Reproductive System
Spermatogenesis occurs in the __________.
seminiferous tubules
On day 14 of the reproductive cycle, an oocyte is ovulated from what structure?
Mature follicle
The development, maintenance, and regulation of the male and female reproductive systems are the functions of __________.
reproductive hormones
How do birth control methods that involve the woman receiving a combination of estrogen and progestin (as the "pill" or as patch, ring, or injection) function as birth control?
Preventing development, ovulation, or implantation of an oocyte
Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes?
Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
List the correct order of cell stages in spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonium → primary spermatocyte → secondary spermatocyte
Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis are each caused by a type of __________.
bacterium
Describe the chromosome number before and after meiosis II.
1N → 1N
Describe the chromosome number before and after the first meiotic division (meiosis I).
2N → 1N
During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?
A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone
What is the fluid-filled cavity called?
Antrum
A cross-over in meiosis is an exchange of genetic material between what structures?
Chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Which of the structures would be scar tissue?
Corpus albicans
After ovulation, the remnant of the follicle goes through what changes (assuming fertilization did not occur)?
Corpus luteum to corpus albicans
What male reproductive structure(s) produce(s) semen?
Corpus spongiosum Bulbourethral glands Urethra Prostate gland Seminal vesicles
T or F: Crossing over occurs in both meiosis I and meiosis II.
False
T or F: The second meiotic division (meiosis II) of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.
False
T or F: Germ-line cells are haploid but gametes are diploid.
Flase
Complete the table, identifying the source and target tissue of each of the female sex hormones.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Pituitary - Ovaries Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - Hypothalamus - Pituitary Estrogens - Ovaries - Hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus, secondary sex organs Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Pituitary - Ovaries Progesterone - Ovaries - Pituitary and uterus
What are some of the functions of testosterone?
Formation and maintenance of penis, scrotum, and accessory organs Increased white blood cell production Growth of hair, particularly on chest, face, axillary, and pubic region
What disease is caused by the human papilloma virus?
Genital warts
Name the cells surrounding an oocyte.
Granulosa cells
When homologous chromosomes are paired up during the first meiotic division (meiosis I), they may trade segments, forming new combinations of genetic material. What is this called?
Homologous recombination
What cells produce androgens (including testosterone)?
Interstitial cells of the testes
Describe the fate of each spermatid.
It differentiates into a sperm cell.
Although mammary glands in males and females are similar, the development of mammary glands is different in males and females. Why?
Ovarian hormones stimulate development of mammary glands in females.
In a nonpregnant female, what is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone?
Ovaries
Prior to ovulation, a follicle progresses through what stages (in correct order)?
Primordial, primary, secondary, mature
Complete the table listing the functions of male reproductive structures.
Produces sperm cells - Seminiferous tubules Produces and secretes male sex hormones - Interstitial cells Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins - Seminal vesicle Secretes a fluid with an enzyme (PSA) which helps liquefy semen - Prostate gland Secretes fluid that lubricates end of the penis - Bulbourethral gland Conveys urine and semen to outside of body - Penis Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct - Ductus deferens Conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens - Epididymis Encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes - Scrotum
Oogenesis and spermatogenesis both result in the formation of gametes. However, these processes are not exactly similar. Determine whether each of the following statements are about spermatogenesis, oogenesis, or both.
Results in four viable cells - Spermatogenesis Meiosis occurs - Both May or may not finish the full process - Oogenesis Results in hundreds of gametes on a continual basis - Spermatogenesis After the first meiotic division, the gamete has 23 chromosomes. - Both
During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers ovulation?
Surge in blood levels of luteinizing hormone
Of the various classes of birth control methods, what is the most effective?
Surgical intervention
What structures help support the breast tissue?
Suspensory ligaments
What are the primary sex organs?
Testes in males; ovaries in females
Describe the four daughter cells produced by the process of meiosis.
They have one of each homologous pair of chromosomes found in the parent cell.
T or F: The chromosome number is reduced during the first meiotic division (meiosis I).
True
Match the the symptoms the the associated disease.
Warts on genitals - Genital warts Chancre on genitals or mouth; later damage to CNS - Syphilis Genital sores and fever - Genital herpes Fever, weakness, infection, cancer - AIDS Mucus discharge, painful urination and intercourse - Chlamydia Painful urination in men - Gonorrhea
During spermatogenesis, a spermatogonium divides by mitosis to produce __________.
a spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte
Within the mammary glands, milk is produced by __________ glands.
alveolar
The corona radiata consists of __________.
granulosa cells
