MOCK Exam Review OB/GYN
The average menstrual cycle lasts:
28 days
An 84-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with sudden onset of vaginal bleeding. Her endometrium should not exceed:
5mm
All of the following are proper techniques for providing patient care for patients during a pelvic sonogram except:
A probe cover should be placed on the transducer for transabdominal imaging to prevent the spread of infection.
Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to abnormal uterine bleeding is termed:
Adenomyosis
Peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligament are referred to as the:
Adnexa
All of the following are clinical features of an ectopic pregnancy except:
Adnexal ring
All of the following are contributing factors for an ectopic pregnancy except:
Advanced paternal age
An anechoic mass is noted within the umbilical cord during a routine sonographic examination. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Allantoic cyst
Increased S/D ratio is associated with all of the following except:
Allantoic cysts
Which protein in not produced by the developing placenta?
Alpha-fetoprotein
The triple screen typically includes:
Alpha-fetoprotein, estriol, and human chorionic gonadotropin
The birth defect in which the sex of the fetus cannot be determined defines:
Ambiguous genitalia
The inner membrane surrounding the fetus is referred to as the:
Amnion
A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is
Amniotic Band Syndrome
The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle at the:
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Macroglossia is most commonly found with:
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
The growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is:
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with ectopic pregnancy except:
Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts
What is the stage of the conceptus that implants within the decidualized endometrium?
Blastocyst
The ligament that houses the vasculature of the uterus is the
Cardinal ligament
The rigid region of the uterus located between the vagina and the isthmus is the:
Cervix
Hairlike projections within the fallopian tube are called:
Cilia
The condition in which the frontal horns are small and the occipital horns are enlarged is referred to as:
Colpocephaly
After the corpus luteum has regressed, which structure remains?
Corpus albicans
The first sonographically identifiable sign of pregnancy is the:
Decidual reaction
All of the following are clinical or sonographic findings consistent with LBWC except:
Decreased MSAFP
The term that indicates the presence of two separate amniotic sacs is
Diamniotic
The most common cause of cardiac malposition is:
Diaphragmatic hernia
Twins that result from the fertilization of two separate ova are called:
Dizygotic
All of the following are sonographic features of alobar holoprosencephaly except:
Dorsal Cyst
A 38-year-old pregnant woman presents to the sonography department for an obstetrical sonogram with abnormal maternal serum screening. Her alpha-fetoprotein and estriol are low, while her human chorionic gonadotropin is elevated. These laboratory findings are most consistent with
Down Syndrome
Congenital maldevelopment of the proximal portion of the small intestine is termed:
Duodenal atresia
The "double bubble" sign is indicative of:
Duodenal atresia
Endocrine abnormalities that cause abnormal vaginal bleeding are related to:
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
The ovarian tumor associated with an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase is the:
Dysgerminoma
Difficult or painful intercourse is referred to as:
Dyspareunia
The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:
Ectopic cordis
The most common cause of pelvic pain with pregnancy is
Ectopic pregnancy
Cloacal exstrophy is associated with all of the following except:
Encephalocele
Asherman syndrome is associated with:
Endometrial adhesions
A 67-year-old patient on hormone replacement therapy presents to the ultrasound department with abnormal uterine bleeding. Sonographically, the endometrium measures 9 mm and contains small cystic areas. The most likely cause of her bleeding is:
Endometrial hyperplasia
An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:
Endometrial hyperplasia
An oral teratoma is referred to as:
Epignathus
The congenital absence of part of the esophagus is termed:
Esophageal atresia
The parasitic twin in acardiac twinning is also referred to as the "pump twin."
False
The double fold of dura mater used to divide the cerebral hemispheres is the:
Falx cerebri
What organ(s) produces amniotic fluid after 12 weeks
Fetal Kidneys
A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of:
Fetal hydrops
All of the following are associated with a thin placenta except
Fetal hydrops
What is the maternal dietary supplement that has been shown to significantly reduce the likelihood of the fetus suffering from a neural tube defect?
Folate
Evidence of polyhydramnios should warrant a careful investigation of the fetal:
Gastrointestinal system
Pentalogy of Cantrell includes all of the following findings except:
Gastroschisis
Another name for the chorionic sac is the:
Gestational Sac
The first definitive sonographic sign of an intrauterine pregnancy is the recognition of a/an:
Gestational sac
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
What is the name of the dominant follicle prior to ovulation?
Graafian
The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the:
Graafian follicle
Blood within the fallopian tube is termed:
Hematosalpinx
The most common abnormality of the fetal liver is:
Hepatomegaly
Ovulation induction drugs not only increase the likelihood of multiple gestations, but also increase the likelihood of:
Heterotopic pregnancies
Which of the following laboratory findings would not be consistent with trisomy 21?
High AFP
All of the following complications are associated with multiple gestations except:
High birth weight
A functional bowel disorder within the fetus thatis caused by the absence of intestinal nerves is found in:
Hirschsprung disease
All of the following are associated with omphalocele except:
Hirschsprung disease
Which of the following is defined as excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligible?
Hirsutism
Atypical facial features are most commonly associated with what cerebral abnormality listed?
Holoprosencephaly
Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of:
Holoprosencephaly
The corpus luteum is maintained during pregnancy by which hormone?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
A simple fluid accumulation within the vagina secondary to an imperforate hymen is:
Hydrocolpos
Another name for pelvocaliectasis is:
Hydronephrosis
What is the most common fetal abnormality noted during an obstetric sonogram?
Hydronephrosis
The "I" in OEIS complex stands for:
Imperforate anus
The uterine artery branches off of the:
Internal iliac artery
Fetal TORCH is frequently associated with:
Intracranial calcifications
The location of a fibroid within the myometrium is termed:
Intramural
The short and narrow segment of the fallopian tube distal to the interstitial segment is the:
Isthmus
In VACTERL association, the letter "L" stands for:
Limb
The lack of sulci within the fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of:
Lissencephaly
Which of the following locations is most likely with metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease?
Lungs
Which of the following laboratory values would be significant in the detection of an abdominal wall defect?
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
An omphalocele is associated with all of the following except:
Meconium aspiration syndrome
What is the term for enlargement of the urinary bladder?
Megacystis
The first menstrual cycle is termed:
Menarche
Which term below is best defined as excessive bleeding from the uterus in duration and amount?
Menometrorrhagia
Which of the following is best described as an artifact that is produced by a strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location?
Mirror image
Twins that have the threat of being conjoined are:
Monochorionic monoamniotic
The inner layer of the wall of the fallopian tube is the:
Mucosal layer
All of the following are associated with gastroschisis except:
Multiple chromosomal abnormalities
All of the following are characteristic sonographic findings of achondrogenesis except:
Multiple dislocated joints
All of the following are clinical findings associated with leiomyoma except:
Myometrial cysts
A bell-shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of:
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Upon sonographic interrogation of a 28-week pregnancy, you note that when pressure is applied to the fetal skull, the skull can be easily distorted. This is sonographic evidence of:
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Which of following most often leads to an elevation of CA-125?
Ovarian carcinoma
Which of the following would be the least likely to cause abdominal distension?
PCOS
Before 9 weeks, the fetal kidneys are located within the:
Pelvis
The most common location of an ectopic kidney is within the:
Pelvis
Absent long bones with the hands and feet arising from the shoulders and hips describes:
Phocomelia
Sonographically, you visualize a mass extending from the distal spine of a fetus. This mass could be all of the following except:
Phocomeningocele
The herniation of the embryologic bowel into the base of the umbilical cord at 9 weeks is referred to as:
Physiologic bowel herniation
The bilateral muscles that are located posterior to and extend from the sacrum to the femoral greater trochanter are the
Piriformis muscles
One of the most common causes of painless vaginal bleeding in the second and third trimester is:
Placenta previa
All of the following are associated with a thick placenta except
Placental insufficiency
The sonographic "bat-wing" sign is indicative of:
Pleural Effusion
Which of the following would cause a bladder outlet obstruction?
Posterior urethral valves
Fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the:
Pouch of Douglas
Which of the following would increase the likelihood of a fetus developing sirenomelia and caudal regression syndrome?
Preexisting maternal diabetes
Malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous material, a condition known as:
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
The "lying down" adrenal sign would be seen in all of the following situations except:
Pyelectesis
The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the:
Rhabdomyoma
Gastroschisis occurs more often in what location?
Right lateral of the cord insertion
The moderator band is located within the:
Right ventricle
All of the following are signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except:
S-shaped spine
The exaggerated distance between the first toe and the second toe is:
Sandal gap
The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebrum is consistent with:
Schizencephaly
What condition is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, and fusion of the lower extremities?
Sirenomelia
All of the following are clinical findings consistent with a molar pregnancy except:
Small for dates
The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary and extends from the ovary to the lateral surface of the pelvis is the:
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
All of the following are associated with amniotic band syndrome except:
Synechiae
Which of the following best describes transposition of the great vessels?
The aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle.
Which of the following is a true statement about the fetal heart?
The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the left atrium.
Infertility is best defined as:
The inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus denotes:
The malignant counterpart of a fibroid
Which of the following is not a true statement about the normal fetal heart?
The mitral valve is positioned closer to the cardiac apex than the tricuspid valve.
The ovarian cyst associated with distinctly elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin is the:
Theca lutein cyst
All of the following are clinical findings with endometrial hyperplasia except:
Thickened endometrium
The interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the:
Third ventricle
The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is a(n):
Triangular, echogenic mass within the chest
A molar pregnancy, omphalocele, and small, low-set ears are found most often with:
Triploidy
The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is:
Trisomy 13
What chromosomal aberration is most often associated with holoprosencephaly?
Trisomy 13
All of the following are associated with an abnormal nuchal translucency except:
Trisomy 16
Bilateral choroid plexus cysts, micrognathia, and rockerbottom feet are sonographic findings of a 27-week fetus with an omphalocele. These findings are most consistent with:
Trisomy 18
The measurement of the endometrium during the proliferative phase ranges from:
4-8mm
The "sunburst" of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic finding of:
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
During a pelvic sonogram you visualize a small cyst located adjacent to the ovary. What is the most likely etiology of this cyst?
Paraovarian cyst
Fusion of the orbits and holoprosencephaly are associated with:
Patau syndrome
The cisterna magna should not exceed _____ in the transcerebellar plane.
10 mm
The fetal heart is fully formed by:
10 weeks
Ovulation typically occurs on day _____ of the menstrual cycle.
14
The fetal stomach should be visualized by:
14 weeks
The thickness for the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed:
6mm
What measurement should the renal pelvis not exceed prior to 20 weeks' gestation?
7mm
The fetal lip typically closes by:
8 weeks
An asymptomatic 65-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with pelvic pain but no vaginal bleeding. Her endometrial thickness should not exceed:
8mm
The placenta is considered too thick when it measures:
>4cm
Which of the following is associated with enlarged echogenic kidneys and microscopic renal cysts?
ARPKD
The measurement that should be carefully scrutinized in cases of IUGR is the:
Abdominal circumference
Which of the following is not a component of prune belly syndrome?
Abdominal muscle hypertrophy
Acardiac twinning results from:
Abnormal links among the placental vessels
Achondroplasia is associated with all of the following except:
Absent mineralization of the skull
The most common nonlethal skeletal dysplasia is:
Achondroplasia
The artifact seen posterior to solid structures such as fetal bone is referred to as:
Acoustic shadowing
Which of the following best describes hypospadias?
An abnormal ventral curvature of the penis
Which of the following would be least likely to be associated with an elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein?
Anorectal atresia
The form of inheritance in which at least one parent has to be a carrier of an abnormal gene for it to be passed to the fetus is:
Autosomal dominant
The renal cystic disease that results in the development of cysts late in adulthood is:
Autosomal dominant polycystic disease
The most common uterine anomaly is the:
Bicornis unicollis
All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with ectopic pregnancy except
Bilateral, multiloculated ovarian cysts
The structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the
Cerebellar vermis
OEIS complex is also referred to as:
Cloacal exstrophy
The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the:
Corpus callosum
The structure noted within the graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:
Cumulus oophorus
The removal of tissue from the endometrium by scraping is termed:
Curettage
Fusion of the orbits is termed:
Cyclopia
Tamoxifen effects on the endometrium will sonographically appear as:
Cystic changes within a thickened endometrium
All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except:
Cystic hydroma
A large, mostly cystic mass is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a:
Cystic hygroma
The ovarian mass that contains fat, sebum, and teeth is the:
Cystic teratoma
Agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis results in what cerebral malformation?
Dandy-Walker malformation
The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of:
Diaphragmatic hernia
Typically, the first sonographic manifestation of twin-twin transfusion syndrome is:
Discordant fetal growth
Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with
Down syndrome
Bladder exstrophy describes:
External position of the bladder
The fingerlike extensions of the fallopian tube are called:
Fimbria
What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm?
Foramen of Morgagni
Mothers with gestational diabetes run the risk of having fetuses that are considered:
Macrosomic
A structural abnormality that results from an abnormal development describes:
Malformation
The thalamic tissue located within the third ventricle of the brain that can become enlarged with Arnold-Chiari II malformation is the:
Massa intermedia
Which of the following would be best defined as abnormally heavy menstrual flow?
Menorrhagia
A small mandible is termed:
Micrognathia
All of the following are sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly except:
Narrowing of the aortic arch
Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to evaluate emitted radiation from the patient to assess the function of organs?
Nuclear medicine
Micrognathia is a condition found in:
Trisomy 18
Of the following, which is macroglossia most often associated with?
Trisomy 21
The urinary bladder, uterus, and ovaries are located within the:
True pelvis
Monosomy X refers to:
Turner syndrome
Nonimmune hydrops and ovarian dysgenesis are found in fetuses affected by:
Turners Syndrome
The demise of a twin during the second or third trimester can lead to:
Twin embolization syndrome
The dangling choroid sign is synonymous with:
Ventriculomegaly
Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the:
anterior pituitary gland
The ovary is supplied blood by the:
ovarian artery and uterine artery
The recesses of the vagina are the:
Fornices
Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating ovarian volume?
Length × width × height × 0.5233
The pelvic muscle group that is located between the coccyx and the pubis is the:
Levator ani muscles
The shunting of blood from one twin to the other is termed:
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
The normal umbilical cord has:
Two arteries and one vein
The embryonic heart begins as:
Two tubes
Cryptorchidism describes:
Undescended testicles
What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and the left ventricles?
VSD
Pelvic muscles appear:
hypoechoic
Measurement of the endometrium should include:
measurement from basal layer to basal layer
All of the following are associated with omphalocele except:
normal cord insertion
Fertilization typically occurs within ____ after ovulation.
24 hours
The outer membrane surrounding the fetus is referred to as the:
Chorion
The fourth ventricle is located:
anterior to the cerebellar vermis