US History Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide

Munich Pact

Definition: Britain and France let Hitler have Sudetenland to preserve the peace. Impact: It just postponed WWII for 11 months.

Strategic Bombing

Definition: Destroying Germany's capacity to make war. Example: Tuskegee Airmen, an African American fighter squadron, escorted bombers to protect them from enemy fighter pilots. Impact: Not that successful...Bomber crews suffered a 20 percent casualty rate. But they successfully carried the war into Germany. Took pressure off Soviet armies on the Eastern Front and helped pave the way for an all out Allied offensive

Vietnamization

Definition: Gradual pullout of American troops as the Army of the Republic of Vietnam assumed more combat. Impact: Troops did not receive a warm welcome when they came back home. Vietnamization nor secret bombings of the Ho Chi MInh Trail improved South Vietnam's chances of winning a war against the Communists.

Progressive Beliefs

Definition: Industrialization and urbanization had caused social and political problems. They wanted to use modern ideas and scientific techniques to make society work in a better and more organized way.

Wilson's 14 Points Plan

Definition: President Wilson's War aims. "Peace without Victory" Open diplomacy, Freedom of the seas, independence, let people choose own government, free trade, move towards ending colonialism, general reduction of arms, League of Nations to provide collective security and ensure peace. Impact: The allies were not in favor of Wilson's Fourteen Points. But finally voted to make League of Nations a part of the treaty.

The Great Migration

Definition: The Movement of African Americans from the rural South to the North. They left the South due to Jim Crow segregation laws, and few economic opportunities Impact: did not entirely escape discrimination but did find more job opportunities in factories and plants.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Definition: Were Italian immigrants and known anarchists. They were charged with shooting and killing two men during a holdup at a show factory near Boston. Arrested for robbery based on eyewitness accounts that they "Looked Italian" . Found guilty in trial based on ethnicity more than actual facts. Impact: Sentenced to death in electric chair

SSA

Definition: insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits. Impact: Gave the older generations money and insurance.

Prohibition/18th Amendment

Definition: outlawed manufacturing, distribution and sale of alcohol anywhere in the US. Impact: Led to bootleggers who sold alcohol to consumers, speakeasies, private drinking establishments were formed, growth of organized crime. Eventually, public dissatisfaction with the Eighteenth Amendment grew and Congress finally repealed Prohibition with the 21st amendment.

1920"s Red Scare

Definition: wave of widespread fear of suspected communists and radicals thought to be plotting revolution in the US Impact: People blamed each other for being communist. Scared the whole nation, people were deported,sentenced to death, led to mob attacks of suspected radicals, abused immigrants and committed crimes in the name of justice.

Blacklist

Description: Cannot be hired becuase of suspected communist ties. Impact: Careers of people on the list were shattered. Not until the case of Watkins v United States did the Supreme Court decide that witnesses before HUAC could not be forced to name radicals they knew.

Truman Doctrine

Description: President Truman's promise to aid nations struggling against communist movements Impact: set a new course for foreign policy

civil disobedience

Description: active professed refusals to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government of occupying international power. Impact: In the civil rights movement, it made it clear that people were determined to expand political rights and economic opportunities.

De Facto Segregation

Description: involves a person's actions without a law set in place Impact: denial of jobs and housing

End of the Cold War

Ended in 1991 under the Union Treaty

Ronald Reagan

40th U.S. President. 1981-1989. Republican ; former actor, and oldest person to become President

Causes of WWI (M. A. I. N.)

Definition: M: Militarism: arms race. A: Alliances: set up so that countries in the alliance would protect eachother. but sometimes arguments arise begtween the coutries and could draw all the other allied nations into a fight. I: Imperialism: European nations ruled smaller countries and competed with eachother to get more colonies. N: Nationalism: Pride in one's country. The belief that one's own nation is superior to all others led to European nations to complete to build the largest army and navy. It also gave peoples the idea of forming independent nations.

Supreme Court's Resistance to New Deal

Definition: 1. Determined that the National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional. The power of interstate commerce rests with Congress, not the executive branch. 2. Ruled the Agricultural Adjustment Act was unconstitutional Impact: Roosevelt expected the Court to strike down other New Deal measures, limiting his ability to enact other reforms. FDR wanted to dilute the power of the sitting Justices by adding up to six new justices. Critics accused him of trying to increase presidential power too much and upsetting the balance between three branches of the government. Then the Supreme Court started to vote in his favor and there were some resignations and retirements, so FDR could appoint people that he wanted.

Causes of the Depression

Definition: 1. Stock Market Crash 2. Bank Failures 3.Reduced consumer spending 4. Tariffs closed markets 5. Drought in Mississippi River Valley caused farmers to go into debt. There will never be a fully accepted answer to the question. Impact: unemployment rose to 24.9 percent,hunger, homelessness, bankruptcies, foreclosures

Battle for Stalingrad

Definition: 1942: Hitler wanted to control the rich Caucasus oil fields in the Soviet Union so tried to capture the city of Stalingrad. Impact: It was a ferocious war. German troops advanced slowly, fighting bitter block y block, house by house battles . Soviet troops counterattacked trapping the German forces. Hitler refused to allow his army to retreat even though hey were starving, sick and suffering from frostbite. They finally surrendered on Jan. 31, l943.

Theodore Roosevelt

Definition: 26th President of the US. Became head of Progressive Party, sought to increase presidential power, progressive Republican, Promoted assertive foreign policy (big stick diplomacy), trustbuster, promoted conservation Impact: changed the way Americans viewed the roles of the President and the government. He used his office to carry out Progressive goals. He passed legislation having to do with welfare, government, and conservation. He wanted to make society more far and equal. He helped regulate big business. He developed a strong foreign policy to help America's interests.

William Howard Taft

Definition: 27th President of the United States, offended progressives, sought to rein in presidential power, conservative Republican, Promoted foreign policy through trade and investment (dollar diplomacy), trustbuster, promoted conservation

Woodrow Wilson

Definition: 28th President. Used the power of the presidency to promote strong reforms. He attacked the wall of privilege: tariffs, banks and trusts.

Richard Nixon

Definition: 37th President serving from l969 to l974. His accomplishments: revenue sharing, end of the draft, anticrime laws, appointed conservatives to Supreme Court, Astronauts made first moon landing, reduced tensions with China and the USSR., treaty to limit nuclear weapons, pulled us out of Vietnam, formed the EPA He is known as the only President to resign as he was found to cover up the illegal activities of his administration. Impact: Brought about the end of Cold War, moved nation to the conservative side, fueled a distrust of government leaders,

Bracero Program

Definition: A US partnership with Mexico to bring laborers from Mexico to work on American farms especially in the West.

Neutrality Acts l935-l939

Definition: A series of laws designed to prevent the US from getting involved in a foreign war by clearly stating the terms of US neutrality. Neutrality Acts: l935: prohibited the export of arms ammunition and implements of war" from the US to foreign nations and requiring arms manufacturers in the US to apply for an export license. 1936: Prohibited any loans to belligerent nations l937: US citizens were forbidden from traveling on belligerent ships and US merchant ships could not transport arms even if produced outside the US, all belligerent ships were barred from US waters. Neutrality Act of l937: Belligerent nations were allowed to acquire any items except arms for the US so long as they paid for items and carried them on non US ships: the cash and carry provision Neutrality Act of l939: Lifted the arms embargo and put all trade under the terms of cash and carry. The ban on loans still remained as well as the bar on US ships transporting goods to belligerent ports. Impact: The Cash and Carry provision aided Great Britain and France since they were the only countries that had both the hard currency and ships to make use of "cash-and carry"

Trustbusting

Definition: A term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolies, or "trusts". Impact: May have been a violation of the private property protections in the 5th and 14th amendments. Many Americans were happy with antitrust prosecutions, but at the same time, they liked the consumer benefits the companies' size often provided.

Roosevelt Corollary

Definition: Addition to the Monroe Doctrine shared by President Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in l904. The corollary stated that the US will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries so Europeans don't get directly involved. It was used to justify US intervention throughout the hemisphere. Impact: For the next 15 to 20 years, the US would move into Latin America about a dozen times with military force. It led the US into a period of confrontation with peoples in the Caribbean and Central American that was an important part of American imperialism.

Executive Order 8802

Definition: Assured fair hiring practices in any job funded with government money and established the Fair Employment Practices Committee to enforce these requirements. Impact: by 1944, nearly 2 million African Americans worked in defense industries, although racist practices were still common. The victory encouraged African Americans to join organizations dedicated to promoting equal rights.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Definition: Authorized the President to take all necessary measures to fight a war. it allowed Johnson to send US troops to Vietnam and fight a war against North Vietnam without going to Congress to ask for a declaration of war. Impact: raised questions about the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government.

Eisenhower

Definition: Before he became President, he was given command of all American forces in Europe in l942. He planned the invasion of Normandy. As 34th President of US, he preserved peace and prosperity Impact: Before President, he helped the Allies win WWII. As President, he negotiated an armistice in the Korean War. He did not adopt policies that were not necessary so as not to Jeopardize the strong economic growth in the l950's . He supported the construction of the Interstate Highway System. He knew the nation's defenses were strong, so he didn't spend any more money on defense. Negatives: He let Joe McCarthy get out of hand with him wrongfully accusing people of being communists. He did not speak out in favor of civil rights. He hoped for improved relations with the Soviet Union, but instead got an intensified Cold War. He was unable to get a test-ban treaty.

Allies

Definition: Britain, France and eventually other nations including the Soviet Union, the US and China Impact: between l943-l945, the Allies beat back and ultimately defeated the Axis. WWII ended with the Japanese surrender to the US six years and one day after WWII started.

Sinking of the Lusitania

Definition: British Passenger Liner that was off the coast of Ireland when a German U-boat sank it. Nearly 1,200 people perished. Impact: Germany helped to keep US out of war by not sinking any of the other ships. But Germany violated that promise by sinking an unarmed passenger ships. President Wilson still wanted to stay out of war.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Definition: CIA invasion of Cuba to overthrow Castro Impact: Poorly managed. All but 300 of the 1,400 invaders were killed or captured. Strengthened Castro's position in Cuba. Turned many Cuban Americans against Kennedy.

Antiwar Movement

Definition: Caused by the U.S. citizens seeing the death and destruction on TV and felt that the draft was not fair. Impact: Ultimately led to pulling out of Vietnam

Federal Reserve Act

Definition: Created and established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. Impact: Still in place today....helps protect the economy from having too much money end up in the hands of one person, bank or region.

Cuba/Fidel Castro

Definition: Cuba became communist under Fidel Castro's rule. Impact: We were scared that communism would spread to the states.

Manhattan Project

Definition: Development of the atomic bomb program that cost billions of dollars and employed tens of thousands of people. Impact: The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and led to the end of WWII.

"Credibility Gap"

Definition: Distrust of the government due to lies. Impact: Distrust of the Government by U.S. citizens.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Definition: Eleanor Roosevelt, chairman of the Commission on Human Rights at the UN, guided the drafting of the 1948 document defining the rights that belonged to all people in the world. It condemned slavery and torture, upheld freedom of speech and religion and affirmed that everyone has a right to an adequate standard of living. Impact: It was difficult to enforce, but through the UN set up a refugee agency to help people displaced by the war, aided the move away from colonialism, helped to create the Jewish state of Israel, mediated regional conflicts and provided food and other aid to much of the world. Some Americans thought that decisions of the UN undermined US sovereignty.

Immigration Act of 1920 and 1924

Definition: Established a quota system for immigrants. the number of immigrants of a given nationality each year could not exceed 2 percent of the number of people of that nationality in the US. It intentionally limited people from southern and eastern Europe. Excluded most Asian immigrants. It was based on Eugenics (improving gene pool by encouraging reproduction of people seen as having desirable traits.) , social Darwinism and nativist sentiments. Impact: Immigration significantly drops.

Rationing

Definition: Factories were making goods needed for war, so consumer products became scarce. Americans were issued coupon books that limited the amount of certain goods that they could buy as a form of economic control. Impact: Rationing of food and raw materials created shortages that Americans could not help but notice. so Americans dealt with the problem by carpooling to work, recycling tires, and growing food in Victory Gardens. Some created a black market...and underground network for the sale of restricted goods.

Yalta Conference

Definition: Feb. 1945 Strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin to discuss postwar Germany, Eastern Europe and Asia. Impact: At first all agreed that Poland, Bulgaria and Romania would hold free elections. However, Stalin later reneged on this promise. Stalin agreed to help in the war against Japan.

Black Cabinet

Definition: First all black chair members in the White House. Included blacks who had high positions in the Department of the Interior and a federal judge. Impact: Tried to move towards civil rights and equality. However, progress was often blocked with racial discrimination and injustice

Allied Powers

Definition: France, Britain, Russia, Serbia, Italy, Japan, United States. Allied in opposition to the Central Powers Impact: If they declared war, their allies were obligated to fight along with them.

Indian New Deal

Definition: Gave Indians economic assistance and greater control over their own affairs. Included construction of new schools and hospitals, encouraged practice of religions, native languages and customs. Centerpiece of Deal was Indian Reorganization Act of l934 which restored tribal control over Native American land. Impact: Gave Native Americans greater control over their destiny. Some New Deal measures caused resentment. Indian sheep were causing soil erosion. So the federal government said that the Navajo needed to sell or kill the sheep. The Navajo didn't think this was necessary, so they didn't trust the government.

19th Amendment

Definition: Gave women the right to vote. Impact: Allowed women to vote.

19th Amendment

Definition: Gave women the right to vote. Impact: Millions of women voted for the first time on November 2, l920. The amendment inspired the development of the civil rights movement of the 20th century.

Holocaust

Definition: Genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and collaborators persecuted and killed Jews. The Nazis believed that Germans were racially superior and that Jews were "inferior" and were a threat to the so-called German racial community. They also targeted Gypsies and mentally or physically disabled patients. Impact: 6 million Jews were killed. 200,000 Gypsies were killed. 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans who lived in institution settings.

Zimmerman Note

Definition: German Foreign Minister Arthru Zimmermann sent a telegram to Mexico proposing an alliance with Mexico stating if the US declares war on Germany, then Mexico would declare war on the US. In return, after a German victory, Mexico would get back TX, NM and AZ. Telegram was intercepted by the British who gave it to American authorities. Impact: Americans were shocked by the note. Wilson no longer called for peace. On April 2, l917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany.

Central Powers

Definition: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Bonded together out of national pride and for revenge for previous losses

Welfare State

Definition: Government assumes responsibility for providing for the welfare of children and the poor, elderly,sick, disabled and unemployed. Impact: change in government policy. Federal government, not state or local was responsible for the welfare of all Americans. Expanded role of federal government. Opponents thought that it limited American rights. Debate over the role of the federal government in the lives of citizens continues today.

Draft for the Vietnam War/Resisters

Definition: Had to register for the draft at age 18. More than 1.5 million men were drafted during the Vietnam War. Some resisters didn't think the draft was fair. It gave boards influence for selecting men for service and granted deferments to college students who worked in certain occupations. Most of the men who served in Vietnam came from working class and poor backgrounds. Impact: There were protests on College Campuses. and antiwar activities, development of Student for a Democratic Society organization to campaign against the war.

Hitler's Aggression/Appeasement)

Definition: He enlarged the German army, navy and air force in direct defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. He reclaimed the Saar region from French control, sent German troops into Rhineland, took advantage of the lack of commitment of France, Britain and the US and brought Austria into the Reich. Next he took Sudetenland, a portion of western Czechoslovakia that was populated by ethnic Germans. Impact: League of Nations failed to respond. Appeasements: granting concessions to an enemy in the hope that peace could be maintained only made the fascist leaders to become more bold, adventurous and aggressive.

Henry Ford/Assembly Line

Definition: Henry Ford hired Scientific management experts to improve his mass-production techniques and studied techniques at the meatpacking houses where carcasses moved on chains past meat cutters each of whom cut off a pedific part of the carcass. Ford reversed the process. He put his cars on moving assembly lines. At each step a worker added something to construct the automobile. Impact: Efficiency of assembly line allowed Ford to keep dropping the sale price so that ordinary people could afford a car, not just rich people

Herbert Hoover

Definition: Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States. For many years, Hoover was held in low esteem blaming him for the Great Depression and criticizing his efforts to solve the crisis. He pushed self-reliance and not government intervention as millions of people suffered. But he was in favor of some government interventions such as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) that gave over a billion dollars of government loans to railroads and large businesses. He also called for construction of the Hoover Dam. He had a reputation as a humanitarian in WWI by leading hunger relief efforts in Europe. Impact: The RFC was not administered properly and money did not trickle down to the people who needed it the most. The Hoover Dam brought much needed employment to the Southwest during the 1930's. However, historians do not see him as a great President.

Hiroshina/Nagasaki

Definition: In l945, Truman approved dropping an atomic bomb on HIroshima and Nagasaki to save American lives and end the war. Impact: On August 6, l945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. 60,000 people died. On August 9, l945, the same day that the Soviets declared war on Japan, the US dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki. 35,000 people died. Over time, the radiation caused burns, cancer, birth defects and other illnesses.

KKK

Definition: Initially formed during Reconstruction to terrorize African Americans and eventually promoted hatred of Jews, Catholics and immigrants. They also came to oppose labor unions, lawbreaking and immorality. Impact: Killed many minorities and scared many people. Led to the NAACP and other anti-defamation leagues battling against the Klan and values. Klan eventually became less significant after corruption in the group was exposed: bribes, lying, second degree murder charges against leader who ended up going to prison.

Muckrakers

Definition: Investigative journalists that told about the uglier side of life (i.e.poverty, corruption, poor working conditions) Impact: The stories upset Americans and motivated them to push for reforms to cure ills

Cuba

Definition: Island off of the coast of Florida. Initially controlled by Spain. Gained independence after the Spanish American War. In the late 1800's Americans invested in sugar cane plantations. Cubans started a war for independence from Spain. Americans felt like the Cuban struggle reminded them of the American revolution. Business owners were worried that their business ventures were threatened. Impact: Americans were motivated to take part in the Spanish American War

Japanese Internment

Definition: Japanese American men, women and children were transported to camps in isolated locations such as Poston, Arizona and Jermone, Arkansas. Impact: Families suffered physically and psychologically from poor living conditions, underfunded schools, food shortages and substandard medical care. Some Japanese Americans were US citizens and went to court to fight for their rights. However, the Supreme Court upheld the government's wartime internment policy. Not until l988, did the government offer an apology and $20,000 payments to surviving internees.

Potsdam Conference

Definition: July, l945 conference between Stalin, Truman and Churchill to negotiate terms for the end of WWII Impact: Germany was divided into four zones of occupation: Soviet, American, British and French. The agreed to new borders and free elections for Poland, recognized the Soviets' right to claim reparations for war damages from the German sector they controlled. Stalin promised again to enter the war against Japan.

1968: King and Kennedy Assassinations

Definition: King was killed by a racist assassin. Kennedy was killed by a Palestinian immigrant who may have wanted revenge for American's support for Israel in that country's war with Egypt the year before. Impact: Cast a dark shadow on the election campaigns.

Dust bowl

Definition: Known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms in the 1930's that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US. Impact: Farmers lost farms to the banks and had nowhere to live. Most left for CA, OR, or WA. They often faced fierce competition for jobs from Mexican American, Filipino and other workers. Many gave up farming and went to coastal cities to find factory work or join the military. Rural states lost population and large cities gained population. The big operation farmers in the Great Plains were able to buy cheap land and expand operations. The government gave assistance with Dam projects that made irrigation possible for the Great Plains farms.

Jane Addams/Settlement Houses

Definition: Leading figure in the settlement house movement. Opened Hull house in Chicago. Purpose of houses was to provide social services to the urban poor. Impact: improved social and economic life of poor people. Inspired other women to become social workers. Addams branched out and become politically active working to promote laws for labor and tenement houses. She also worked for women's suffrage and world peace.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Definition: Looked towards equality for all. Used her enormous influence to help form the UN, advance human rights, second-wave feminism Impact: Helped shape many laws set in place for civil rights.

My Lai Massacre

Definition: Many American troops had been injured and killed by Vietcong Fighters dressed as civilians. When the US came upon the village of My Lai, it started shooting and killing unarmed civilians. 400-500 Vietnamese were killed. Lt. Calley who led the attack said he was following orders, but other soldiers said otherwise. Impact: Americans were shocked at the massacre, the cover up and the ultimate conviction of the Lieutenant Calley who led the attack. It fueled antiwar protests.

Rural to Urban Migration

Definition: Many people who lived in the rural areas moved to the city to have greater economic opportunites. Impact: Huge population growth in cities, improved living standards and employment opportunities for migrants.

Langston Hughes

Definition: Most powerful African American literary voice of his time. He celebrated African American culture and life. Impact: He helped form the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920's. and captured the diversity of every day African American life with 50 works of fiction, poetry and journalism.

NAACP

Definition: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Impact: helped middle class blacks struggle for political and social justice.

CCC

Definition: New Deal program that provided jobs for more than 2 million young men. they replanted forests,, built trials, dug irrigation ditches and fought forest fires. FDR's favorite program. Impact: successfully provided jobs and later expanded to include work and training to Mexican Americans, other minorities and whites.

First New Deal

Definition: New Deal was a series of programs enacted between l933-l939 . It focused on relief, recovery and reforem. It took action to bring economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labor and housing, increasing the scope of the federal government activities. (enacted AAA, CWA, CCC, FERA, FDIC, NIRA, NYA, PWA, REA, TVA, NLRB,) Impact: They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933-1937) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. They pulled the US away from the brink of economic, social and political disaster and lay the foundation for future stability and prosperity.

Pentagon Papers

Definition: New York Times put out classified papers in their article about America's involvement in Vietnam. The study revealed that American leaders involved the US in Vietnam without fully informing the American people and even lied to Congress. Impact: More distrust within the citizens of the United States.

Flappers

Definition: Non conformist women who acted and wore things differently. For example, they wore short skirts and rouged cheeks and had hair cropped in a bob. Impact: It emphasized women wanting more control over their lives.

D-Day Invasion

Definition: On June 6, l944, the Allies invade Western Europe in the largest amphibious attack in history in Normandy, France. Impact: Was the beginning of the end for Germans and Hitler. The Allies gained ground in France and ultimately moved into Germany. It forced the Germans to fight a two front war because the Soviets were also coming after the Germans. The Germans could not handle war on both sides of them.

Domino Theory

Definition: One country falls to communism all others around it do to. Impact: Scared U.S.

Fireside Chats

Definition: One of a series of radio broadcasts made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the nation, beginning in 1933. Impact: Brought safety and courage for the United Stated population.

Treaty of Versailles

Definition: One of the peace treaties at the end of WWI it ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Signed on June 28, l919. Germany had trouble accepting the "war guilt" clause and having to pay reparations. The US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, because they were worried that the US would get caught up in unnecessary foreign conflict. Impact: Germany had to pay reparations and crippled German Economy, German boundaries were reassigned, Germany had to accept guilt for war leading to animosity by the Allies, limited size of Germany army, created a bond of nationalism in Germany and a desire to become a major power once again.

Yellow Journalism

Definition: Over-exaggerating the truth in a paper. Just before the Spanish American War, newspaper stories exaggerated the bad things Spain was doing to Cubans and compared Cuban rebels to the patriots of the American Revolution. Impact: Made Americans have negative attitudes towards Spain leading to support of the US in the Spanish-American War.

Wilson's "Peace Without Victory"

Definition: President Wilson's idea of the end of WWI being about peace and freedom and not about acquisitions and imperialism. Impact: Did not inspire the other Allied leaders at the peace conference. They blamed Germany for starting the war and demanded that Germany make payments for war damages. The British wanted to keep their colonies. The French wanted the return of Alsace-Lorraine and other key German colonies. Other allies had goals of their own and were skeptical of Wilson's grand vision.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Definition: President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. 32nd President of the US. Longest tenure in American History. Did more to change American society and politics than any of his predecessors other than Lincoln. Came up with a "New Deal" policy to combat the depression. He rallied Americans in support of a massive war effort at home and abroad. Connected with American people through "firesdie chats". Impact: His responses to the challenges he faced with the Great Depression and the rise of Germany and Japan made him a defining figure in American history. by implementing a variety of innovative policies(FDIC, CCC, NRA, PWA) pulled the US away from the brink of economic, social and perhaps political disaster and lay the foundation for future stability and prosperity. FDR changed foreign relations so that the US became a global power with global responsibilities. His "fireside chats" shaped the image of President as caretaker of the American people. He also expanded the President's duties to not only include those of chief executive, but also chief legislator (drafter of policy). He enhanced the capacity of the presidency to meet new responsibilities.

Legacy of the Progressives

Definition: Progressives felt that government could be a tool for change. Impact: 1. voter's influence expanded with the initiative, referndum and recall and the 17th and 19th amendments. 2. Federal government offered more protection to Americans but at the same time gained more control over people's lives. 3. Antitrust laws, the Federal Reserve board have close watch over the economy. 4. Natural resources managed. But debates exist about federal action on dams, national parks and resource use.

Square Deal

Definition: Roosevelt's program that had three goals: Conservation of natural resources, control of corporations and consumer protection. It sought to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor.

Ho Chi Minh

Definition: Ruler of North Vietnam was also communist. Impact: By the end of the war he took over all of Vietnam.

Temperence Movement

Definition: Social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Impact: hoped it would improve family life. But it led to bootlegging that was controlled by organized crime.

Anti-German Prejudice

Definition: Some German Americans were being treated in a mean way during WWI. The CPI efforts painted Germany as cruel through movies, speeches and posters. Impact: People started to think that if Germany was cruel, then all German people were cruel. Americans stopped teaching German in school and playing music of Beethoven and Brahms. German Americans were pressured to find fault with the German government, stop speaking German or read German newspapers. Some German Americans were bullied.

Rise of Dictators (Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini)

Definition: Stalin: took Lenin's place as head of the Communist Party in Russia. Cruel..did not think twice about killing rivals or sentencing innocent people to death. Propaganda painted him as a kind, father figure and masked his labor camps or consequences of any resistance to his rule. Mussolini: Italian leader who founded the Fascist Party that promised to restore efficiency and order to make Italy great again. Fearing revolution, the King of Italy asked Mussolini to form a government. He took control of the government and army and took away freedoms: outlawed political parties, took over the press, created a secret police and organized youth groups to indoctrinate the young and suppress strikes. Opposed liberalism and socialism. Hitler: Leader of the Nazi party...a failed artist, wounded and decorated WWI soldier and teetered on the brink of madness. Anti Semitic. The shattered German economy played into the Nazi hands as he promised that Germany would rise again from giving reparations and living in an economic depression. He was a symbol of his totalitarian regime. His economic policies including rearmament and public works projects ended the depression in Germany which increased his support. Used brainwashing and popaganda and terror to keep people supporting him. Impact: Great Depression let to brutal dictatorships-totalitarian state. Let by brutal dictators willing to use acts of aggression to invade other nations in order to enhance their own power.

Tet Offensive

Definition: Surprise Attack on South Vietnam cities and U.S. troops on the Vietnam New Years in early 1968. The communists planned to take and hold the cities until the urban population took up arms in their support. Impact: the US and South Vietnamese forces repelled the offensive and there was no popular uprising against the government of South Vietnam. Before the offensive, the US citizens thought we were winning the war. It was a blow to the US and demonstrated that the communists had not lost the will or ability to fight on. US lost faith in the government.

Election of l912

Definition: Taft-Roosevelt battle over trusts split the Republican party between Taft (Republican) and Roosevelt ( Progressive Party) vs the Democrat Wilson. Impact: Democrat Wilson won the Presidential vote. First man born in the south to win the presidency in 60 years.

Germany Surrenders

Definition: The Allies reached the Elbe River 50 miles west of Berlin. The Soviets reached the Oder River outside Berlin. The Germans were surrounded. Mussolini was executed. Hitler was a physical wreck and ignored by his troops and committed suicide. Germany realized all was lost and surrendered in a French schoolhouse that served as Eisenhower's headquarters on May 7, l945. Impact: There was a second stage of WWII. Tokyo was bombed on March, l945 and atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of l945. Japan officially surrendered on the USS Missouri in September of l945. WWII was finally over. Even though the Allies, celebrated victory the costs of war became clear: 60 million people died. Cities, factories, farms and roads lay in ruins and many refugees were homeless.

FDIC

Definition: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Impact: It provided deposit insurance, which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks, currently up to $250,000* per depositor per bank.

NAWSA

Definition: The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was formed on February 18, 1890 to work for women's suffrage in the United States. Impact: helped women win the right to vote in NY, MI and OK

Bonus Army

Definition: Thousands of US World War I veterans marched on Washington DC demanding solutions to their money problems. Impact: House of Reps agreed to pass a bill to provide early payment of bonuses, but it was defeated in the Senate in mid-June. Some marchers left;some stayed. A riot broke out when police tried to evict the marchers. The army was ultimately called in and tear gassed and hit the veterans with bayonets. Many vets were injured. This display of force made Hoover look bad even though he didn't order the use of force. He didn't win the next election.

DuBois v. Washington

Definition: Two different views on African American civil rights. Washington thought blacks should move slowly towards racial progress. He believed in economic independence before civil rights. He thought African Americans should prove themselves equal to white people. DuBois felt that African Americans should demand civil rights immediately or become permanent victims of racism. Impact: Only DuBois had a big impact on the ways African Americans and concerned white people thought about equality. It led to the development of the NAACP and the Urban League helping Aftrican Americans strive for political and social justice.

War in the Philippines

Definition: US helped Phillipinos gain independence. Impact: US stayed too long and started to control them, so the Phillipinos rebelled. We engaged in guerrilla warfare with the Phillipinos. Utimately, Taft became governor of the Phillipines to try to help the islands recover from the rebellion. He censored the press and put dissidents in jail to maintain order. He extended limited self rule. He started construction of roads, bridges and schools and established a public health system for Filipinos. In l916, the Jones Act was passed that would let Phillipinos ultimates gain their independence. This happened after WWII.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Definition: US intelligence discovered that the Soviets were building nuclear missile sites in Cuba apparently to protect Castro from another American invasion. Kennedy arranged for a blcokade of Cuba to prevent the Soveits from completing the bases. Kennedy also worked toward a diplomatic settlement indicating that he would remove US missiles in Turkey and Italy if the Soviets removed their missiles in Cuba. The Soviet leader, Khrushchev agreed to honor the blockade and remove the missiles. Impact: US was concerned that the major East coast cities and the Panama Canal would be in range of the missiles. Kennedy was admired for how he handled the crisis with calm and confidence. The crisis led to a relaxing of tensions between the leaders. it also led to the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty which ended aboveground nuclear tests.The US, Great Britain, Soviet Union and 36 other nations signed the agreement.

Island Hopping

Definition: WWII strategy that involved seizing selected Japanese-held islands in the Pacific while bypassing others. Impact: Japanese fought hard and readily killed themselves rather than surrender (kamikaze pilots deliberately crashed their planes into American ships). 3,000 deaths of Japanese pilots. It did not stop Mac Arthur form retaking the Philippines or the US Navy from sinking Japanese ships. We fought hard and took over Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Then we bombed Tokyo. Japan was defenseless and ultimately surrendered after the atomic bomb hit Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Spanish-American War

Definition: War between US and Spanish in l898. after the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, the US took part in the Cuban War of Independence. Lasted three months. Treaty of Paris ended the war. Impact: Pros: Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. US acquired the Phillipines for $20 million. Guam and Puerto Rico become part of US territory. US becomes new player in world politics. Cons: Phillipines fought for independence from US and we ended up losing ten times more troops than in the Spanish American war. US starts clashing with China and Japan.

Vietnam

Definition: We supported France wanting Vietnam to be its colony. US felt that they were containing the spread of Communism. We took part in the Vietnam War. The communist regime of North Vietnam and southern allies the Viet Cong fought agaisnt South Vietnam and the US as its ally. It was an unpopular war. We withdrew our forces in l973. Impact: Vietnam was unified under Communist control. More than 3 million people including 58,000 Americans were killed in the conflict.

WPA

Definition: Works Progress Administration Impact: Employed millions of unemployed people. ,nb

League of Nations

Definition: World Organization where countries could gather and promote world peace and sort out disputes. Founded in l920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI. Part of Wilson's 14 points. US never joined the Leavue of Nations Impact: It had weaknesses by America's refusal to join it. It had a weak charter...no standing army and no real power to enforce its decrees. Ultimately led to the formation of the United Nations.

Upton Sinclair/The Jungle

Definition: Wrote about the rough lives of immigrants working in Chicago stockyards and the unsanitary conditions in the industry Impact: prompted regulations to protect food safety

The Harlem Renaissance

Definition: a period during the l920's when African American novelists, poets and artists celebrated their culture. Impact: Helped give a new vocabulary and dynamic to race relations in the United States.

Trench Warfare

Definition: a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing eachother. Impact: Soldiers had to battle harsh conditions that led to "trench foot" a fungal infection of the foot from prolonged exposure to damp, cold conditions, and poor hygiene. Could lead to gangrene and amputation, Also lice from the rats in the trenches, millions killed

Espionage Act

Definition: allowed postal quthorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines or printed materials from the mail. Also issued severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activities ( punished with a $10,000 fine and 20 years of prison) Impact: 1st amendment, freedom of speech, was compromised.

Impact of the automobile

Definition: boom in automotive industry caused in part by Ford's production efficiencies Impact: Caused economic grothw in other industries related to car manufacture or sue: steel, glass, rubber, asphalt, wood, petroleum. Also, road construction boomed. Other forms of transportation such as railroads and trolleys declined in use, prompted a new sense of freedom and prosperity, changed residential patterns. Suburban communities developed and were linked to cities where people worked with highways and roads

Douglas Mac Arthur

Definition: commander of the US States Army forces in East Asia to battle against Japanese getting a foothold in Asia and the Pacific. Impact: Struggled to hold positions in the Philippines but MacArthur and troops fell back form Manila to the Bataan Peninsula. Then Roosevelt ordered him to leave and take command of Army in Southwest Pacific. After he left, the remaining Allied forces held out until April, l941, when they had to surrender. Japanese forced Americans and Filipino troops to walk more than 60 miles while sick and malnourished (Bataan Death March) Went against the Geneva Convention Rules about treatment of prisoners of war and wounded soldiers.

Kennedy's Flexible Response

Definition: defense policy allowing for the appropriate action in any type of conflict. Impact: Kennedy gave increased funding to US Army and Navy forces as well as to Army Special Forces such as the Green Berets.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Definition: fought first as an American ally against the Spanish. Then led an insurrection against America in favor of Filipino self rule. Impact: Led to independence of the Philipines

Organized Crime

Definition: illiegal behvior that is planned and carried out by groups of people in a very systematic fashion. Mafia or mob Impact: They sold alcohol to private citizens and branched out to other "businesses" such as prostitution, drugs, robbery and murder.

Atomic Bomb

Definition: in the l930's , scientists learned how to split the nuclei of certain elements. The process of nuclear fission released tremendous energy. Impact: Led to the development of the atomic bomb that fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and led the the end of WWII.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Definition: job was to educate the public about the causes and nature of the war and to convince the Americans that the war effort was worth it. Impact: The efforts of using pamphlets and press releases, speakers, and posters, gained widespread support for the war effort.

Alice Paul

Definition: leader of the suffrage movement. Used drastic steps to give women the right to vote. Formed the National Women's Party which used public protest marches and hunger strikes. Impact: It drew attention to the right to vote for women and made less radical groups like the NAWSA look more tame.

Axis Powers

Definition: led by Germany, Italy and Japan Impact: Started WWII with the German invasion of Poland in l939.

Blitzkrieg

Definition: means "lightning war". A style of warfare that emphasized the use of speed and firepower to penetrate deep into the enemy's territory. The newest military technologies made it very effective. Impact: Germany used blitzkrieg...a coordinated assault by tanks and planes to surprise Poland from three directions. It broke through Poland's defenses and destroyed its air force.

Imperialism (causes)

Definition: policy by which strong nations extend their political, military and economic control over weaker territories. Causes: 1. desire for raw materials and natural resources. 2. nations wanted to demonstrate their power and prestige to the world. 3. White men thought it was their duty to civilize nations in Africa and Asia. 4. Nations hoped to spread their government ideal of democracy. 5. God granted right and responsibility to settle foreign lands. Impact: Positive: unified nations, better medical care and sanitation, higher literacy rates, better schools and hospitals, helped colonies build infrastructure and transportation, Exposed to science and technology, Negative: natives lost control of land, independence, religion, customs, languages, Expanded population which resulted in famine, natives died of diseases and from rebellion, over exploitation of resources of colony, feeling inferiority,

Wagner Act ( National Labor Relations Act)

Definition: recognized the right of employees to join labor unions and gave workers the right to collective bargaining (employers had to negotiate with unions about hours, wages, and working conditions). Impact: Helped to raise the standard of living for American Industrial workers which improved the entire economy.

Hawaii/Queen Liluokalani

Definition: resented the power of white planters who owned much of Hawaiian land. She abolished the constitution that had given political power to the white minority. Impact: The US planters overthrew the queen . The US Marines helped the rebels seize power. The new government headed by Dole, asked President Harrison to annex Hawaii to the US.. It did not happen until McKinley's administration.

Second New Deal

Definition: second stage, 1935-36, of the New Deal addressed the problems of the elderly, the poor, and the unemployed; created new public-works projects;helped farmers; and helped protect workers' rights. It still focused on relief, recovery, reform, but with more of a longer-term focus. (Included WPA, SSA, Wagner Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, CIO) Impact:

Stock Market Crash

Definition: sudden dramatic decline of stock prices over a cross section of the stock market resulting in a big loss of paper wealth. The most significant one, in 1929, followed a peak in stocks that more than quadrupled in value. some people were investing with money they did not even have in hopes of turning a quick profit. Then the prices started to fall. Nervous investors started to sell. On Black Tuesday, October 29, l929, the bottom fell out. Billions of dollars were lost. Impact: It showed a rare extreme in the nations' business cycle and a turning point in the American economy. Destroyed the hopes and economic hopes of millions of U.S. citizens. Led to Great Depression.

Pearl Harbor

Definition: surprise attack by Japan on the site of the US Navy's main Pacific base. Their mission was to destroy the US naval and air presence in the Pacific to prevent Americans from resisting Japanese expansion. Impact: 2,500 US soldiers killed, and the US battle fleet was out of commission for nearly six months. Luckily, many of the important ships survived as a result of the leader of Japan being too conservative and canceling a third wave of bombers and refusing to seek out the aircraft carriers. Japan could access the raw materials of their newly conquered territories just as they had planned.

USS Maine

Definition: the battleship USS Maine blew up in Havana harbor. 266/350 people died. Newspapers accused Spain of blowing up the battleship. But it was never proven. Impact: led to the involvement of the US in the Spanish American War.

Women's Suffrage

Definition: the struggle for the right of women to vote and run for office. It also created higher expectations for women. Impact: Women got the right to vote, went to college and started entering male dominated fields like law, medicine, clergy and corporate. Got higher salaries.

Seneca Falls Convention (l848)

Definition: was the first women's rights convention. Impact: Started the beginning of the women's movement in the U. S.

Civil Rights Act of l964

Description: 1. Banned segregation in public accommodations. 2. Gave the federal government the ability to compel state and local school boards to desegregate their schools. 3. Allowed the Justice Department to prosecute individuals who violated people's civil rights 4. Outlawed discrimination in employment on account of race, color, sex or national origin. 5. Established the EEOC which is responsible for enforcing the provisions and investigating charges of job discrimination. Impact: Led to voting rights act of l965. Black voter registration went from under 7 percent in 1965 to over 70 percent in l967. Over time, it led to growing equality in women's rights, disability rights, gay rights and immigrant rights across the country.

Korean War

Description: Began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The UN with the US as the main force, came to the aid of south Korea. China, with the assistance of the Soviet Union came to the aid of North Korea. The war arose from the division of Korea at the end of WWII and from the global tensions of the Cold War that developed afterwards. Impact: After two months, the South Korean forces were on the point of defeat. A UN counterattack cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those who escaped capture were forced back all the way to the border with China. Then Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River and entered the war. Chinese forces triggered a retreat of UN forces. When peace talks threatened to fail, President Eisenhower hinted that he might introduce nuclear weapons into the conflict. That warning, along with the death of Stalin, convinced the communists to settle. A cease fire was signed in l953.

Freedom Rides

Description: 1961: protest by activists who rode buses through southern states to test their compliance with the ban on segregation on interstate buses. Impact: After leaving Anniston, Alabama, segregationists firebombed one of the buses. When the second bus arrived in Birmingham, a white mob attacked the riders. Both incidents were captured on TV. Kennedy intervened. He worked out a deal with Mississippi leaders to have police and state troopers protect the riders. The Federal Transportation Commission also issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation. In exchange, the Kennedy administration agreed not to intervene when Mississippi authorities arrested the activists and sentenced them to jail for disturbing the peace. The riders achieved their goal. They compelled a reluctant federal government to act. The riders also showed that intimidation would not defeat the movement.

John F. Kennedy

Description: 35th president of the US. He was the youngest man and first Catholic to hold office. He was a very popular president because of good looks, charm and great speaking style. In l963, he was assasinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas. Impact: He did help to further the civil rights movement, but most of the legislation he started did not become law during his presidency.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Description: 36th President of the US. After a short time teaching, he got involved in politics. He was a senator from Texas and then Kennedy's running mate in the l960 election. After Kennedy was assassintated, he became President. He was adept at avoiding conflict, building political coalitions and working out compromises. He promoted civil rights, voting rights, space program, health care, war on poverty. His inability to end the conflict in Vietnam cast a shadow on his presidency and led to him not choosing to run for reelection in l968. Impact: 1. Civil Rights Act became law 2. Billion Dollar War on poverty 3.. Economic Opportunity Act creating the Job corps for young men and women between the ages of 16 and 21. 4. VISTA: Volunteers into poverty stricken areas. 5. Head Start: helped underprivileged children get ready for elementary school. 6. Medicare/Medicaid 7. Immigration and Nationality Act of l965.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Description: A few days after Rosa Parks actions, a core of civil rights activists in Montgomery, AL organized a one-day bus boycott. They called for the black community to refuse to ride the buses as a way to show opposition to Parks' arrest. and segregation in general. Impact: It was a success because it gave African Americans the confidence they could change things and made Martin Luther King and nonviolent protests important in the civil rights movement.

Marshall Plan

Description: A foreign policy that offered economic aid to Western European countries after WWII Impact: It provided $13 billion in grants and loans to nations in Western Europe. The program provided foot to reduce famine, fuel to heat houses and factories and money to jump start economic growth. Aid was offered to Satellite states, but Stalin refused it.

Malcom X

Description: African American radical who had a difficult childhood and ended up in jail for burglary charges at age 21. While in prison, he became a convert to the Nation of Islam, a religious group that forbade drugs and alcohol and demanded separation of the races. After he got out of prison, he became the Nation of Islam's most prominent minister. He challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent approaches. He urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression by any means possible. He called for Black pride and black nationalism. He later broke away from the Nation of Islam and went to Mecca. After the trip, he seemed willing to consider limited acceptance of whites. In l965, he was shot and killed. Impact: He laid the foundation for the Black Power movement of the late l960's and 70's.

George Wallace

Description: Alabama Governor who was for segregation. Kept two African American college students form going into the University of Alabama and wanted to block integration of Alabama schools. Impact: President Kennedy ordered the Alabama National Guard to come in to allow for the students to go to school. Led to Kennedy's proposal for sweeping civil rights legislation.

Dr. King

Description: American Baptist Minister, activist, humanitarian and leader in the civil rights movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs. Impact: He organized nonviolent protests in Alabama and the March on Washington where he delivered his famous "I have a Dream" speech. He established himself as one of the greatest orators in American history.

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Description: American politician who served as a Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, AL. He enforced racial segregation and denied civil rights to black citizens especially during the SCLC in Birmingham, AL. which made him an international symbol of racism. He directed the use of fire hoses,and police attack dogs against civil rights activists all shown on TV. Impact: His actions led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of l964.

Rosa Parks

Description: An African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Impact: It was a form of nonviolent protest and an influential moment in the civil rights movements struggle for equality of political rights. Led to other acts in the civil rights movement.

OPEC/Oil Embargo

Description: Arabs formed OPEC (Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) embargo on Oil begins in Oct. l973 in response to the US support of Israel during the l973 Arab war against Israel. Impact: Since we rely on imports for 1/3 of our energy, prices went up 400 percent in a single year. Gas lines stretched for blocks. sales of small cars increased, 55 mph became speed limit, daylight savings time is year round, thermostats set at 65 degrees, 10 gallon limit on gas purchases.

March on Washington

Description: August 28, l963 about 200,000 people...young and old, black and white, from different classes and religious backgrounds came. It was peaceful and festive with street entertainers. The highlight was Martin Luther King's " I have a Dream" speech. Impact: It was one of the largest political demonstrations in US History. It increased awareness of the civil rights movement and built momentum for the passage of civil rights legislation.

Interstate Highway Act

Description: Authorized funds to build 41,000 miles of highway consisting of multilane expressways that would connect the nation's major cities. Impact: It would carry the nation's growing auto traffic, boost economic prosperity and provide a valuable transportation network to strengthen national defense. It turned out to be the biggest expenditure on public works in history.

Voting Rights Act of l965

Description: Banned literacy test, and let the federal government oversee voting registration and elections in states that had discriminated against minorities. Impact: voter registration jumped from under 7 percent in l964 to about 70 percent in l986. The number of African American elected officials rose from fewer than 100 to more than 6,000 by the mid-1980's.

Brown v. Board of Education

Description: Case the NAACP took on that argued that segregated public education violated the US Constitution. Impact: Court ruled that Separate but equal has no place and violates the US constitution

Immigration and Nationality Act of l965

Description: Changed quota system and allowed for up to 170,00 immigrants from Eastern Hemishphere and up to 120,000 from Western Hemisphere per year. Impact: Immigrants from Latin America, Central America, Caribbean, and Asia began to pour into the US with ideas, talents and skills. Some sought economic opportunity. Others were fleeing social unrest or religious freedom. New York and the urban East and West coasts attracted many of the newest immigrants.

Mao Zedong

Description: Chinese Communist leader supported by the Soviet Union. Impact: By promising to feed the people, Mao won increased support. Mao's forces dominated the civil war with another Chinese leader Jiang Jieshi who was a Nationalist. Mao took control of China and renamed it People's Republic of China.

CORE

Description: Congress of Racial Equality...one of the Big Four civil rights organizations. In the early l960's, it used a nonviolent approach to help organize the Freedom rides, Summer voter registration project and the l963 March on Washington. In the late l960's the group shifted its focus to black nationalism and separatism Impact: civil rights

Tinker v. Des Moines School District

Description: Court ruled that wearing black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War was protected as symbolic speech. Impact: The court applied what is known as judicial interpretation to the Constitution where the Justices expanded the Constitution's meaning beyond the framer's initial intent. In this case, it expended free speech to include more than the spoken word.

Warren Court (Earl Warren)

Description: Earl Warren was the Chief Justice in the l960's and his court was known as the Warren Court. It was the most liberal in American history. Decisions supported civil rights, civil liberties, voting rights and personal privacy. Impact: Civil Rights: Brown v Board of Ed.: ended legal segregatons Civil Liberties: Miranda v. Arizona: an accused criminal has to be informed of his or her 5th or 6th amendment rights before being questioned. Religion: Engel v. Vitale: put an end to prayers in school. Abington V. Schempp: put an end to Bible reading in School

Detente

Description: Easing of strained relations between countries Impact: Kissinger opened relations with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. It moved towards ending the Cold War.

containment

Description: George Kennan, an American diplomat came up with the goal of containment to keep communism contained within its existing borders. Impact: To stop communism.

GI Bill of Rights

Description: Granted veterans benefits such as a year of unemployment benefits, financial aid for college, and loans for building homes and starting businesses. Impact: Enormous impact on US society. There was an increase in home construction which led to growth in suburban areas. Veterans could enter or return to college.

Equal Rights Amendment

Description: Guarantees that the rights affirmed by the US constitution are held equally by all citizens without regard to their sex. Impact: Most important victory was from Roe V Wade giving women the right to legal abortions. Women show 20 percent in workforce in l950 to 60 percent in l960. Field such as medicine, law and accounting have opened up to women. Disadvantages: women still earn less than a man, glass ceiling exists (not enough women are not in top positions) Majority of poor people are single women with children who are in low paying jobs with few benefits.

Carter and the Iranian Hostage Crisis

Description: Iran was ruled by the anticommunist Shah or emperor of Iran. In the l970"s opposition to the shah began to grow within Iran who thought he had an oppressive, brutal, corrup and extravagant regime. People felt that his connection with the US was contaminating the culture of Iran. The Shah fled Iran when he was dying of cancer to get treatment in the US. The Islamic ruler Ayatollah Khomeini took over . Iranian students were upset that Carter let the Shah come into the US for medical treatment. So they invaded the US embassy and took 66 Americans as hostage. The Khomeini government took control of both the embassy and hostages to defy the US. They were held for 444 days. Algeria mediated the agreement between the US and Iran to end the crisis. The US had to pay gold to Iran. Impact: Carter was seen as weak for failing to secure the hostages' release. The hostage crisis changed the way Americans viewed the world outside their borders. Conflicts in the Middle East threatened to become the greatest Foreign policy challenge.

War on Poverty/Great Society

Description: Johnson's War on Poverty was meant to train the jobless, educated the uneducated and provide healthcare for those in need. Impact: It created the Job Corps for 16-21 year olds, VISTA to send volunteers to help with poverty communities, and Head Start to help underprivileged children get ready for kindergarten. Critics say that the programs didn't work. But others point out that poverty and mortality rates declined, more people got healthcare and poor children got educational opportunities.

Election of l960

Description: Kennedy v. Nixon. Both had military backgrounds and were passionate about foreign affairs and supported the Cold War fight against communism. They were both young, energetic, intelligent and hardworking. Kennedy came from a privileged background and Nixon did not. On TV, Kennedy impressed voters with his charm, good looks and sense of humor impressed the voters. Impact: Kennedy won.

Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger

Description: Kissinger served under Presidents Nixon and Ford as Secretary of State. He also started the policy of detente with the Soviet Union and opened relations with the People's Republic of China and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. He received the Nobel Peace Prize, although two members resigned because of it. Impact: Some people thought he was the most effective US Secretary of State. Others thought he should have been persecuted for war crimes.

Baby Boom

Description: Married couples started having babies after putting it off because of the depression or war. Impact: The peak was l957 when a baby was born every 7 seconds. Between l940 and l955 the population grew 27 percent.

Medicare/Medicaid

Description: Medicare: health insurance for workers 65 and older Medicaid: basic medical services for the poor Impact: More Americans would be able to receive basic healthcare, but it has become more expensive as medical costs have risen, the number of retirees has increased and people live longer now.

Black Power

Description: Movement in the l960's that tried to get African Americans to use their collective political and economic power for civil rights. Impact: They encouraged voter registration of African Americans. Led to the formation of the Black Panther party that was the symbol of young militant African Americans. They organized armed patrols of urban neighborhoods to protect people from police abuse. They also created antipoverty programs.

NAACP

Description: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Impact: aims to educate citizens on civil rights, eliminate race prejudice and ensure political, educational, social and economic equality.

Little Rock Crisis

Description: Nine African American students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated School by the Governor of Arkansas. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock. Impact: The students were protected and allowed to enter school. The troops stayed the entire year escorting the nine students to and from school and protecting them on school grounds.

38th Parallel

Description: North and South Korea remain divided at about the 38th parallel. Impact: There was no victory in the Korean War. North Korea remained a communist country allied to China and the Soviet Union. south Korea stayed a noncommunist country allied to the US and other democracies.

Generation Gap

Description: Older generation not understanding or connecting with younger generation due to different past experiences and ideals. Older generation conformed. Younger generation rejected tradition and authority of individuality. Impact: Younger generation didn't want to fit in, they wanted to stand out. They embraced political activism and opposed the Vietnam War. They distrusted tradition and authority expressed in magazines and rock and roll music. They embraced the counterculture of sex, drugs and rock and roll and new forms of spirituality like Buddhism and living in communes.

Suburbanization

Description: People left for the suburbs because the nation suffered form a severe shortage of urban housing. During the depression and WWII, new housing had come to a standstill. But after the war, more than 40 million Americans moved to the suburbs, one of the largest migrations in history. Impact: Developers figured out how to build affordable housing in a hurry. Entire rows of houses were built using the same plan. The houses were ideal for young couples because they were affordable and comfortable.

Women's Right's Movement

Description: Rebirth of movement in the l960's and 1970's: women wanted to redefine how they were viewed and workplace discrimination Impact: Women's roles and oppotunites expanded, Women gained legal rights. Some think women haven't gained enough rights. Others fear the movement actually harmed society.

Sit-Ins

Description: Refusing to get up from a seat in a restaurant because of not being served due to discrimination Impact: Started a wave of similar protests across the nation such as "wade ins" at beaches or "read ins" at libraries where discrimination also was taking place.

SCLC

Description: Southern Christian Leadership Conference was an American civil rights organization. First President was Dr. Martin Luther King. Impact: First focus was desegregating the bus systems across the South. Helped organize the Montgomery Bus boycott. The group eventually expanded the focus beyond busses to ending all forms of discrimination.

SCLC

Description: Southern Christian Leadership Conference. One of the big four civil rights organizations. Played an important role in the American Civil Rights Movement. Founded by Martin Luther King Jr.n after the Montgomery Bus Boycott ended. It was primarily comprised of African American church leaders dedicating to combating racism through nonviolent group protests. Impact: assisted African Americans in registering to vote opened citizenship schools. and preached nonviolence. It wanted to present civil rights as a moral issue. Demonstrations led to the l964 Civil Rights Act.

Berlin Airlift

Description: Stalin wanted to capture West Berlin or win other concessions from the Allies. So in l948, he stopped all highway, railway and waterway traffic from Western Germany into West Berlin. Without any aid, West Berlin would surely fall to communists. But he could not blockade the sky. The US and Britain supplied West Berlin with a massive airlift that provided food, fuel, medical supplies, clothing, and toys etc. to residents of West Berlin. Impact: It demonstrated how far the US would go to protect noncommunist parts of Europe and contain communism.

SNCC

Description: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee goal was to create a grass-roots movement that involved all classes of African Americans in the struggle to defeat white racism and obtain equality. Impact: Played a central role in the civil rights movement of the l960's . It first started out advocating nonviolence, but then adopted militancy late in the decade reflecting trends in black activism.

Red Scare

Description: The fear that communists both inside and outside the US were working to destroy American life. It occurred in the early l900's but the one that followed WWII went deeper and wider and lasted far longer than the earlier one. Impact: 1. Federal Employee Loyalty Program: permitted the FBI and other government security agencies to screen federal employees for signs of political disloyalty leading to about 3,000 employees either being dismissed or having to resign. The order also allowed the Attorney General to come up with a list of organizations that supported communism and allowed for closer examination of people who were part of the groups. 2. Smith Act: made it unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the US government. 3. House Un American Activities Committee (HUAC): investigate possible subversive activities by fascists, Nazis or comminists. They looked into the government, armed force, unions, education, science, newspapers, and movie industry.

Stokely Carmichael

Description: US civil rights activist who in the l960's coined the phrase, "Black Power". He was jailed for his work with Freedom Riders. He moved away from MLK's nonviolence approach to self defense. He was the leader of SNCC and then became the prime minister of the Black Panthers. Impact: Black Power became the rallying cry of a more radical generation of civil rights activists. It also led to a black separatism approach.

Birmingham (Letter from Birmingham Jail)

Description: Written by Martin Luther King while in jail for protesting in Birmingham, AL, the letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. He said people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting for justice to come through the courts. Impact: Widely published and became an important text for the American Civil Rights movement during the early l960's

Freedom Summer

Description: a campaign including about 1,000 black and white volunteers were to flood Mississippi to register African Americans to vote. They also formed the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) to give African Americans a voice in state politics. Impact: Volunteers were met with violence such as murders, bombing,s kidnappings and torture. Much of it was on national TV and focused the country's attention on civil rights issues for the first time. Public outrage made the US Congress to pass the Civil Right Act of l964 and the voting Rights Act of l965.

Rock n' Roll/Elvis Presley

Description: a term coined by a disc jockey named Alan Freed to describe a type of music that had origins in rhythm and blues traditions of African Americans. It was the seed of a cultural revolution. Elvis Presley was one of the first white musicians to embrace the African American music and integrate the tunes into the music he played. Impact: His arrival set off the new rock craze. His first hit "heartbreak hotel" let to popularity for rock music. His music would inspire the Beatles and the Rolling Stones.

Nation of Islam

Description: also known as Black Muslims. Believed that the white man is the devil with whom blacks cannot live. Believed in black pride and nationalism...a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community. Impact: Led to the Black Power movement.

Joseph McCarthy/ McCarthyism

Description: became a catchword for extreme reckless charges that people were involved with communism Impact: Joe McCarthy, a senator from WI, charged that the State Department was full of communist agents. He said he had a list but never actually produced it. He was hoping to use Anticommunism on which to focus his l952 reelection campaign. His irresponsible accusations did more to discredit legitimate concerns about domestic communism than any other American. Merely being accused by McCarthy caused people to lose their jobs and destroy their reputations. After people saw McCarthy on TV during the hearings and saw him badger witnesses. twist the truth and snicker at the suffering of others, he lost all power and influence in the Senate.

Space Race

Description: competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to develop technology to successfully land on the moon. Impact: Successes: Alan Shepard was the first American to fly in space. John Glenn wast he first American to orbit the Earth. Neil Armstrong was the first man on the moon in Apollo11. A turning point: Never again would the Soviet Union rival the US for supremacy in space. Failures: Astronauts Grisson, White and Chaffee burned to death when their capsule exploded in a fire during a routine test.

National Organization of Women ( NOW)

Description: established by Betty Friedan, with goals of true equality for all women and a full and equal partnership of the sexes. Impact: Led to passage of the ERA: Equal Rights Amendment. It guaranteed gender equality under the law. Filed lawsuits against employers who refused to hire women or pay them fairly. Actions led to Title IX, which banned discrimination in education. More women in college athletics, but number of women's coached decreased as male coaches were drawn to higher profile positions.

Betty Friedan

Description: feminist, President of the National Organization of Women, Wrote a book titled The Feminine Mystique arguing that there was more to life than being a housewife...that women should be free to pursue any goals they set. Impact:

NATO

Description: formed in l948 and provided the military alliance to counter Soviet expansion. Impact: Twelve Western European and North American nations agreed to act together in defense of Western Europe. An armed attack against one meant an attack against all of them.

Energy Crisis

Description: gas prices increased, need for heating oil increased as a result of a very cold winter in l976-77. Fuel shortages caused factory closings and business losses. The l979 Oil Crisis ( decreased oil output due to the Iranian Revolution) Impact: Carter called on Americans to conserve and asked Congress to raise taxes on crude oil. The bill that finally passed had few of the President's ideas in it.

Thurgood Marshall

Description: headed up the NAACP attorney group who pursued a strategy to challenge the legality of segregation in the courts. Impact: Sweatt v Painter: Supreme Court ruled that Texas violated the 14th amendment by establishing a separate but unequal all-black law school. McLaurin V Oklahoma: Court ruled that Oklahoma had violated Mclaurin's constitutional rights by not allowing him equal access to library, dining hall and classrooms Brown V Board of Education: Separate but equal has no place.

Soviet Satellite states

Description: independent nation under the control of a more powerful nation. in 1945, the Soviets controlled Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria as well as the eastern portion of Germany. Impact: They endured brutal ruling of Stalin. They had few rights, and were scared of the future of the world and communism during these times. the Soviets crushed any political or religious dissent.

De Jure Segregation

Description: involves laws being set in place for segregation. Impact: Jim Crow Laws

non violent protest

Description: practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation or other methods without violence. Could be large scale: boycots, mass marches, strikes.) could be small group (pickets, sit-ins, freedom rides, etc.) Impact: influence people to some kind of social/political change

Watergate

Description: there was a botched burglary of the Democratic Party headquarters and a coverup that led all the way to the Presidency. Impact: Nixon resigned and he damaged the reputation of the presidency and shook the public's confidence in government.

Selma

Description; The three Selma to Montgomery marches in l965 were part of the voting rights movement underway in Selma, Alabama. Activists walked the 54 mile highway from Selma to Montgomery showing the desire of African American citizens the right to vote. Impact: By highlighting racial injustice in the South, they contributed to passage of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the Civil Rights Movement.

iron curtain

Descrription: Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the border between the soviet Satellite states and Western Europe Impact: blamed for the Cold War

Expansion of Presidential Power

Expanded Presidential role in 1. Managing the economy 2. Developing social policy 3. Expanded staff to include experts and advisers on domestic and foreign policy, 4. Increased role in American life. Impact: FDR accomplished a lot to help Americans. But some thought it seemed like FDR was operating like a king. 22nd amendment was ratified limiting the President to two consecutive terms.

Anti-Imperialist Arguments

Negative: natives lost control of land, independence, religion, customs, languages, Expanded population which resulted in famine, natives died of diseases and from rebellion, over exploitation of resources of colony, feeling inferiority,

Pro-Imperialist Arguments

New markets for products, new places to invest, access to raw materials, unified nations, better medical care and sanitation, higher literacy rates, better schools and hospitals, helped colonies build infrastructure and transportation, Exposed to science and technology.

reaganomics

Reagan's economic policy; tax cuts, arms build up, budget cuts

1980 Election

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader of the 1980s who worked with Reagan to end the Cold War

The rise of the new right

The New Right grew rapidly during the 1960s and 1970s, thanks in part to organizations such as Young Americans for Freedom and College Republicans. ... Arizona Sen. Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign is often viewed as a key event in the rise of the New Right.