Research 5-8

Which type of sample would the researcher select for a qualitative research study? 5 Random Cluster Purposeful Convenience

Rationale purposeful The qualitative researcher seeks to find a purposeful sample, one made up of people who have firsthand experience or can authoritatively speak about the phenomenon being investigated. Random samples, cluster samples, and convenience samples are used in quantitative research. Random sampling occurs when everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. A cluster sample is obtained when the population is divided into groups, and the group is randomly selected for inclusion. A convenience sample is produced by taking the first and most accessible individuals for the sample. p. 99

Which of Kearney's Categories of Qualitative Findings would apply if the nurse researcher has to abort the study because the findings have been obscured with an existing theory? 5 restricted by a priori frameworks depiction of experiential variation descriptive categories shared pathway or meaning

Restricted by a priori frameworks "Restricted by a priori frameworks" means that discovery was aborted because the researcher has obscured the findings with an existing theory. "Descriptive categories" provides a map into previously uncharted territory in the human experience of health and illness. "Shared pathway or meaning" is the synthesis of a shared experience or process. "Depiction of experiential variation" describes the main essence of an experience but also shows how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context.

What is the order of the research process for qualitative research studies?5

Review of the literature sample setting data collection: data analysis findings

RESEARCH QUESTIONS SHOULD:

Define specific question area Reflect a review of the literature Identify the potential significance to nursing Reflect the feasibility of studying the research question

The nurse researcher is working with pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction, to describe how they move on to create a new life. Which of Kearney's Categories of Qualitative Findings would be most applicable in this case? 5 Shared pathway or meaning Depiction of experiential variation Descriptive categories Restricted by a priori frameworks

Depiction of experiential variation "Depiction of experiential variation" would be applicable if the researcher is describing how pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction might or might not move forward to create a new life, depending on the amount of structure they imposed on their behavior and their desire to give up drugs and change their lives. "Restricted by a priori frameworks" would be applicable if the researcher is using the theory of "relatedness" to describe women's relationships, without substantiation in the data, and when there may be an alternative explanation to describe how women exist in relationship to others. "Descriptive categories" would be applicable if children are describing pain and what they consider to be good care during a painful episode. "Shared pathway or meaning" would be applicable if the researcher is describing a woman's process of recovery from depression.

A description of how pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction might or might not move forward to create a new life is an example of which of Kearney's categories of qualitative findings? 5 Shared pathway or meaning Depiction of experiential variation Descriptive categories Restricted by a priori frameworks

Depiction of experiential variation A description of how pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction might move forward to create a new life is considered to be an example of Kearney's category of depiction of experiential variation of qualitative findings.

Which would be an accurate way to describe qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) 5 Numerical Inductive Explanatory Descriptive

Inductive Explanatory Descriptive Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to explain phenomena. Qualitative research is considered to be inductive and explanatory in nature. Qualitative research is considered to be descriptive in nature because it tends to describe a subject's "lived experience."

In qualitative research the data collection phase should occur after which phase of the research process?5 sample study design setting data analysis

Setting Data collection usually occurs after the setting phase, not the study design phase, sample phase, or data analysis phase.

A description of women's process of recovery from depression is an example of which of Kearney's categories of qualitative findings? 5 Depiction of experiential variation Descriptive categories Shared pathway or meaning Restricted by a priori frameworks

Shared pathway or meaning A description of women's process of recovery from depression is considered to be an example of Kearney's category of shared pathway or meaning of qualitative findings.

List 6 qualitative research methods5

The phenomenological method grounded theory method ethnographic method case study method community-based participatory research mixed methods research

Which question will most accurately critique the statement of the phenomenon of interest of a research project? 5 what are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method? is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? what is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method? "What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method?" is the question that would critique the phenomenon of interest of a research project.

A systematic review

is a summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test a similar research question

meta synthesis 1

is the synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology

independent variable -- X dependent variable --Y

presumed to have an effect on Y manipulated --------- varies depending on X not manipulated when observed this is the variable we are interested in understanding EXAMPLE In an article about sexual behaviors that are predictive of risk for HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS is the dependent variable. In an article about the relationship between HIV/AIDS and maternal parenting practices, HIV/AIDS status is the independent variable.

meta analysis 1

summarizes a number of studies focused on a one question or topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus.

A meta-analysis

summarizes a number of studies focused on a question/topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus.

meta synthesis and meta summary

synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology

1 level I level II level III level IV level V level VI level VII

systematic review of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials randomized controlled trials quasiexperimental studies nonexperimental studies metasynthesis qualitative studies opinions of experts and authorities, expert committee reports or organizations not based on research

An integrative review

An integrative review is a focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles.

1WHAT IS AN ASSESSMENT OF A GROUP OF RESEARCH STUDIES THAT TEST A SIMILAR RESEARCH QUESTION? a Systematic review b Meta-analysis c Integrative review d Meta-synthesis

Answer: A Rationale: A systematic review is a summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test a similar research question. A meta-analysis summarizes a number of studies focused on a question/topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus. An integrative review is a focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles. Both meta-synthesis and meta-summary are the synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology.

1 WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FIRST STEP IN THE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROCESS?

Answer: C Rationale: While several QI methods exist, the core steps for improvement commonly include conducting an assessment, setting specific goals for improvement, identifying ideas for changing current practice, deciding how improvements in care will be measured, rapidly testing practice changes, measuring improvements in care, and adopting the practice change as a new standard of care.

Which of Kearney's Modes of Clinical Applications for Qualitative Research should be used if the nurse researcher wants to be able to share qualitative findings with the patient?5 anticipatory guidance coaching assessment of status/progress insight or empathy

Anticipatory guidance Anticipatory guidance allows the nurse to share qualitative findings with the patient. Insight or empathy allows the nurse to better understand patients and offer more sensitive support. Assessment of status or progress allows the nurse to describe the trajectories of a patient's illness. Coaching allows the nurse to advise patients of steps that they can take to reduce distress or improve their adjustment to an illness according to the evidence in a study.

When the nurse is able to explain the phases of recovery from depression to the patient, reassure he or she is not alone and that others have made it through a similar experience, displays an example of which of Kearney's modes of clinical application for qualitative research? 5 Insight or empathy Coaching Anticipatory guidance Assessment of status or progress

Anticipatory guidance When the nurse is able to explain the phases of recovery from depression to the patient and to reassure her that she is not alone and that others have made it through a similar experience is an example of anticipatory guidance.

Which data source is a collateral source? 5 Sociograms Archived notes Photovoice images Transcripts from participant interviews

Archived notes Rationale Collateral data sources are those that are not directly obtained from participants. They include archived notes, minutes of important meetings, and policy papers. Sociograms (visual representations of relations between individuals), photovoice images, and transcripts from participant interviews are all direct sources of data because they are obtained from the participants themselves. p. 100

Which question will most accurately critique the sampling of a research project? 5 what are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method? is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? what is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? "Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?" is the question that would critique the sampling of a research project.

Which Kearney's mode of clinical application of qualitative research is the nurse using when comparing a patient's condition to trajectories of illness described by the study's findings?5 Coaching Insight or empathy Anticipatory guidance Assessment of status or progress

Assessment of status or progress Kearney proposed four modes of clinical application of qualitative research that describe ways that qualitative findings could be used in clinical practice to improve patient care. In the assessment of status or progress mode, the nurse monitors a patient's condition using descriptions of trajectories of illness as outlined by study findings. Coaching (advising patients of steps to adjust to illness), insight or empathy (understanding patients and offering sensitive support), and anticipatory guidance (sharing qualitative findings with the patient) are the other modes of clinical application of qualitative research.

The nurse who is able to describe the trajectory of recovery from depression and also assess how the patient is moving through this trajectory is an example of which of Kearney's modes of clinical application for qualitative research? 5Assessment of status or progress Insight or empathy Anticipatory guidance Coaching

Assessment of status or progress When the nurse is able to describe the trajectory of recovery from depression and also assess how the patient is moving through this trajectory, it is considered to be an example of Kearney's mode of assessment of status or progress for qualitative research.

Which action would qualitative researchers take after determining that a study's findings answer the research question? 5 Write the research report. Compare the findings to existing literature. Select another research question to explore. Determine the study's theoretical framework.

Compare the findings to existing literature. Rationale After determining that a study's findings have answered the research question, the qualitative researcher would compare the study's findings to the existing literature. In this way, the researcher would use the study's findings to open new venues of discovery, develop new concepts, and explain broader phenomena. This comparison enables the researcher to identify how the findings could be used in practice or to direct future research. Writing of the research report would occur after the researcher has fully summarized and compared the study's findings to existing published research. Selecting another research question would be done if the researcher is planning to conduct another research study. Determining the study's theoretical framework is an early step in the process of designing and carrying out a research study. The researcher decides on a theoretical framework before collecting data. p. 104

Which of Kearney's Modes of Clinical Applications for Qualitative Research should be used if the nurse researcher wants to be able to better advise a patient of how to cope with the side effects of chemotherapy? 5 anticipatory guidance assessment of status/progress coaching insight or empathy

Coaching Coaching allows the nurse to advise patients of steps that they can take to reduce distress or improve their adjustment to an illness according to the evidence in a study. Insight or empathy allows the nurse to better understand patients and offer more sensitive support. Assessment of status or progress allows the nurse to describe the trajectories of a patient's illness. Anticipatory guidance allows the nurse to share qualitative findings with the patient.

According to Kearney, which is a mode of clinical application of qualitative research? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 Coaching Evaluation Insight or empathy Anticipatory guidance Assessment of status or progress

Coaching Insight or empathy Anticipatory guidance Assessment of status or progress Rationale Kearney proposed four modes of clinical application of qualitative research: coaching (advising patients of steps to adjust to illness), insight or empathy (understanding patients and offering sensitive support), anticipatory guidance (sharing qualitative findings with the patient), and assessment of status or progress (descriptions of illness trajectory). These modes describe ways that qualitative findings could be used in clinical practice to improve patient care. Evaluation is not one of the modes of clinical application; however, it is one step of the nursing process. p. 106

Which step would the researcher take next after deciding to conduct a qualitative research study?5 Conduct a review of literature. Select the setting for the study. Describe implications for practice and research. Determine data collection and data analysis procedures.

Conduct a review of literature. Rationale After determining that a qualitative approach would be best to answer a research question, the researcher would next conduct a thorough review of the literature to ascertain what is already known about the phenomenon of interest. After the literature review, other steps include selecting a setting for the study (qualitative research is conducted in a naturalistic setting), describing implications for practice and research (after reviewing and analyzing study results), and deciding on data collection and data analysis procedures (to obtain and evaluate data). p. 97

1 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Conducting an assessment Setting specific goals for improvement Identifying ideas for changing current practice Deciding how improvements in care will be measured Rapidly testing practice changes Measuring improvements in care Adopting the practice change as a new standard of care

Which would be considered to be a study's context? (Select all that apply.) 5 The sample selected for the study Cultural beliefs of study participants The number of subjects in the study The physical setting of the study

Cultural beliefs of study participants The physical setting of the study The culture beliefs of study participants provides context for their perceptions. The physical setting of the study provides context for the perceptions of participants. The sample selected for the study is not, in itself, likely to be considered a context for the study. The number of subjects selected for the study is not likely to be considered a context for the study.

Which one of Kearney's categories of qualitative research produces findings that describe the essence of an experience and account for how that experience varies, depending on context? 5 Descriptive categories Dense explanatory description Restriction by a priori frameworks Depiction of experiential variation

Depiction of experiential variation Rationale The depiction of experiential variation produces findings that describe the essence of an experience and how that experience varies, depending on context. Findings produced by descriptive categories research produce a vivid portrayal of a phenomenon from a new perspective. Findings presented as dense explanatory description are at the highest level of complexity and discovery and provide a rich understanding of the varied human phenomenon in a unique situation. Qualitative research that was conducted using a priori frameworks provide little or no evidence for changing practice because researchers have prematurely limited what they are able to learn from participants. pp. 104-105

Which result is produced by inductive analysis of data? 5 Numerical summary Generalizable inferences Description of human experience Acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis

Description of human experience Rationale Inductive analysis is the process used to examine data generated in qualitative research studies. It leads to a description of a human experience. Deductive analysis is used in quantitative research design and results in a numerical summary of the data, inferences that may be generalizable to other populations, and the acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis. p. 98

Which information is needed for the reviewer of research to place the findings into a context?5 Review of literature Data analysis methods Theoretical framework Description of the study sample

Description of the study sample A description of the study sample is needed for the reviewer to place the study's findings into a context. The description would include demographic information about the sample. The review of literature examines what information is known about the topic. Data analysis methods describe how the data was examined in the study. The theoretical framework provides the basis for the study.

Which information is needed for the reviewer of research to place the findings into a context? 5 Review of literature Data analysis methods Theoretical framework Description of the study sample

Description of the study sample Rationale A description of the study sample is needed for the reviewer to place the study's findings into a context. The description would include demographic information about the sample. The review of literature examines what information is known about the topic. Data analysis methods describe how the data was examined in the study. The theoretical framework provides the basis for the study. p. 100

The nurse researcher is working with children's descriptions of pain during cancer treatment and what they consider to be good care during a painful episode. Which of Kearney's Categories of Qualitative Findings would be most applicable in this case? 5 Shared pathway or meaning Restricted by a priori frameworks Depiction of experiential variation Descriptive categories

Descriptive categories "Descriptive categories" would be applicable if children are describing pain and what they consider to be good care during a painful episode. "Restricted by a priori frameworks" would be applicable if the researcher is using the theory of "relatedness" to describe women's relationships, without substantiation in the data, and when there may be an alternative explanation to describe how women exist in relationship to others. "Shared pathway or meaning" would be applicable if the researcher is describing a woman's process of recovery from depression. "Depiction of experiential variation" would be applicable if the researcher is describing how pregnant women recovering from cocaine addiction might or might not move forward to create a new life, depending on the amount of structure they imposed on their behavior and their desire to give up drugs and change their lives.

Children's descriptions of pain are an example of which of Kearney's categories of qualitative findings? 5 Depiction of experiential variation Shared pathway or meaning Restricted by a priori frameworks Descriptive categories

Descriptive categories Children's descriptions of pain are considered to be an example of Kearney's category of descriptive categories of qualitative findings.

Which of Kearney's Categories of Qualitative Findings can provide the nurse researcher with a map into previously uncharted territory in the human experience of health and illness? 5 shared pathway or meaning restricted by a priori frameworks depiction of experiential variation descriptive categories

Descriptive categories Descriptive categories provide a map into previously uncharted territory in the human experience of health and illness. "Restricted by a priori frameworks" means that discovery was aborted because the researcher has obscured the findings with an existing theory. "Shared pathway or meaning" is the synthesis of a shared experience or process. "Depiction of experiential variation" describes the main essence of an experience but also shows how the experience varies, depending on the individual or context.

In which way would the findings of a qualitative research study be used to contribute to the nursing profession? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 Direct future research. Generalize to larger populations. Provide implications for practice. Refine existing theoretical models. Develop new conceptual models to explain phenomena.

Direct future research. Provide implications for practice. Refine existing theoretical models. Develop new conceptual models to explain phenomena. Rationale The findings of a qualitative research study can be used to direct future research, provide implications for practice, refine existing theoretical models, and develop new conceptual models to explain phenomena. Because of the nature of the research, findings from quantitative, not qualitative, studies could be generalized to larger populations. p. 104

Which question is most important for the nurse to ask when reviewing a qualitative research study? 5 Is the sample large enough to ensure generalizability? Does the methodology fit with the research question? Will the data collection methods provide quality data? Do the data analysis procedures produce representative results?

Does the methodology fit with the research question? Rationale When reviewing a qualitative research study as evidence on which to base practice, the most important question the nurse would ask is whether the methodology fits the research question. (The study methodology is the approach for studying the phenomenon and answering the research question.) Because qualitative researchers believes that reality is different for every individual, these studies are not considered generalizable. Quantitative research methods, through their use of statistics, are concerned with sample size as a means of providing generalizability. Although it is important for the reviewer of qualitative research to determine whether the data collection methods will produce quality data, data collection is described as a part of the study's methodology. It is most important to ascertain if the methodology will answer the research question. Data analysis of qualitative studies does not produce representative results because a core belief of qualitative research is that reality is contextual and different for each individual. pp. 95-96

Which question is most important for the nurse to ask when reviewing a qualitative research study?5 Is the sample large enough to ensure generalizability? 5 Does the methodology fit with the research question? Will the data collection methods provide quality data? Do the data analysis procedures produce representative results?

Does the methodology fit with the research question? Rationale When reviewing a qualitative research study as evidence on which to base practice, the most important question the nurse would ask is whether the methodology fits the research question. (The study methodology is the approach for studying the phenomenon and answering the research question.) Because qualitative researchers believes that reality is different for every individual, these studies are not considered generalizable. Quantitative research methods, through their use of statistics, are concerned with sample size as a means of providing generalizability. Although it is important for the reviewer of qualitative research to determine whether the data collection methods will produce quality data, data collection is described as a part of the study's methodology. It is most important to ascertain if the methodology will answer the research question. Data analysis of qualitative studies does not produce representative results because a core belief of qualitative research is that reality is contextual and different for each individual. pp. 95-96

Which is an example of how research approaches fall along a continuum?5 Naturalistic research at one end and qualitative research at the other Empirical analytical research at one end and quantitative research at the other Naturalistic research at one end and constructivism at the other Empirical analytical research at one end and naturalistic research at the other

Empirical analytical research at one end and naturalistic research at the other Research approaches at the two extremes of the continuum are empirical analytical and naturalistic research. The term naturalistic research is synonymous with qualitative research. Constructivism is the paradigm that provides the basis for naturalistic research. The term empirical analytical research is synonymous with quantitative research.

Which situation might the qualitative researcher determine is a pattern in the data? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 Facilitators of action List of barriers to action Process of how an action occurs Process of going through a health-related transition Set of conditions that must be met for an action to occur

Facilitators of action List of barriers to action Process of how an action occurs Process of going through a health-related transition Set of conditions that must be met for an action to occur Rationale Qualitative researchers examine data to determine patterns in the data. These patterns may be described as a list of facilitators of action, barriers to action, the process by which an action occurs, the process of going through a health-related transition, or perhaps the set of conditions that must be met before an action can occur. p. 103

Which question will most accurately critique the credibility of a research project? 5 Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? Are the researcher's conceptualizations true to the data? Does the researcher document the research process? Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?

Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully? "Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?" is the question that would critique the credibility of a research project.

The nurse who is better able to understand a patient's behaviors when the patient is a woman recovering from depression is an example of which of Kearney's modes of clinical application for qualitative research? 5 Anticipatory guidance Assessment of status or progress Insight or empathy Coaching

Insight or empathy When the nurse is better able to understand a patient's behaviors when the patient is a woman recovering from depression, it is an example of the insight or empathy mode of Kearney's clinical application for qualitative research.

Which of Kearney's Modes of Clinical Applications for Qualitative Research should be utilized if the nurse researcher wants to be able to better understand how a cancer patient is reacting to his diagnosis? 5 anticipatory guidance assessment of status/progress insight or empathy coaching

Insight or empathy Insight or empathy allows the nurse to better understand patients and offer more sensitive support. Assessment of status or progress allows the nurse to describe the trajectories of a patient's illness. Anticipatory guidance allows the nurse to share qualitative findings with the patient. Coaching allows the nurse to advise patients of steps that they can take to reduce distress or improve their adjustment to an illness according to the evidence in a study.

Which data collection method would be appropriate for use in a qualitative research study? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 Surveys Interviews Photovoice Focus groups Participant observation

Interviews Photovoice Focus groups Participant observation Rationale Methods of data collection in qualitative studies include participant interviews, photovoice, focus groups, and observation of participants. Interviews can be conducted on individual participants or on groups known as focus groups. Photovoice is a data collection strategy where participants identify, share, and address their experience by allowing photographs to be taken and then engaging in discussion of the images with the researchers. Data can also be gathered by observing participants as they go about daily tasks. Surveys are a means of data collection used in quantitative research studies because they can be used to collect numerical data. p. 100

Which question will most accurately critique the method of a research project? 5 what are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method? is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? what is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? "Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?" is the question that would critique the method of a research project.

Knowledge gained from science is considered valuable to nursing practice for which reason?5 In the past, nursing care was based on folklore and practices that are no longer effective. Nurses can demonstrate to physicians that nursing care is effective. Health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient. Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions.

Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions. Nursing care was based on the medical beliefs of the time, some of which have been shown to be effective. The value of scientific knowledge does not lie in the perceptions of other health care team members. Although health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient, this statement does not address the value of scientific knowledge and is not the best answer. Science, through research, provides evidence of the most effective nursing care.

Which component would the nurse expect to find in a qualitative research study design? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 Random sample Participant interviews Multiple regression analysis Strategies for inductive analysis Development of narrative summaries

Participant interviews Strategies for inductive analysis Development of narrative summaries Rationale Qualitative research studies the meaning of a lived experience. It would contain participant interviews to obtain the rich data needed to determine meaning. A qualitative research design would also contain strategies for inductive analysis (creating models from specific data) and results in the development of narrative summaries of details from participants' experiences. Qualitative studies use purposive samples in which participants are intentionally selected because they can authoritatively speak about the phenomenon in question. Random samples (those in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected) are used in quantitative research. Multiple regression analysis is a statistical method of data analysis that is used in quantitative studies. p. 99

For which reason would the researcher select a particular qualitative research method for a study? 5 Has the least amount of bias Produces the highest quality of evidence Provides the best answers to the research questions Increases the likelihood that a large sample will be recruited

Provides the best answers to the research questions Rationale The most important reason for a researcher to select a particular research method for a qualitative research study is that the method will provide the best approach for answering the research question. Research methods differ in how they account for bias and the quality of evidence they produce, which the researcher would consider, but the reason for selection of a particular research design is to best answer the research questions. Qualitative studies do not have large samples; they depend on the richness and quality of the data, not the quantity.

Which is an accurate statement about qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) 5 Qualitative research focuses on variables that can be measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity. Qualitative research takes place in naturalistic settings and may utilize participant observation as a data-gathering technique. Open-ended survey questions are one method of gathering data for qualitative research. There are three specific approaches for conducting qualitative research: phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study.

Qualitative research takes place in naturalistic settings and may utilize participant observation as a data-gathering technique. Open-ended survey questions are one method of gathering data for qualitative research. Qualitative research takes place where participants are located. Open-ended questions are frequently used to gather data for qualitative research. There are five types of qualitative research: ethnography, narrative, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study. Open-ended questions are frequently used to gather data. Qualitative research focuses on qualities of a process or entity and meanings that cannot be measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity.

Which type of research would the nurse researcher choose when interested in acting as a neutral observer during the study?5 case studies ethnographical research quantitative research qualitative research

Quantitative research In quantitative research, researchers must remain neutral. In qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral. In ethnography, a type of qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral. In case studies, a type of qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral.

Which type of research can be most affected by the values of the researcher?5 qualitative naturalistic quantitative ethnographical

Quantitative In quantitative research, researchers must remain neutral. The values of the researcher must be acknowledged in qualitative research and naturalistic research.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS VS STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS

Research hypothesis Also known as scientific hypothesis Predicts the expected outcome May be directional or nondirectional

Which is an accurate statement regarding paradigms?5 There is one reality, or paradigm, and research gives us information about that reality. Research, inclusive of both quantitative and qualitative, is based on paradigms. Some paradigms are incorrect; research helps scientists determine which paradigms work. Multiple paradigms are true, and research helps determine which paradigms are true.

Research, inclusive of both quantitative and qualitative, is based on paradigms. All research is based on philosophical beliefs, or paradigms, about the world. Paradigms are not "right" or "wrong." Some work better than others to explain observed phenomena. Qualitative research is based on a paradigm of multiple realities.

In research conducted using grounded theory, what signals the collection of an adequate amount of data? 5 contextual understanding saturation significance conceptualization

Saturation Data are collected until no new themes emerge (saturation). Contextual understanding comes from analysis of data. "Significance" is a term used in quantitative analysis, not typically in qualitative analysis. Conceptualization is the formation of an image or symbolic representation of an abstract ideal. In grounded theory, this occurs with data analysis.

Why should a nurse researcher have an understanding of the philosophy underlying each type of research? 5 The paradigm of the method should be the same as that of the researcher. Conclusions reached should be congruent with the research question. The research method that best meets the intended purpose of the study should be used. The reader should understand the level of abstraction of the study.

The research method that best meets the intended purpose of the study should be used. Different research methods accomplish different goals and offer different types and levels of evidence that inform practice. The congruence of the conclusions reached and the research question is assured by the methods used to collect and analyze data. It is more important for the reader to understand the paradigm underlying the research method than to determine the level of abstraction of the concepts studied. The research must use a paradigm that best fits the amount of knowledge that exists about the topic under study.

For which reason would a qualitative researcher conduct the study in a naturalistic setting of the participant's choice? 5 People can be frightened of health care settings. The researcher's observations can inform data collection. It would allow the researcher to control for extraneous influences. Giving the participant a choice of setting makes it easier to recruit participants.

The researcher's observations can inform data collection. The aim of qualitative research is to produce detail-rich descriptions of a lived experience. Conducting research in a naturalistic setting allows the researcher to develop rich observations about the experience of participants that can inform the data collection. Qualitative research is conducted in naturalistic settings to examine the lived experience of the participants, not because people may be frightened of health care settings. All influences on participants are studied; the researcher would not try to control influences on the experience. Giving participants a choice of settings would not affect recruitment of participants. p. 100

In which way are the findings of qualitative research of value to the nursing profession? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 They confirm hypotheses. They ascertain unmet patient needs. They identify neglected groups of patients. They make predictions about causal effects. They discover new processes of delivering care to the population.

They ascertain unmet patient needs. They identify neglected groups of patients. They discover new processes of delivering care to the population. Rationale The findings of qualitative research studies become of value to the nursing profession because they help ascertain unmet patient needs, identify neglected groups of patients, and discover new processes of delivering care to the population. Qualitative studies are not designed to test and confirm hypotheses or to make predictions about causal effects of illness or treatments. p. 106

For which purpose would the qualitative researcher include quotes in the research report? 5 To provide social context To improve readability of the report To increase generalizability of results To verify that interviews were performed

To provide social context Rationale Quotes in a qualitative research report provide social context to the results by allowing the reviewer to use concrete findings to verify identified themes. Style of writing, not the inclusion of quotes, would improve the readability of research reports. Results of quantitative studies, not qualitative studies, may be generalizable to other populations. Quotes are not used to verify that interviews were performed but to provide context to the findings. p. 103

Which factor is inherent in qualitative research? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 5 Is deductive in nature Uses descriptive research Occurs in naturalistic settings Uses numbers to explain a phenomenon Centers the perspectives of participants

Uses descriptive research Occurs in naturalistic settings Centers the perspectives of participants Rationale Qualitative research is conducted to gain understanding of a phenomenon. As a research methodology, it is explanatory, descriptive, and inductive (moving from specific ideas to reach a general conclusion) in nature. Because qualitative research assumes that understanding can occur only when events are considered in the context in which they occur, it always takes place in naturalistic settings. Qualitative research centers on the perspective of participants for whom the phenomenon is a lived experience and does not rely on the perspective of a stranger who is attempting to interpret a phenomenon from the outside. Quantitative research is deductive in nature (moving from a general idea to specifics) and uses numbers to explain a phenomenon, usually through statistical analysis. p. 95

Which question will most accurately critique the purpose of a research project 5 what are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method? is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? what is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

What is the projected significance of the work to nursing? "What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?" is the question that would critique the purpose of a research project.

Which type of question does qualitative research attempt to answer? 5 Why? What? How many? To what extent?

Why? Rationale Qualitative research seeks to gain understanding of a phenomenon and attempts to answer the difficult "why" questions. Quantitative research entails the collection and analysis of numerical data. It attempts to answer "what," "how many," and "to what extent" questions. p. 94

integrative review

a focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles.

meta-synthesis and meta-summary

meta-synthesis and meta-summary are the synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology.

the research question

presents the idea that will be studies also called the problem statement focuses on describing variables specifying the population being studies examining testable relationships among variables the hypothesis attempts to answer the research question