, KKK or the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan was founded by Andres Bonifacio.

External Criticism

answers the authenticity of a historical source through identifying who composed the historical material, locating when and where the historical material was produced.

Political cartoons and caricature -

are a rather recent art form, which veered away from the classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subject. Such art and technique became a part of the print media as a form of social and political commentary, which usually targets person's power and authority.

Cartoons -

became an effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism. The unique way that caricature represents opinion and captures the audience's imagination is reason enough for historians to examine these political cartoons; effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism which is different from a verbose written editorial and opinion pieces.

Emilio Jacinto

g. "Manga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

History methodology

is comprised of certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly sources and historical evidences in writing history

History

is the study of the beliefs and desires, practices, and institutions of human beings "the past of mankind" "History is not a collection of facts about the past whose primary value is to improve one's skills while playing trivia games; it is an interpretation of the past based on the weight of available evidence." (Arndt, Galgano, and Hyser, 2008)

Sources

is where historical narratives are obtained. It can be the following: artifacts, epigraphs, archival documents, church records, gazettes, newspapers, and etc.

External criticism

practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics (quality of the paper, the type of the ink, language and words in the material

Only primary sources should be used in writing history.

primary sources

Primary sources

produced at the same time as the event, period or subject being studied. •archival documents, artifacts, memorabilia, letters, census and government records.

Secondary sources

produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material

Historical criticism

refers to the method employed by historian in order to determine the credibility of the source that he will use, either primary or secondary.

g. Baybayin -

the alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants.

4. Declaration of Philippine Independence a. Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista -

the author of the act of the Philippine Independence itself, one of the unhonoured great Filipino's; he was also the one who read the declaration during the June 12, 1898 Independence proclamation by Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite.