Reiger HUM 222 Final Exam
Pillars of Islam
1) Shahada = affirmation of faith 2) Salat = formal prayer 3) Zakat = almsgiving 4) Sawm = fasting 5) Hajj = Pilgrimage to Mecca
Jihad =
= Holy war Two forms: Greater Jihad = internal, spiritual struggle Lesser Jihad = physical conflict
Zakat =
= almsgiving -This is a mandatory tax -Zakat actually means "purification" -This is a loan to God who will repay it many times
Sawm =
= fasting -Fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan -No food, drink, medicine, or sensual pleasure can -be taken during the daylight hours
Salat =
= formal prayer -Prayer is five times each day -After ritual purification, worshippers face Mecca & together move through a cycle of standing, bowing, prostration & sitting -Salat most often occurs in a mosque (place of prostration) -Each mosque had a niche indicating the direction of Mecca
Islam =
= submission A Muslim is one who submits to the will of Allah (God) and who fulfills the five duties known as the Pillars of Islam
Ka'ba
A black meteorite in the city of Mecca that became Islam's holiest shrine
Sant' Apollinare
A church located in Classe.
Iconoclasm
A heresy in Eastern Christianity that sought to ban veneration of sacred images, or icons.
three-field system
A medieval innovation that increased the amount of land under cultivation by leaving only one third fallow in a given year.
Monasticism
A movement in the Christian church that arose first in the East in the third & fourth centuries C.E. in which first individual hermits and later organized communities of men & women (monks & nuns) separated themselves from the world to lead the lives in imitation of Christ. In the West the Rule of St. Benedict (c. 480-547) became the dominant form of monasticism.
serf
A peasant tied to the land he tilled
vassal
A person who granted an estate or cash payments in return for accepting the obligation to render services to a lord.
Basilica
A rectangular structure that included an apse at one or both ends; originally a Roman building used for public purposes, later taken over by the Christians for worship. The floor plan became the basis of nearly all early Christian churches.
Clerestory
A row of windows set along the upper part of a wall, especially in a church.
Sacristy
A small room, off to the side, where priests prepare for services.
Monophysites
Adherents of the theory that Jesus had only one nature.
fealty
An oath of loyalty by a vassal to a lord, promising to perform specified services.
foederati
Barbarian tribes enlisted as special allies of the Roman Empire
Birth of Islamic Religion - 632
Birth of Islamic Religion - 632 Muhammad founds Islam Religion spreads from Arabia into Persia, the Middle East, North Africa & into Iberian peninsula Center of religion is the city of Mecca
Benedict wrote a plan that dedicated every activity a monk should undertake each day _______.
Brought the Benedictines economic and political power
Charlemagne developed the intellectual center of Aachen to patronize scholars and promote classical and Christian education. One result of his efforts was _________.
Carolingian minuscule, a style of handwriting
benefices
Church offices granted by the ruler of the state or the pope to an individual. It also meant "fiefs" in the Middle Ages
The Merovingian Dynasty was founded by the warrior chieftain __________.
Clovis
The end of the Byzantine Empire came with the conquest of _________ in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks.
Constantinople
Koran (Qur'an)
Contains word of God as revealed to Muhammad Text established about 650 A.D. Social & religious rules of conduct Men superior to women Supports slavery
Cruciform
Cross-shaped; used to describe the standard floor plan of a church.
Which emperor first divided the Roman Empire into east and west?
Diocletian
What belief was key to Otto I's consolidation of power in Germany?
Each duchy was a subordinate member of a unified kingdom
Islamic Civilization
Economic Life Islamic Society Muslim Women
In the early Middle Ages, the three-field system was used, combining crop rotation and the use of ________.
Fallow Fields
The purpose of the Fourth Lateran Council was to _________.
Formalize church discipline throughout the hierarchy
Teachings incite Opposition (Islam)
Hejira (migration) Kaaba Abu Bakr Caliph
_____________ is defined as the opposition to the use of images in Christian worship.
Iconoclasm
Atrium
In Christian Romanesque churches, an open court, usually colonnaded, in front of the main doors of the structure.
Apse
In architecture, a large projection, usually rounded or semicircular, found in a basilica, usually in the east end; in Christian basilicas, the alter stood in this space.
Pendentive
In architecture, a triangular, concave-shaped section of vaulting between the rim of a dome and the pair of arches that support it; used in Byzantine and Islamic architecture.
Transept
In church architecture, the crossing arm that bisects the nave and the apse and gives the characteristic cruciform shape to the floor plan.
Byzantine Style
In painting, decoration, and architecture, a style blending Greco-Roman and oriental components into a highly stylized art form that glorified Christianity, notably in domed churches adorned with mosaics and polished marble; associated with the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire from about 500 until 1453.
_____________, with his wife Theodora at his side, expanded the Byzantine Empire and ruled it with a strong hand.
Justinian
One of the requirements of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the ____________, a black meteorite that was worshipped by pagans and incorporated into Islamic practice.
Kaaba/Ka'ba
Hagia Sophia
Know information from class notes and be able to identify the parts relating to the dome. This structure is in Constantinople. Principal church of Constantinople; rebuilt by Justinian, combined a basilica with a dome, emphasized light, enriched by later emperors.
Landed nobility retained vassals to populate their armies by supplying them with ________.
Land
fiefs
Land granted to a vassal in exchange for services, usually military
Qur'an
Meaning "a reciting". The Islamic bible, which Muslims believe God revealed to the prophet Muhammad.
ulema
Meaning "persons with correct knowledge". The Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy.
Islam
Meaning "submission". The religion founded by the prophet Muhammad
pontifex maximus
Meaning "supreme priest". The chief priest of ancient Rome. The title was later assumed by the popes.
Mihrab
Mihrab: A decorated niche in the middle of the eastern wall of a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca
scutage
Monetary payments by a vassal to a lord in place of the required military service
____ were the least secularized and most spiritual of church's clergy.
Monks
Mosaic
Picture or decoration, usually on a wall or floor, created by small, inlaid pieces of glass, shell, or stone.
Hajj =
Pilgrimage to Mecca -Pilgrimage to Mecca if circumstances allowed -To visit the Kaaba, a temple that Muslims believe was built by Abraham & his son Ishmael
San Vitale
Prototype of the domed church (Roman basilica) that became standard in Byzantine civilization. Located in Ravenna where emperors resided beginning in 404 AD.
Pope Urban endorsed the First Crusade because he_______.
Saw the chance to remove feuding, idle and restless noble youth from Europe
The word "Muslim" is Arabic for __________.
Submissive
Papal States
Territory in central Italy ruled by the pope until 1870
The Frankish kings who defeated the Lombards gave the pope the lands surrounding Rome, to be known as ___________.
The Papal States
Nave
The central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the entrance to the apse and flank by aisles.
Shi'a
The minority of Muslims who trace their beliefs from the caliph Ali who was assassinated in 661 C.E.
Late Antiquity
The multicultural period between the end of the ancient world and the birth of the Middle Ages, 250-800 C.E.
Narthex
The porch or vestibule of a church, usually enclosed, through which worshipers walk before entering the nave.
Holy Roman Empire
The revival of the old Roman Empire, based mainly in Germany and northern Italy, that endured from 870 to 1806.
feudal society
The social, political, military, and economic system that prevailed in the Middle Ages and beyond in some parts of Europe
caliphate
The true line of succession to Muhammad
Sunnis
Those who follow the "tradition" (sunna) of the Prophet Muhammad. They are the dominant movement within Islam to which the vast majority of Muslims adhere.
What was the primary objective of the First Crusade?
To spread Christinaity to the farthest reaches of the earth
Two Families @ Center of Power (Islam)
Umayyads Abbasids
Without a strong central government, freemen would entrust themselves to local magnates, offering to contribute to local fighting units in return for protection. This service was known as ____________.
Vassalage
The fourth Crusade was indicative of the ______.
Venetians
Shahada =
affirmation of faith -"There is but one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." -Strict monotheism—rejected the Trinity -Similar attributes to the God of Judaism & Christianity -Muhammad was the last & greatest of the prophets
A medieval lord expected service from his vassals and granted them _______ so that they could provide those services.
benefices
Caesaropapism
the direct involvement of the ruler in religious doctrine and practices as if he were the head of the church as well as the state.
Hegira
the flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E. It marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar
The key disputes between the eastern and western Christian churches concerned ________.
the nature of Christ
Manors
village farms owned by a lord