RELS 302 Final

Islah

"Any one of you who sees something lewd or dishonorable, let him change it with his hand. If he is unable, then with his tongue, and if he is still unable, then let him change it with his heart, but this is the weakest of faith." Comes from Quran Every Muslim has the responsibility to reform Islam when it strays

Umm al-Kitab

"Mother of the book" Never a time that the Quran didn't exist; with God from beginning Just as Jesus was with God before time in Christianity

Qur'an

"The Recitations" spoken from the mouth of Muhammad God's words (like Moses on Sinai) Direct, infallible word of God (all of Islam rests on this) When comparing to Christianity, Qur'an is equivalent to Jesus, not the bible! Message of Early Recitations: (compares to 3 problems with Meccan society) Submit to ONE God We are all from same creator Unifies humanity - Anyone who is a child of God can now unify with all people No more tribal or racial ties Responsibility to create a compassionate and just society Message of all the previous prophets

Ulama

"Those who know" Determine fiqh at a societal level Like the Supreme Court

Evangelion (gospel)

"to share the good news" Through speech with others Was about the empire/emperor before Christianity "gospel": "good news" in Greek Before Jesus, the term "evangelion" was the word used for announcing the new emperor disciples became evangelists (spread the gospel) Also announcing this "new emperor"

6 critical moments in development of islam

1 abraham 2 night of power 3 Hijrah 4 choosing successor 5 umayad dynasty 6 Abbasid dynasty

Four parts of the New Testament

1. Gospels (4) Matthew Luke Mark John 2. historical book (acts of the apostles) 3. the letters 4. the apocalype (revelation)

Four categories of Punishment

1. Talio: capital punishment 2. Blood money- fine 3. Established penalties (Quran or Hadith) 4. Judge's discretion

Stages of the Hajj

1. preparation rites 2. circumnavigate the kaba 3. run between hills/ drink from Zamzam well 4.journey to Mount of Mercy 5. Stoning Satan at Jamarat 6. Eid al-Adha or Feast of Sacrifice 7. Closing Rites (like shaving head)

5 pillars

1. shahada 2. salat 3. zakat 4. sawm 5. Hajj

Markers of Final canonicity

1.oral traditions2.written traditions 3. written narratives 4.four gospel cannon 5 final gospel cannon Most disputed books settled in 367 CE with Letter of Athanasius List of final cannon: four gospels, Acts of the Apostles, seven letters of Apostles, 14 letters of Paul, Revelation Council of Hippo and Carthage affirmed this letter later Final full canon = 370 CE

The golden age of Islam

10th-13th century Idyllic Islamic society Meanwhile Europe in Dark Ages House of Wisdom built: culmination of the world's best books Center of science, philosophy, poetry, etc. Fall of Baghdad by Mongols in 1258: against education

Jesus People (Freaks)

1960s hippies transformed Jesus into a hippie and created a following called Jesus people/freaks Started by Lannie Frisbee in San Francisco who took LSD at a church Jesus wants you to be free and excited: not about sin and judgement

Greek manuscripts of the New Testament

5,400 Greek Manuscripts from before 5th century Earliest complete bible end of 4th century No two copies are the same: hundreds of thousands of differences Changes for: consistency remove confusion add theological proof present a nice story Overall though, 90% of Gospels we are very confident about accuracy, but 10% of Gospels have differences from original texts

Night of Power

610 CE, when first words of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad Called the Recitations The mouth of Muhammad taken over by God (mouthpiece) Muhammad is like Moses on Mt Sinai, not Jesus All of Islam rests on Quran as direct, infallible word of God (leap of faith)

WHO v WHAT of Authority

According to Catholics What = (1) Scripture, (2) Sacred/Holy Tradition Holy traditions are teachings passed down from bishop to bishop to fill in the blanks of the bible Who = (1) Holy Spirit interpreted by the church, (2) Pope (Apostolic Succession) Efficient, but must trust pope According to Martin Luther What = Scripture alone, Sola Scriptura--why trust sacred traditions? Who = Holy Spirit through INDIVIDUAL guided by conscience Cause of protestants beginning to fragment Divisive According to Eastern Orthodox What = (1) Scripture, (2) Sacred/Holy (Orthodox) Tradition Who = Holy Spirit through the people across time and place Don't decide anything until everyone agrees Inefficient, but people driven Common Error: Who/What confusion: "Protestants are based on the bible alone while Catholics are based on the pope"

Orthodox on Authority

According to Eastern Orthodox What = (1) Scripture, (2) Sacred/Holy (Orthodox) Tradition Who = Holy Spirit through the people (church) across time and place

Umayaad Dynasty

After Rashidun First great Islamic empire more of an Arab empire than Islamic empire This is where Islam begins to stray Islam was spreading fast as a political entity (not religion) Perception that Islam as a religion was for Arabs Islamic empire was growing though Against conversion to Islam for tax purposes Pagans could be taxed more Question: Who should be successor to Ali? Mu'awiya = first leader of Umayyad Empire; Abu Sufayn and Hind's son Then, should it be Yazid (Mu'awiya's son) or Husayn (Ali's second son)?

Hasayn

Ali's second son and direct descendant of Muhammad Shi'a candidate

Role of hegemonic American culture

American culture has become ubiquitous around the globe However, difference in perspectives of what this culture is Americans think: diversity, family-oriented, kind, tolerant What's exported: sex obsession, wealth, violence, rap Muslim world receives the worst image of America in media Aka moral temptation that needs to be fought against

Qiyas

Analogical reasoning Direct analogy not just a general theory

Problems with Arab society in 610

Arab society became unjust with economic exploitation and lack of care for the poor Economic inequality and entrenched stratification Stampede of wealth in Haram of Mecca Had images of all gods to be spiritual center, traded goods with people, and became spiritual and business center Muhammad thought these ideals lead to lack of care for the poor Culture of endemic violence Senseless death Jahiliyah = period of polytheism, cycles of violence. Spiritual divisiveness Polytheistic society was dividing people Divine hierarchy- whose God was bigger or better?

Bismillah

At the beginning of every Surah (except one): "in the name of Allah, the merciful & compassionate" Sura 1: similar to the Lord's prayer in Christianity

Debates about Canon in the 3rd and 4th centuries

At this point there is only debate about the fringe books Most disputed books settled in 367 CE with Letter of Athanasius Determined book by Common usage Books people loved got in Support by important Bishops Athanius says no one should add or take away from the Bible Council or Hippo and Council of Carthage confirmed Final full canon = 370 CE

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid Empire; honors Arab roots, but not favoritism Leaders of Persian descent New center of Islam Pan-ethnic

Two criteria for authenticating Hadiths

Chain of Guarantors Criterion Attached to each hadith Lineage of where / how hadith was passed down Rational Critique Criterion Does this fit with what we know about Muhammad?

Sūrah

Chapters in the Quran Literally means "little enclosure or wall"

Goals of worship in christian east

Christian East Low emotion & no sermon (not the time to learn about faith) Repeated ritualistic service every time High point of service is communion Goal = creating an otherworldly encounter with God (mysteries)

christianity and democracy

Church is not a democracy Can't just vote to eliminate commandments or decide social norms Equal rights?: there's a truth & those versed in the truth dictate that to others Majority decides norms?: there's a right and a wrong with social norms

Tatian

Church should only have one official history of the story of Jesus Christ Multiple traditions and genealogies disagreed with each other, such as Jesus' ancestors, Jesus' birth, 12 disciples, date of crucifixion, etc. Created Diatessaron = combination of 4 gospels into one Tatian bible = Diatessaron + Paul's letters

Yathrib, Medina

Collection of villages that were ½ Jewish tribes; where Muhammad and followers emigrated to Also called "Medina al-nabi" = city of the Prophet Archetype of an ideal Islamic community Theocratic state

Koine Greek

Common/simple Greek that the New Testament was written in Everything in the Gospels was translated from Aramaic Jesus spoke in Aramaic

Ijma

Consensus of experts

Ali

Cousin/brother and supposedly ordained by Muhammad before he died to become the next Caliph after his death Chosen as the 4th caliph and both the sunni and shia prototypes agree for different reasons

"Household of War"

Dar-al-harb; Those who have yet to make peace with God

John Calvin's Geneva and Public Morality

Debate on whether morality should be societal Law or Individual Right Absolutism = Law tied back to biblical verse Individualism = Personal Choice/ religious freedom Lutheran first advocates for no force/individualism & progresses to intolerance/absolutism where punishment is death Calvin succeeds Luther, creates Absolutist society If broke law, brought to court or burn at stake Morality police

Commonalities with Protestants

Dedication to bible- see bible as main source of truth Rejection of Pope as authoritative Acceptance that faith alone leads to salvation Missionary zeal to share message with others Straight to God without intermediary of priest or sacraments(not essential or biblical). No need for priests Catholics held a firm grip on the lens by which the everyday Christian could encounter God

fundamentalism

Defend the Bible as the sole source of truth Not only inspired by God but also infallible Fight the forces of modernity Either based on Bible or its demonic

Four Source Hypothesis

Every verse can be traced to one of 4 sources Mark: also agrees with Matthew & Luke 'Q': where Matthew & Luke agree but not Mark Special 'M': specific to Matthew Special 'L': specific to Luke

Caliph

Everything Muhammad was but not a prophet Sunni leader: successor / deputy of the messenger of God Abu Bakr = first caliph Early Caliphs = The Rashidun (632-660) Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali

Sunnah

Examples of Muhammad When written down are Hadiths What Sunni's think: who follows best example of Muhammad is the best leader Hadith

Arguments for Luke having access to Matthew

Farrer theory: Luke had access/borrowed from Matthew If Luke had access to Matthew, why would he borrow from Mark? Luke and Matthew disagree on other areas

Abu Bakr

Father of Muhammad's wife Aisha & Muhammad's best friend Sunnis' first caliph candidate: most qualified

Causes for Islamophobia

Fear + ignorance = bigotry and discrimination Why fear and ignorance? Anti-Islam industry Modern media / how we get info Information echo chambers

Islamophobia

Fear of Islam Most negatively viewed religion in America Myths: Good chance I or someone I know will be killed by Islamic terrorism Terrorism is worse in Europe Many Muslims are terrorists Muslims that are not terrorists, support terrorism

Crusades

First Crusade in 1099 20,000 Muslims killed in Jerusalem This is where the tomb where Jesus is said to have resurrected is Significance: first moment to really solidify Muslims and Christian extreme antagonism of each other Muslims think Christians want to kill them and steal their goods This is why Bush saying "new Crusade" was such a blunder

Ka'bah

First temple built to Creator; built by Abraham with Ishmael First place that God of Abraham was worshiped Means "the cube" temple Holiest spot on earth for Muslims

Khadija

First wife and follower of Muhammad Very progressive relationship / marriage

Kufr

Forget who we are; hide what you know/knowledge of God inside of you Self-deception, forgetfulness Leads to shirk

Tawhid

Foundational -- 2 aspects: Only one thing in divine realm and God can't be divided (Fierce Monotheism) There is no plural form of Allah God can't be divided

Takbir

Foundational -- God is beyond any human conception; exalted beyond everything; completely in control of the world "Allahu akbar" = God is greater than ... God doesn't need us or anything else in the world Putting God in human form is sin

christian responses to modernity

Fundamentalism Progressivism

Obama's plan for Isis

Get Islamic sympathizers to realize ISIS doesn't represent Islam He gets Islamic leaders together to write statements against ISIS, so that rhetoric isn't coming from America Orchestrates new government for Iraq Sunnis get credible position Shia must support Sunnis if they want US support Organized Islamic world to fight ISIS Afterall, ISIS wants to fight America Plus, Americans fighting ISIS promotes clash of civilizations idea Muslim woman fighter pilot was the first to drop a bomb Stop Money flow ISIS was making all their money on oil Blew up areas where cash flow was most important for ISIS Luckily price of oil drops in 2014-15 US negotiates with Saudi Arabia to keep prices low to starve out ISIS This was most important Eliminate Recruiting Path Outskirt violent people are the ones getting recruited *Overall, do not confirm the Cosmic Battle ideology to provide propaganda for ISIS *Currently: ISIS has lost Mosul, Dabiq and Raqqa

Calipha of Creation

God created the world, but gave us the responsibility to take care of it

Scope of Sharia

God has an answer and right way to do everything for every situation- there is always a Godly way of doing something First look at Qu'ran Second look at Hadiths Third Qiya : look for analogic reasoning- need to find a specific action that is parallel- direct analogy, not just theory Fourth Ijma: consensus How strongly is it important: forbidden, reprehensible, etc. Sharia for every level of life: Self Family Society Americans only associate Sharia with Al Queda "Sharia law" Who has the power to define / interpret Sharia? This is the actual issue

Traits of PRC

God is unconditional love. God wants an intimate relationship with you God cares about every detail of your life The Bible is a love letter to you personally Jesus was against religion & all about relationship

Tajdid

God sends to this nation at the beginning of every century someone who renews the religion Comes from Hadith

Shari'a

God's guidance, the law, the way Literal "the way to the watering hole" Divinely ordained patterns of human life and conduct There is a Godly, or right, way to do everything

Synoptics

Gospels comes to be known as referencing a book (60-70 CE) Syn: together, Optics: to see Gospels of Mark, Matthew & Luke see the world in the same way: same words & order Contain many of the same stories

Hebrew Bible in Islam

HB: 1100 years to compile NT: almost 400 years to compile They screwed up the message of God due to human interpolation in each of the texts

Two prophetic lines in Islam

Hebrew line from Sarah → Isaac ... → Jesus Arab line from Hagar → Ishmael ... → Muhammad - seal of prophets Final message through Arab, not Hebrew Sarah's line kept bringing falsehoods (Jews thinking they are chosen people, Christians thinking Jesus is divine), so God needed to use Abraham's other line, through Hagar, to bring about the final prophet, Muhammad (*Jahiliyah is the period of "forgetting God" between Ishmael and Muhammad)

synoptic problem

How are the Synoptics related to one another? When all 3 share the same passage: 2 Options: One gospel was written first and the other borrowed from it Markan priority Mark is the common link between the three--someone always agrees with Mark! Mark's awkward Greek-- Luke/Matthew might want to clean it up Therefore, Mark was the first gospel written! All gospels borrowed from an early, outside source now lost b. When Matthew & Luke share the same stories but not in Mark Both gospels borrowed from an early, outside source now lost Source "Q" Problem: never found; made up by scholars Contains stories common to Matthew and Luke but not Mark One gospel was written first and the other one borrowed Farrer theory--Alternative to 'Q' Mark written first, Matthew 2nd, and Luke 3rd Luke borrowed from both Matthew and Mark 2 source theory: Mark & Q 90% of scholars agree Both Matthew and Luke only use Mark and 'Q' as sources What about material found only in Matthew or only in luke? Solution: 4 source hypothesis 'M' = "Special M"; material only found in Matthew 'L' = "Special L"; material only found in Luke Composition of Matthew is Mark, 'Q', and 'M'

Fiqh

Human attempt to determine God's will; human interpretation of Shari'a

secularization hypothesis

Idea that Christianity is slowly dying due to the challenges of modernity Afraid Christianity will be like Greek religions, nobody believes it but still know about it Didn't actually die because it adapted/evolved

Personal Relationship Christianity

Idea that you have a personal relationship with Jesus

Shirk

Idolatry; associate something with God that's not; pretend something is higher Idols = faith in false ultimate Failure to recover who we are

Umma

Implication of the Hijrah Community of God that is no longer defined by race, ethnicity or tribe Movement to unify all of God's children beyond race, ethnicity or tribe

Jonathan Edwards and Emotion

In response to "Head Knowledge" "Sinners at the hand of an angry God"; belief that God is angry with us Gave emotional services: used dramatic language to elicit emotional response Heart Christianity

George Fox and the Quakers

In response to "Head Knowledge" Preaches that emotion is greater than logic; Heart Christianity Believes protestants are rationalizing Christianity Literally shook when filled by Holy Spirit Theologians shouldn't be the only people to speak on the matter but instead wait for the Holy Spirit to inspire people with emotion

John Wesley and the Methodists

In response to "Head Knowledge" wanted people to feel God & His love; Heart Christianity preached in the fields; wandering preachers of America tradition of great preaching that would move people

Islam's Just War Theory

Inent: to set the limits of violence in the face of persecution War isn't just if it is offensive

Sayyid Qutb

Intelectual on Egypt in early 19th century Member of Muslim Brotherhood: Trying to free Egypt from English / French control He's al-Wahab follower (Revivalist) 1948 goes to America and was shocked by immorality (materialistic, racist, sports, sex) Don't become modern because America is anti Islam in culture Get rid of all Western influence American culture = oppression / persecution Aka justified reasoning to fight (remember Just War policy)

Decline of Islam

Internal w/ Mongols External w/ misunderstandings of West Ie: Crusades- sign of difficulty dealing with each other. Miscommunication afterwards is important. West and Muslims not understanding each other

Jesus in Islam

Isa in Islam NOT resurrected and NOT divine; but virgin birth, miracle worker, prophet, wise teacher, harbinger of the end times Muslims believe that Christians elevated Jesus to divine status, and that Christianity is Paul's Christianity (followers changed it) Muslims wouldn't believe that Jesus is a "liar, lunatic or Lord"; believe gospels isn't an accurate representation of Jesus' life

Modern Iran

Islamic modernism Education rate is 20 points higher than America Higher rates of masters education for women

Dome of the rock

Islamic shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (at site of Jewish temple) Built in 692 under the Umayyad Dynasty Where the Jews wanted to rebuild the temple Concrete message to the world that Islam is a big-time religion

Bethlehem v. Nazareth

Issue of where Mary & Joseph were living at the time of Jesus' birth Matt.: Jesus was born in Bethlehem and then moved to Nazareth Luke: from Nazareth & have to go to Bethlehem where Jesus happens to be born

Contextual theology

Jesus and his message is objective and absolute, yet we always experience it bounded by place and time (perspective) Theology from the context OTHER than white European Males Goals: Make relevant to new group Use experiences of minorities to understand Jesus on a deeper level

Jesus as the Sacrificial Lamb

Jesus commonly referred to as Lamb of God in deeper reading of John Sacrificed on day of preparation at noon Lambs are sacrificed for passover at this time as well. John saying WHY Jesus died, not WHEN

Jesus as the new Moses

Jesus seen as new Moses in deeper reading of Matthew Both avoid death sentence by wicked king Both led people out of Egypt Both fast for 40 days Both feed hungry with bread Both ascended mountain to relay Torah Both had 5 long treaties/speeches about their new faith Matthew trying to convince Jews to believe in Jesus If you believe in Moses you should believe in Jesus

5 Criteria for Inclusion of the Gospels

Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection narratives Reference the Hebrew Bible No theological extremes Credible origin stories that align Accepted by the people

Jesus' Genealogies

Jesus's ancestors varied in the books of Matthew and Luke Multiple tradition problem

Challenge of Narrative Structure

Lack of narrative structure No plot / story Grammar is confusing No obvious pattern of organization Maybe did it as to not impose his order on it

Four challenges of the Qur'an

Lack of narrative structure No plot / story Grammar is confusing No obvious pattern of organization Maybe did it as to not impose his order on it

Madrasas

Literal "school" Learn how to determine God's will and about the Quran No separation between secular and religious codes in Islamic law

3 positions on Baptism

Lutherans = Instrument of Grace of God Shed original sin As baby Reform traditions = Expression of the Covenantal Life Replace circumcision As child Anabaptist tradition = Public expression of faith Nothing magical/metaphysical happening As adult → choice

Four Families of Protestants

Lutherans → from Luther Reformed (Presbyterians, Puritans, Congregationalists) → from Calvin Anabaptists → response of Luther's view on baptism Anglicans → matters of church authorities All families hated each other ex: lutherans and reformed killed 50,000 anabaptist in first decade

arguments of Markan priority

Mark was written first & the others borrowed from it Mark is the common link between the 3 gospels Someone always agrees with Mark Mark's awkward Greek Greek is not the disciples first language Reason why other gospels would want to "clean" it up Why would someone want to make an entire gospel "awkward"

Dates of composition of Gospels

Mark: 60-65 CE (temple was still there until 70 CE) Matthew: 70-75 CE Luke: 75-85 CE John: ~90CE last 3 highlight destruction of the temple The more a Gospel highlights the destruction of the temple, the later it is Highlights that Jesus was right

Hijrah

Means to emigrate from hostile environment Muhammad and followers' emigration north/escape from Mecca to Yathrib because of persecution in 622 Persecution because: These revelations in Mecca condemned the elites -- direct shot at economic and political model of Mecca because said to shut down the temple Such an important/essential event to Islam that it marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar -- (0 AH = 622 CE); year of the Hijrah Implications: Created new kind of community: Ummah The Medina Era (622-632): Medina as the archetype of an ideal Islamic community

oral character of text of Qur'an

Meant to be sung / heard not read / studied The Arabic version of the Quran contains the "feeling" element required for true experience

Mecca v. medina Suras

Mecca: interesting Inequality, facing persecution Warnings of coming judgment Medina: boring Governing society

Context for Mecca-Medina wars

Medina era: 622-32 CE, or 0-10 AH All encompassing/holistic way of life Muhammad's dilemma: tie of kinship to Mecca, yet his tribe was... Religious persecution Economical boycott Cutting them off from the Kabah God's response: Quran 4:135: "You who believe, uphold justice and bear witness to God, even if it is against yourselves, your parents, or your close relatives. Whether the person is rich or poor, God can best take care of both. Refrain from following your own desire, so that you can act justly- if you distort or neglect justice, God is fully aware of what you do" Fighting in the holy land? "Fight in God's cause against those who fight you, but do not overstep the limits: God does not love those who overstep the limits. Kill them wherever you encounter them, and drive them out from where they drove you out, for persecution is more serious than killing" Qur'an 2:190 Conclusion: Context: persecution by one's own people after the Hijrah Intent: to set limits of violence in the face of persecution, can't be offensive Used to justify violence, but Muhammed is trying to limit violence, figure out how to deal with his family and if violence in face of persecution is ever justified

Islamic modernism movement of Jamāl al-Din al-Afghānī

Middle ground Problem is not Wahabbi vision for society, but how society should act Don't be afraid / completely reject West, but embrace the parts that are compatible with Islam Islamic but modern Science, education, pro-women etc. are all naturally Islamic Iran has attempted this approach Kind of like conservative Judaism

Islamic individualism of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Military commander in Turkey. Founded Turkey (1881-1938) Separate out politics Modernize religion (embrace the West) Imagines new golden age for Islam by being progressive Wants to separate politics from Islam Islam is a personal faith that should transform individuals into pious people Islam is a choice, not societal mandate Uluma banned from politics, religious schools banned, women wearing scarf banned Embrace western modern world Democratic and pro women Islamic individualism actually thrives in America Kind of like progressive Christianity

goals of worship in protestantism

Modern Evangelical Uses both emotions and intellect Goal = engaging the heart and the head

Masjid

Mosque; place of prostration Most vulnerable position Peeing dog analogy Making peace with God and accepting whatever he gives

Abraham in Islam

Most mentioned figure in the Qur'an Prototype Muslim Father of the two prophetic lines through which God will work Though Sarah (people of the book) & Hagar (Muhammad) God tried hard with one line through Jesus, got messed up because of Jesus' followers, so he tried again through line of Hagar Built Ka'bah Highest example of submission to God Near sacrifice of Isaac Departing from Ur of the Chaldeans Fierce advocate for monotheism belief in one God and followed his will; 1st advocate of this

Latino thology

Multiplied conquered people: Mexicans & Jews both experience this Jesus is connected to those who are oppressed Identity defined in relations to a border Mestizo: mixed identity Mexican-American & Galilean-Jew Jesus was neither a pure Jew nor a pure Greek Jesus was a reject who rejected rejection This new unity brings hope

Rashidun

Name for the 4 early Caliphs: trustworthy, rightly-guided ones Consisted of: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali All chosen by different means Good military and all around leaders: emphasizes the bad leaders that followed Ali is best choice by Sunni and Shi'a- for different reasons

Fitra

Natural constitution People are originally good and recognize dependence of God naturally The imprint of God can never be fully destroyed

Issues fragmenting Protestants

Nature of Christian Rites Catholics = Maximalist---Seven Sacraments Tools to develop faith Protestants = Unnecessary and potentially harmful + not clearly biblical Minimalist: not biblical & non-essential => don't do it Still participate in Baptism and Communion, both differ by Protestant family. Different ideas of what baptism and communion should be Head v heart: intellectual v emotional faith Intellectual: Let's have an intellectual background to fortify our understanding of faith to separate us from Catholics Early theologists Emotional: say getting too intellectual can lead us to forget the emotions of the faith. John Edwards would use dramatic language to get people to be emotional and create dramatic acts like fainting to show emotion Public morality: absolutism v individualism Individual: up to you to live up to your morals Absolutism: morality should be a part of the law

Abbasid Dynasty

Non-Arab Muslims and Shias unite to overthrow Umayyads -- creates Abbasid Empire Shias unhappy because of Husayn's massacre New converts/non-Arab Muslims in area wonder why Arabs are in charge The Blood Shedder: 1st caliph of empire Said he wanted to create peace between Umayyads and empire, then sets up wedding with family of Umayyads and massacres them during the ceremony Ie: Game of Thrones' red wedding Implications of empire: Pan-ethnic religion Golden Age of Islamic culture

5 categories of ethical behaviors

Obligatory Required; you will get penalized for not doing them Ex. washing hands before prayer Recommended Rewarded for doing, not punished if not Ex. you should wash your left hand first Permissible Personal preference Ex. red or blue? Doesn't matter! Actions essential for survival: something that would be otherwise forbidden is okay when it is the only option Ex. wine is your only drink available and you will die otherwise Reprehensible God doesn't like it, but you won't be punished Ex. divorce Forbidden (Haram) You will be punished for doing them What is the consequence/penalty? Death penalty (talio) Established penalties Judges discretion Ex. drinking alcohol

Fatwa

Opinion about God's will for a given situation Anyone can write a fatwa Does not mean death penalty

goals of worship in catholicism

Ordered nature of world + God shown in service Follows a schedule, starts on time Goal = participate in ordered and rational ways of God

Oral Traditions Phase

People shared the good news of Jesus' lifetime & death Understanding oral traditions Selective & not systematic traditions Disciples shares things as they were remembered Not a comprehensive account, rather the important parts were chosen Transmitted by non-eyewitnesses Some events had no eyewitnesses Not all disciples / writers were at events Most people did not learn about Jesus from disciples Through the grapevine Oral traditions not static Details change but main message stays the same Predominantly oral w/ written scraps Trusted oral statements more than written ones during the time the eyewitnesses were still alive Warnings of false prophets

Shi'a

People who though Muhammad's successor should have a hereditary connection to Muhammad Candidate: Ali (cousin/brother) Title for head leader = Imam

Sunni

People who thought that Muhammad's successor should be the most qualified candidate Candidate: Abu Bakr (best friend+step father) Title for head leader = Caliph Imam is leader of friday prayer

Four stages in dev. of the Quran

Pre-history (umm al-Kitab) Recitation from the mouth of Muhammad Oral and Written Traditions Final Written Form

christianity and the scientific method

Pre-modern: Only scripture was TRUE and reliable Exploration is a sin Modern: Scientific Method Question everything Empirical observation of the world Systematic doubt Scientific method disproved Bible w/ concrete evidence: opposite of faith Not just blind faith but concrete proof

christianity and capitalism

Pre-modern: price determined by guild/gov't Capitalism: price determined by private individual Few external controls Profoundly anti-Christian Everyone acts in self-interest and greed (top 2 sins) Try to accumulate material goods

christianity and nationalism

Pre-modern: social identity tied to our faith first & then where I live Borders constantly changed but faith didn't French Revolution: religion became a personal preference not a marker of primary personal identity Nationalism became primary market of social identity, religion second Shift toward secular institution and religion becomes privatized

Revivalist movement of Muhammad al-Wahhab

Preacher in Saudi Arabia Purify Islam Islam is holistic Saw things incompatible with how he viewed Islam when he went to Medina Wants to purify Islam such as worshiping at Mohammed's tomb.. take out human traditions and do solely what's in the Quran Holistic state, unite all parts of society (theocracy) Made pact w Muhammad ibn Saud (tribal leader) and conquered Saudi Arabia to dedicate to Quran In Saudi Arabia the Quran is their constitution Wants to combine politics w Islam Kind of like Christian fundamentals, Parallels to Jewish Orthodoxy

Holy Tradiiton

Precedes the bible, fills in gap between Jesus' death and first letters of Paul Ex: doctrine of Original Sin, Definition of the Trinity, etc. Period of ONLY Holy Tradition: 30-50 CE (Jesus' death→ 1st Thessalonians written)

Q

Quella: source for Matthew & Luke Has everything common to Matthew & Luke but not Mark Has never been found

Four sources for Shari'a

Quran When the Quran is clear, fiqh is super easy Sunnah of the Prophet What Muhammad said or did about a subject (WWMD?) Hadiths: written account of the Sunnah Qiyas Analogical reasoning Extrapolating based on what we do know Direct analogy is necessary, not just general principle Acknowledgement that this can be wrong due to human element Ijma Consensus of experts If the entire ulama agrees on anything, it is probably God's will *Sharia is not singular, it is a process

Poetic ambiguity of ARabic

Quran itself recognizes the intentional ambiguity that only God knows meaning The language implicitly contains multiple meanings in language

Definition of Islam

Religion of those who make peace with God

Imam

Religious leader for Shia tribe- overall leader of Islam Leader of friday prayer for Sunni

The Straight PAth

Remember God; maintain relationship with Him We often drift from the path because of distractions as you get older Distractions may not naturally be bad, but causes us to lose focus Jihad = struggle (to be Holy); trying to keep on path Greater jihad = inner battles/bad habits Lesser jihad = external battles

Etymology of Islam

SLM in Arabic means peace

Zamzam Well

Said to be Jacob's well Stage 3 of the Hajj

Influx of Oil Wealth

Saudi Arabia was a poor Wahhabi run country until oil prices skyrocketed in 1970s Overnight Saudi family becomes extremely wealthy Huge wealth disparity in Saudi Arabia between royal family and Saudi people This is exactly what Muhammad was against Problem is not extreme version of religion, but when the extremists get money / power Result: Now Saudis Spend $ to spread wahhabism in schools since Muslims are required to give zakat Irony: America pushes the oil price up due to high demand, so we essentially gave the $ to the family whose trying to get the world to hate America Then we spend $3 trillion boosting military in fighting Islamic extremism Basically we are responsible for spreading Wahhabi Islam

5 aspects of modernity

Scientific revolution Not faith, but scientific method Enlightenment philosophy Not faith, but reason Nationalism Not faith, but nation (as primary identity) Capitalism Not faith, but materialism Globalization Not Christian faith alone (realization that other beliefs have rationality)

Sola Scriptura

Scripture alone Martin Luther's belief that scripture is what matters, not tradition

Umar

Second caliph Appointed by previous caliph (Abu Bakr) The Paul of Islam (he used to be a religious persecutor)

Ashura

Shia holiday to remember the massacre of Husayn by Yazid and Sunnis Called the Penitents: Shia cut themselves in remembrance

Problem of preservation of Multiple traditions

Some Christians wanted to know the exact truth and got hung up on minor issues Church argued the text had deeper meaning, told story of WHO Jesus is, not WHAT he did Each account reveals something deeper about jesus Tatian wanted to read the bible literally, but we should read as a text about who Jesus is, and that is why Tatian is wrong for wanting a single gospel

Eyewitnesses to Gospel Events

Some events had no eyewitnesses Only a few had eyewitnesses Not all disciples were at all events Most people didn't learn about Jesus from disciples Accounts were passed down

Formation of New Testament Canon

Started around 150 CE 200 CE - Gospel, Acts, Letters, and Revelations Most disputed books settled in 367 CE with Letter of Athanasius Determined book by Common usage Support by important Bishops Final full canon = 370 CE

vatican II

Started with Pope John XXIII: was a filler pope but updated everything about the religion 1962-65 Changes in worship Re-focused the clergy on being good pastors Recognized religion as always a choice. Recognized the value of other religions.

Pillar of Jamarat

Symbolic place for stoning Satan

Day of Jesus' Crucifixion

Synoptics (Matthew, Mark, Luke) = 9am on day after Passover John = noon on day of Preparation for the Passover Same time priest sacrifices the lamb

Diatesseron

Tatian's combination of 4 gospels in to gospel of Jesus "Through the four producing one Gospel"

5 characteristics of Allah

Tawhid (oneness). Takbir (transcendence) Omniscence Lord of Creation - Rabb al-'Alamin Compassionate and Merciful Judge on the day of decision (Just)

Apocalyptic Vision of Isis

The end is near! Increased persecution / humiliation are signs that the world is ending Al-Baghdadi proclaims himself Caliphate in 2014 Day of Resurrection: There will be a Cosmic Battle in Dabiq, Syria against New Rome (aka America) God will send an al-Mahdi as a sign of the end times Righteous Remnant: 5000 true Muslims who will engage in the final battle in Jerusalem to usher in Jesus and bring about the Day of Resurrection Problem for ISIS: In 2014, America wasn't fighting ISIS, but apparently there's supposed to be a hude war between them Therefore, ISIS starts taunting Americans with deliberate acts of terror to provoke us and ultimately it works

Inspiration of the New Testament

Theopnuestos: "god-breathed" 1. Is this evidence? Circular reasoning: if you thought that it was inspired by God, the Gospels would be good evidence for inspiration 2. What degree of inspiration? God as a direct role or similar to being inspired artistically (in honor of?) Tupac didn't have a direct role in Moffett's rap 3. Does it refer to the Gospels? 2 Timothy (written by Paul) was written before any of the Gospels The compilation of the Bible as we know it today had not happened yet If it refers to scripture, it refers to the Hebrew Bible (only "Christian" scripture around at the time) 4. Always human element God didn't force the hand of the Gospel writers, they thought about it and wrote it

Umar II and conversion

Umar II was a religious caliph and the reason why the Umayyad empire fell Umar said Islam should be for all of the world, not just Arabs-- first time Muslims encouraged others to embrace religion since early Islam Empire originally didn't want people to convert because of financial incentives (tax base on pagans) Destruction of tax base occurred and the empire went bankrupt

Protestant critique of Catholic Ritual

Unnecessary and potentially harmful Not clearly biblical

progressive response

Update & energize Keep what's core to faith and update everything else Vatican II Contextual theologies Latino theology etc. Recognizing certain experiences give different perspective on Bible

Ayat

Verses in the Quran Literally means "signs"

Compilation of the Qur'an

Was with God in the beginning Muhammad received Recitations Many people memorized certain parts and collected written scraps Zaid ibn Thabit: Muhammad's secretary who memorized and wrote down everything Uthman "organized" the Quran in its final form and made that the only and official copy Added vowels / pronunciation Only took 10 years to compile No translations of Quran: Impossible to convey ambiguity / beauty in other languages Translations introduce human element

New Testament in Islam

Was with God in the beginning Muhammad received Recitations Many people memorized certain parts and collected written scraps Zaid ibn Thabit: Muhammad's secretary who memorized and wrote down everything Uthman "organized" the Quran in its final form and made that the only and official copy Added vowels / pronunciation Only took 10 years to compile No translations of Quran: Impossible to convey ambiguity / beauty in other languages Translations introduce human element

Hadith

Written accounts of Sunnah Problem of forged hadiths: People made up accounts to prove certain points 99% of hadiths were thrown out (72 virgins example)

Orphan Sayings of Jesus

Written scraps of papyrus that having a saying ascribed to Jesus or about Jesus No idea where they came from Didn't make it into any known Gospel Usually written on the back of receipts Confirmation against the idea of a 30 year game of telephone though

Rise of Isis/Relationship to Al Qaeda

al-Zarqawi from Jordan Started Organization for the Oneness and Struggle for God to fight secularism Wanted to fight Saddam Hussein and overthrow Iraq / Jordan govs In 2003, America overthrows Hussein in Iraq and pretty much accomplishes al-Zarqawis job for him Now al-Z wants to fight American influence and pledges himself to Al-Qaeda under Bin Laden in 2004 al-Z killed in 2006 by American missiles Islamic State in Iraq (ISI) begins Decline of extremism between 2007-08 due to stable government In 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is elected leader of ISI Fills leadership with former prisoners from Camp Bucca and former Iraqi military Syrian Civil War: Many different groups (Shi'a, Sunni, extremists, anti-Asad etc) within the country all fighting each other Asad's forces stand back and let them fight each other Jabhat al Nusra: extreme group of the extremist groups Pledges themselves to Al-Qaeda In 2013, extremists of Jahbat al Nusra (Syria) and Islamic State in Iraq (ISI) get together and form ISIS, or Islamic State in Iraq and Syria ISIS easily takes over land due to lack of stability in Islamic world Takes Raqqa as capital and began making 1mil a day in oil sales Ultimately leader of al-Qaeda splits with ISIS because: Targeting fellow Sunni Muslims Failure to listen to al-Qaeda leadership Didn't like their apocalyptic rhetoric

Talio

capital punishment

Sawm

commandment to fast/abstain from food and water during Ramadan during daylight hours to continually remember God and less fortunate. only if able

zakat

commandment to give away 1/40th of net worth to poor or needy because its God's money

salat

commandment to pray 5 times a day (to remember God, how little we are). Jumah= friday afternoon prayers

4 posiitons on Communion

debate on Mark 14:22-24 Catholic = Transubstantiation exchange of substance: bread and wine become complete essence of body and blood of Christ Lutheran = Consubstantiation combine body and blood of Christ WITH bread and wine Spiritual Presence = Holy spirit Reform position: no exchange of combining of Christ Holy bread & holy wine: spirit of God works through substances Zwingli = Remembrance Radical reform position: for you to remember Jesus' sacrifice Just a trigger; can use grape juice & a cracker Many split over what's happening in communion

Haram

forbidden. What is the consequence? 1. death penalty (talio) 2. blood money 3. established penalties 4. Judges discretion

Synoptics v. John

only 10% of John is found in the Synoptics different depiction of Jesus John was written much later (last book) look to Synoptics for early teachings of Jesus

shahada

to testify "there is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet" publicly