MOCK Exam Review OB/GYN

The average menstrual cycle lasts:

28 days

An 84-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with sudden onset of vaginal bleeding. Her endometrium should not exceed:

5mm

All of the following are proper techniques for providing patient care for patients during a pelvic sonogram except:

A probe cover should be placed on the transducer for transabdominal imaging to prevent the spread of infection.

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to abnormal uterine bleeding is termed:

Adenomyosis

Peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligament are referred to as the:

Adnexa

All of the following are clinical features of an ectopic pregnancy except:

Adnexal ring

All of the following are contributing factors for an ectopic pregnancy except:

Advanced paternal age

An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Allantoic cyst

Increased S/D ratio is associated with all of the following except:

Allantoic cysts

Which protein in not produced by the developing placenta?

Alpha-fetoprotein

The triple screen typically includes:

Alpha-fetoprotein, estriol, and human chorionic gonadotropin

The birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determined defines:

Ambiguous genitalia

The inner membrane surrounding the fetus is referred to as the:

Amnion

A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is

Amniotic Band Syndrome

The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle at the:

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Macroglossia is most commonly found with:

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

The growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is:

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with ectopic pregnancy except:

Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts

What is the stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium?

Blastocyst

The ligament that houses the vasculature of the uterus is the

Cardinal ligament

The rigid region of the uterus located between the vagina and the isthmus is the:

Cervix

Hairlike projections within the fallopian tube are called:

Cilia

The condition in which the frontal horns are small and the occipital horns are enlarged is referred to as:

Colpocephaly

After the corpus luteum has regressed, which structure remains?

Corpus albicans

The first sonographically identifiable sign of pregnancy is the:

Decidual reaction

All of the following are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with LBWC except:

Decreased MSAFP

The term that indicates the presence of two separate amniotic sacs is

Diamniotic

The most common cause of cardiac malposition is:

Diaphragmatic hernia

Twins that result from the fertilization of two separate ova are called:

Dizygotic

All of the following are sonographic features of alobar holoprosencephaly except:

Dorsal Cyst

A 38-year-old pregnant woman presents to the sonography department for an obstetrical sonogram with abnormal maternal serum screening. Her alpha-fetoprotein and estriol are low, while her human chorionic gonadotropin is elevated. These laboratory findings are most consistent with

Down Syndrome

Congenital maldevelopment of the proximal portion of the small intestine is termed:

Duodenal atresia

The "double bubble" sign is indicative of:

Duodenal atresia

Endocrine abnormalities that cause abnormal vaginal bleeding are related to:

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

The ovarian tumor associated with an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is the:

Dysgerminoma

Difficult or painful intercourse is referred to as:

Dyspareunia

The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:

Ectopic cordis

The most common cause of pelvic pain with pregnancy is

Ectopic pregnancy

Cloacal exstrophy is associated with all of the following except:

Encephalocele

Asherman syndrome is associated with:

Endometrial adhesions

A 67-year-old patient on hormone replacement therapy presents to the ultrasound department with abnormal uterine bleeding. Sonographically, the endometrium measures 9 mm and contains small cystic areas. The most likely cause of her bleeding is:

Endometrial hyperplasia

An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:

Endometrial hyperplasia

An oral teratoma is referred to as:

Epignathus

The congenital absence of part of the esophagus is termed:

Esophageal atresia

The parasitic twin in acardiac twinning is also referred to as the "pump twin."

False

The double fold of dura mater used to divide the cerebral hemispheres is the:

Falx cerebri

What organ(s) produces amniotic fluid after 12 weeks

Fetal Kidneys

A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of:

Fetal hydrops

All of the following are associated with a thin placenta except

Fetal hydrops

What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from a neural tube defect?

Folate

Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:

Gastrointestinal system

Pentalogy of Cantrell includes all of the following findings except:

Gastroschisis

Another name for the chorionic sac is the:

Gestational Sac

The first definitive sonographic sign of an intrauterine pregnancy is the recognition of a/an:

Gestational sac

The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

What is the name of the dominant follicle prior to ovulation?

Graafian

The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the:

Graafian follicle

Blood within the fallopian tube is termed:

Hematosalpinx

The most common abnormality of the fetal liver is:

Hepatomegaly

Ovulation induction drugs not only increase the likelihood of multiple gestations, but also increase the likelihood of:

Heterotopic pregnancies

Which of the following laboratory findings would not be consistent with trisomy 21?

High AFP

All of the following complications are associated with multiple gestations except:

High birth weight

A functional bowel disorder within the fetus thatis caused by the absence of intestinal nerves is found in:

Hirschsprung disease

All of the following are associated with omphalocele except:

Hirschsprung disease

Which of the following is defined as excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible?

Hirsutism

Atypical facial features are most commonly associated with what cerebral abnormality listed?

Holoprosencephaly

Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of:

Holoprosencephaly

The corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by which hormone?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A simple fluid accumulation within the vagina secondary to an imperforate hymen is:

Hydrocolpos

Another name for pelvocaliectasis is:

Hydronephrosis

What is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram?

Hydronephrosis

The "I" in OEIS complex stands for:

Imperforate anus

The uterine artery branches off of the:

Internal iliac artery

Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:

Intracranial calcifications

The location of a fibroid within the myometrium is termed:

Intramural

The short and narrow segment of the fallopian tube distal to the interstitial segment is the:

Isthmus

In VACTERL association, the letter "L" stands for:

Limb

The lack of sulci within the fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of:

Lissencephaly

Which of the following locations is most likely with metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease?

Lungs

Which of the following laboratory values would be significant in the detection of an abdominal wall defect?

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein

An omphalocele is associated with all of the following except:

Meconium aspiration syndrome

What is the term for enlargement of the urinary bladder?

Megacystis

The first menstrual cycle is termed:

Menarche

Which term below is best defined as excessive bleeding from the uterus in duration and amount?

Menometrorrhagia

Which of the following is best described as an artifact that is produced by a strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location?

Mirror image

Twins that have the threat of being conjoined are:

Monochorionic monoamniotic

The inner layer of the wall of the fallopian tube is the:

Mucosal layer

All of the following are associated with gastroschisis except:

Multiple chromosomal abnormalities

All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except:

Multiple dislocated joints

All of the following are clinical findings associated with leiomyoma except:

Myometrial cysts

A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of:

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Upon sonographic interrogation of a 28-week pregnancy, you note that when pressure is applied to the fetal skull, the skull can be easily distorted. This is sonographic evidence of:

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Which of following most often leads to an elevation of CA-125?

Ovarian carcinoma

Which of the following would be the least likely to cause abdominal distension?

PCOS

Before 9 weeks, the fetal kidneys are located within the:

Pelvis

The most common location of an ectopic kidney is within the:

Pelvis

Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes:

Phocomelia

Sonographically, you visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus. This mass could be all of the following except:

Phocomeningocele

The herniation of the embryologic bowel into the base of the umbilical cord at 9 weeks is referred to as:

Physiologic bowel herniation

The bilateral muscles that are located posterior to and extend from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter are the

Piriformis muscles

One of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimester is:

Placenta previa

All of the following are associated with a thick placenta except

Placental insufficiency

The sonographic "bat-wing" sign is indicative of:

Pleural Effusion

Which of the following would cause a bladder outlet obstruction?

Posterior urethral valves

Fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the:

Pouch of Douglas

Which of the following would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome?

Preexisting maternal diabetes

Malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous material, a condition known as:

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

The "lying down" adrenal sign would be seen in all of the following situations except:

Pyelectesis

The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the:

Rhabdomyoma

Gastroschisis occurs more often in what location?

Right lateral of the cord insertion

The moderator band is located within the:

Right ventricle

All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except:

S-shaped spine

The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is:

Sandal gap

The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebrum is consistent with:

Schizencephaly

What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and fusion of the lower extremities?

Sirenomelia

All of the following are clinical findings consistent with a molar pregnancy except:

Small for dates

The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovary to the lateral surface of the pelvis is the:

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

All of the following are associated with amniotic band syndrome except:

Synechiae

Which of the following best describes transposition of the great vessels?

The aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle.

Which of the following is a true statement about the fetal heart?

The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the left atrium.

Infertility is best defined as:

The inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus denotes:

The malignant counterpart of a fibroid

Which of the following is not a true statement about the normal fetal heart?

The mitral valve is positioned closer to the cardiac apex than the tricuspid valve.

The ovarian cyst associated with distinctly elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin is the:

Theca lutein cyst

All of the following are clinical findings with endometrial hyperplasia except:

Thickened endometrium

The interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the:

Third ventricle

The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is a(n):

Triangular, echogenic mass within the chest

A molar pregnancy, omphalocele, and small, low-set ears are found most often with:

Triploidy

The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is:

Trisomy 13

What chromosomal aberration is most often associated with holoprosencephaly?

Trisomy 13

All of the following are associated with an abnormal nuchal translucency except:

Trisomy 16

Bilateral choroid plexus cysts, micrognathia, and rockerbottom feet are sonographic findings of a 27-week fetus with an omphalocele. These findings are most consistent with:

Trisomy 18

The measurement of the endometrium during the proliferative phase ranges from:

4-8mm

The "sunburst" of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic finding of:

Agenesis of the corpus callosum

During a pelvic sonogram you visualize a small cyst located adjacent to the ovary. What is the most likely etiology of this cyst?

Paraovarian cyst

Fusion of the orbits and holoprosencephaly are associated with:

Patau syndrome

The cisterna magna should not exceed _____ in the transcerebellar plane.

10 mm

The fetal heart is fully formed by:

10 weeks

Ovulation typically occurs on day _____ of the menstrual cycle.

14

The fetal stomach should be visualized by:

14 weeks

The thickness for the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed:

6mm

What measurement should the renal pelvis not exceed prior to 20 weeks' gestation?

7mm

The fetal lip typically closes by:

8 weeks

An asymptomatic 65-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with pelvic pain but no vaginal bleeding. Her endometrial thickness should not exceed:

8mm

The placenta is considered too thick when it measures:

>4cm

Which of the following is associated with enlarged echogenic kidneys and microscopic renal cysts?

ARPKD

The measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR is the:

Abdominal circumference

Which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome?

Abdominal muscle hypertrophy

Acardiac twinning results from:

Abnormal links among the placental vessels

Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except:

Absent mineralization of the skull

The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is:

Achondroplasia

The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as:

Acoustic shadowing

Which of the following best describes hypospadias?

An abnormal ventral curvature of the penis

Which of the following would be least likely to be associated with an elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein?

Anorectal atresia

The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is:

Autosomal dominant

The renal cystic disease that results in the development of cysts late in adulthood is:

Autosomal dominant polycystic disease

The most common uterine anomaly is the:

Bicornis unicollis

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with ectopic pregnancy except

Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts

The structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the

Cerebellar vermis

OEIS complex is also referred to as:

Cloacal exstrophy

The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the:

Corpus callosum

The structure noted within the graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:

Cumulus oophorus

The removal of tissue from the endometrium by scraping is termed:

Curettage

Fusion of the orbits is termed:

Cyclopia

Tamoxifen effects on the endometrium will sonographically appear as:

Cystic changes within a thickened endometrium

All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except:

Cystic hydroma

A large, mostly cystic mass is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a:

Cystic hygroma

The ovarian mass that contains fat, sebum, and teeth is the:

Cystic teratoma

Agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis results in what cerebral malformation?

Dandy-Walker malformation

The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of:

Diaphragmatic hernia

Typically, the first sonographic manifestation of twin-twin transfusion syndrome is:

Discordant fetal growth

Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with

Down syndrome

Bladder exstrophy describes:

External position of the bladder

The fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube are called:

Fimbria

What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm?

Foramen of Morgagni

Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:

Macrosomic

A structural abnormality that results from an abnormal development describes:

Malformation

The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with Arnold-Chiari II malformation is the:

Massa intermedia

Which of the following would be best defined as abnormally heavy menstrual flow?

Menorrhagia

A small mandible is termed:

Micrognathia

All of the following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly except:

Narrowing of the aortic arch

Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to evaluate emitted radiation from the patient to assess the function of organs?

Nuclear medicine

Micrognathia is a condition found in:

Trisomy 18

Of the following, which is macroglossia most often associated with?

Trisomy 21

The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located within the:

True pelvis

Monosomy X refers to:

Turner syndrome

Nonimmune hydrops and ovarian dysgenesis are found in fetuses affected by:

Turners Syndrome

The demise of a twin during the second or third trimester can lead to:

Twin embolization syndrome

The dangling choroid sign is synonymous with:

Ventriculomegaly

Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the:

anterior pituitary gland

The ovary is supplied blood by the:

ovarian artery and uterine artery

The recesses of the vagina are the:

Fornices

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating ovarian volume?

Length × width × height × 0.5233

The pelvic muscle group that is located between the coccyx and the pubis is the:

Levator ani muscles

The shunting of blood from one twin to the other is termed:

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome

The normal umbilical cord has:

Two arteries and one vein

The embryonic heart begins as:

Two tubes

Cryptorchidism describes:

Undescended testicles

What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and the left ventricles?

VSD

Pelvic muscles appear:

hypoechoic

Measurement of the endometrium should include:

measurement from basal layer to basal layer

All of the following are associated with omphalocele except:

normal cord insertion

Fertilization typically occurs within ____ after ovulation.

24 hours

The outer membrane surrounding the fetus is referred to as the:

Chorion

The fourth ventricle is located:

anterior to the cerebellar vermis