Reproductive System

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Spermatogenesis occurs in the __________.

seminiferous tubules

On day 14 of the reproductive cycle, an oocyte is ovulated from what structure?

Mature follicle

The development, maintenance, and regulation of the male and female reproductive systems are the functions of __________.

reproductive hormones

How do birth control methods that involve the woman receiving a combination of estrogen and progestin (as the "pill" or as patch, ring, or injection) function as birth control?

Preventing development, ovulation, or implantation of an oocyte

Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes?

Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

List the correct order of cell stages in spermatogenesis.

Spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte

Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis are each caused by a type of __________.

bacterium

Describe the chromosome number before and after meiosis II.

1N → 1N

Describe the chromosome number before and after the first meiotic division (meiosis I).

2N → 1N

During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?

A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone

What is the fluid-filled cavity called?

Antrum

A cross-over in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between what structures?

Chromatids of homologous chromosomes

Which of the structures would be scar tissue?

Corpus albicans

After ovulation, the remnant of the follicle goes through what changes (assuming fertilization did not occur)?

Corpus luteum to corpus albicans

What male reproductive structure(s) produce(s) semen?

Corpus spongiosum Bulbourethral glands Urethra Prostate gland Seminal vesicles

T or F: Crossing over occurs in both meiosis I and meiosis II.

False

T or F: The second meiotic division (meiosis II) of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.

False

T or F: Germ-line cells are haploid but gametes are diploid.

Flase

Complete the table, identifying the source and target tissue of each of the female sex hormones.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Pituitary - Ovaries Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - Hypothalamus - Pituitary Estrogens - Ovaries - Hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus, secondary sex organs Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Pituitary - Ovaries Progesterone - Ovaries - Pituitary and uterus

What are some of the functions of testosterone?

Formation and maintenance of penis, scrotum, and accessory organs Increased white blood cell production Growth of hair, particularly on chest, face, axillary, and pubic region

What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?

Genital warts

Name the cells surrounding an oocyte.

Granulosa cells

When homologous chromosomes are paired up during the first meiotic division (meiosis I), they may trade segments, forming new combinations of genetic material. What is this called?

Homologous recombination

What cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?

Interstitial cells of the testes

Describe the fate of each spermatid.

It differentiates into a sperm cell.

Although mammary glands in males and females are similar, the development of mammary glands is different in males and females. Why?

Ovarian hormones stimulate development of mammary glands in females.

In a nonpregnant female, what is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone?

Ovaries

Prior to ovulation, a follicle progresses through what stages (in correct order)?

Primordial, primary, secondary, mature

Complete the table listing the functions of male reproductive structures.

Produces sperm cells - Seminiferous tubules Produces and secretes male sex hormones - Interstitial cells Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins - Seminal vesicle Secretes a fluid with an enzyme (PSA) which helps liquefy semen - Prostate gland Secretes fluid that lubricates end of the penis - Bulbourethral gland Conveys urine and semen to outside of body - Penis Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct - Ductus deferens Conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens - Epididymis Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes - Scrotum

Oogenesis and spermatogenesis both result in the formation of gametes. However, these processes are not exactly similar. Determine whether each of the following statements are about spermatogenesis, oogenesis, or both.

Results in four viable cells - Spermatogenesis Meiosis occurs - Both May or may not finish the full process - Oogenesis Results in hundreds of gametes on a continual basis - Spermatogenesis After the first meiotic division, the gamete has 23 chromosomes. - Both

During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers ovulation?

Surge in blood levels of luteinizing hormone

Of the various classes of birth control methods, what is the most effective?

Surgical intervention

What structures help support the breast tissue?

Suspensory ligaments

What are the primary sex organs?

Testes in males; ovaries in females

Describe the four daughter cells produced by the process of meiosis.

They have one of each homologous pair of chromosomes found in the parent cell.

T or F: The chromosome number is reduced during the first meiotic division (meiosis I).

True

Match the the symptoms the the associated disease.

Warts on genitals - Genital warts Chancre on genitals or mouth; later damage to CNS - Syphilis Genital sores and fever - Genital herpes Fever, weakness, infection, cancer - AIDS Mucus discharge, painful urination and intercourse - Chlamydia Painful urination in men - Gonorrhea

During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divides by mitosis to produce __________.

a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte

Within the mammary glands, milk is produced by __________ glands.

alveolar

The corona radiata consists of __________.

granulosa cells


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