Reiger HUM 222 Final Exam

Pillars of Islam

1) Shahada = affirmation of faith 2) Salat = formal prayer 3) Zakat = almsgiving 4) Sawm = fasting 5) Hajj = Pilgrimage to Mecca

Jihad =

= Holy war Two forms: Greater Jihad = internal, spiritual struggle Lesser Jihad = physical conflict

Zakat =

= almsgiving -This is a mandatory tax -Zakat actually means "purification" -This is a loan to God who will repay it many times

Sawm =

= fasting -Fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan -No food, drink, medicine, or sensual pleasure can -be taken during the daylight hours

Salat =

= formal prayer -Prayer is five times each day -After ritual purification, worshippers face Mecca & together move through a cycle of standing, bowing, prostration & sitting -Salat most often occurs in a mosque (place of prostration) -Each mosque had a niche indicating the direction of Mecca

Islam =

= submission A Muslim is one who submits to the will of Allah (God) and who fulfills the five duties known as the Pillars of Islam

Ka'ba

A black meteorite in the city of Mecca that became Islam's holiest shrine

Sant' Apollinare

A church located in Classe.

Iconoclasm

A heresy in Eastern Christianity that sought to ban veneration of sacred images, or icons.

three-field system

A medieval innovation that increased the amount of land under cultivation by leaving only one third fallow in a given year.

Monasticism

A movement in the Christian church that arose first in the East in the third & fourth centuries C.E. in which first individual hermits and later organized communities of men & women (monks & nuns) separated themselves from the world to lead the lives in imitation of Christ. In the West the Rule of St. Benedict (c. 480-547) became the dominant form of monasticism.

serf

A peasant tied to the land he tilled

vassal

A person who granted an estate or cash payments in return for accepting the obligation to render services to a lord.

Basilica

A rectangular structure that included an apse at one or both ends; originally a Roman building used for public purposes, later taken over by the Christians for worship. The floor plan became the basis of nearly all early Christian churches.

Clerestory

A row of windows set along the upper part of a wall, especially in a church.

Sacristy

A small room, off to the side, where priests prepare for services.

Monophysites

Adherents of the theory that Jesus had only one nature.

fealty

An oath of loyalty by a vassal to a lord, promising to perform specified services.

foederati

Barbarian tribes enlisted as special allies of the Roman Empire

Birth of Islamic Religion - 632

Birth of Islamic Religion - 632 Muhammad founds Islam Religion spreads from Arabia into Persia, the Middle East, North Africa & into Iberian peninsula Center of religion is the city of Mecca

Benedict wrote a plan that dedicated every activity a monk should undertake each day _______.

Brought the Benedictines economic and political power

Charlemagne developed the intellectual center of Aachen to patronize scholars and promote classical and Christian education. One result of his efforts was _________.

Carolingian minuscule, a style of handwriting

benefices

Church offices granted by the ruler of the state or the pope to an individual. It also meant "fiefs" in the Middle Ages

The Merovingian Dynasty was founded by the warrior chieftain __________.

Clovis

The end of the Byzantine Empire came with the conquest of _________ in 1453 by the Ottoman Turks.

Constantinople

Koran (Qur'an)

Contains word of God as revealed to Muhammad Text established about 650 A.D. Social & religious rules of conduct Men superior to women Supports slavery

Cruciform

Cross-shaped; used to describe the standard floor plan of a church.

Which emperor first divided the Roman Empire into east and west?

Diocletian

What belief was key to Otto I's consolidation of power in Germany?

Each duchy was a subordinate member of a unified kingdom

Islamic Civilization

Economic Life Islamic Society Muslim Women

In the early Middle Ages, the three-field system was used, combining crop rotation and the use of ________.

Fallow Fields

The purpose of the Fourth Lateran Council was to _________.

Formalize church discipline throughout the hierarchy

Teachings incite Opposition (Islam)

Hejira (migration) Kaaba Abu Bakr Caliph

_____________ is defined as the opposition to the use of images in Christian worship.

Iconoclasm

Atrium

In Christian Romanesque churches, an open court, usually colonnaded, in front of the main doors of the structure.

Apse

In architecture, a large projection, usually rounded or semicircular, found in a basilica, usually in the east end; in Christian basilicas, the alter stood in this space.

Pendentive

In architecture, a triangular, concave-shaped section of vaulting between the rim of a dome and the pair of arches that support it; used in Byzantine and Islamic architecture.

Transept

In church architecture, the crossing arm that bisects the nave and the apse and gives the characteristic cruciform shape to the floor plan.

Byzantine Style

In painting, decoration, and architecture, a style blending Greco-Roman and oriental components into a highly stylized art form that glorified Christianity, notably in domed churches adorned with mosaics and polished marble; associated with the culture of the Eastern Roman Empire from about 500 until 1453.

_____________, with his wife Theodora at his side, expanded the Byzantine Empire and ruled it with a strong hand.

Justinian

One of the requirements of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the ____________, a black meteorite that was worshipped by pagans and incorporated into Islamic practice.

Kaaba/Ka'ba

Hagia Sophia

Know information from class notes and be able to identify the parts relating to the dome. This structure is in Constantinople. Principal church of Constantinople; rebuilt by Justinian, combined a basilica with a dome, emphasized light, enriched by later emperors.

Landed nobility retained vassals to populate their armies by supplying them with ________.

Land

fiefs

Land granted to a vassal in exchange for services, usually military

Qur'an

Meaning "a reciting". The Islamic bible, which Muslims believe God revealed to the prophet Muhammad.

ulema

Meaning "persons with correct knowledge". The Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy.

Islam

Meaning "submission". The religion founded by the prophet Muhammad

pontifex maximus

Meaning "supreme priest". The chief priest of ancient Rome. The title was later assumed by the popes.

Mihrab

Mihrab: A decorated niche in the middle of the eastern wall of a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca

scutage

Monetary payments by a vassal to a lord in place of the required military service

____ were the least secularized and most spiritual of church's clergy.

Monks

Mosaic

Picture or decoration, usually on a wall or floor, created by small, inlaid pieces of glass, shell, or stone.

Hajj =

Pilgrimage to Mecca -Pilgrimage to Mecca if circumstances allowed -To visit the Kaaba, a temple that Muslims believe was built by Abraham & his son Ishmael

San Vitale

Prototype of the domed church (Roman basilica) that became standard in Byzantine civilization. Located in Ravenna where emperors resided beginning in 404 AD.

Pope Urban endorsed the First Crusade because he_______.

Saw the chance to remove feuding, idle and restless noble youth from Europe

The word "Muslim" is Arabic for __________.

Submissive

Papal States

Territory in central Italy ruled by the pope until 1870

The Frankish kings who defeated the Lombards gave the pope the lands surrounding Rome, to be known as ___________.

The Papal States

Nave

The central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the entrance to the apse and flank by aisles.

Shi'a

The minority of Muslims who trace their beliefs from the caliph Ali who was assassinated in 661 C.E.

Late Antiquity

The multicultural period between the end of the ancient world and the birth of the Middle Ages, 250-800 C.E.

Narthex

The porch or vestibule of a church, usually enclosed, through which worshipers walk before entering the nave.

Holy Roman Empire

The revival of the old Roman Empire, based mainly in Germany and northern Italy, that endured from 870 to 1806.

feudal society

The social, political, military, and economic system that prevailed in the Middle Ages and beyond in some parts of Europe

caliphate

The true line of succession to Muhammad

Sunnis

Those who follow the "tradition" (sunna) of the Prophet Muhammad. They are the dominant movement within Islam to which the vast majority of Muslims adhere.

What was the primary objective of the First Crusade?

To spread Christinaity to the farthest reaches of the earth

Two Families @ Center of Power (Islam)

Umayyads Abbasids

Without a strong central government, freemen would entrust themselves to local magnates, offering to contribute to local fighting units in return for protection. This service was known as ____________.

Vassalage

The fourth Crusade was indicative of the ______.

Venetians

Shahada =

affirmation of faith -"There is but one God, Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." -Strict monotheism—rejected the Trinity -Similar attributes to the God of Judaism & Christianity -Muhammad was the last & greatest of the prophets

A medieval lord expected service from his vassals and granted them _______ so that they could provide those services.

benefices

Caesaropapism

the direct involvement of the ruler in religious doctrine and practices as if he were the head of the church as well as the state.

Hegira

the flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 C.E. It marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar

The key disputes between the eastern and western Christian churches concerned ________.

the nature of Christ

Manors

village farms owned by a lord