Research Exam 1

Read Association of interruptions with an increased risk and severity of medication administration errors and answer the following true or false question. Part-time and less experienced nurses had higher rates of medication errors from procedural failure.

False Response Feedback: Read page 689 of the journal article. New nurses and those who are part-time makes less procedural errors than the nurses with extensive experience.Think about why this occurs.

Informed Consent

Informed consent is permission provided by the subjects to participate in the study. The Institutional Review Board does not ensure informed consent.

Identify independent (treatment or antecedent) variable(s) in the following title: Integrated Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Depression Treatment to Improve Medication Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial Depression Diabetes Medication adherence Integrated management

Integrated management

Identify dependent (outcome) variable(s) in the following title: Diet restriction in migraine, based on IgG against foods: A clinical double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial Diet restriction Migraines IgG Cross-over

Migraines

Read the assigned article Igniting a spirit of inquiry. One step that nurses need to do to support and help research thrive in their practice is to have a never ending spirit of inquiry and consistently question current clinical practice.

True

Using the results

Using the results occurs at the conclusion of the research study and is used to generate new questions and new problems. Recommendation for further study occurs during the results phase of the research study Disseminating the results of the study is done when the results are used or during the final phase of the research study. It is the nurse researcher's responsibility to disseminate the results.

Inductive Reasoning

the use of specific information to identify a principle to a general situation. (See page 4)

The nurse has identified a clinical problem on the nursing unit and is planning to conduct a research study to contribute to professional practice. What is one specific purpose to conduct this type of research study? Create standardized care plans. Reduce the number of care maps. Add credibility to improve outcomes. Eliminate trial and error in care.

Add credibility to improve outcomes. Nursing research is a systematic process that helps nurses discover answers and resolve problems that are important to clinical practice, administration, or education. Demonstrating research-based practices that improve outcomes is one area that nursing research contributes to professional practice. (See page 6)

Analyzing the data

Analyzing the data occurs after the research study has been conducted. (See page 47) Analyzing the data occurs after the research study has been implemented. The tools for measurement must be identified before this phase in the research process. Inductive reasoning occurs in the phase when the data is analyzed. A comparison of the results with the literature is done during the analyzing phase of the research study.

Anonymity

Anonymity refers to information that has no identifying features that would potentially link a participant to the research study. The Institutional Review Board does not ensure anonymity.

The nurse is implementing an evidence-based guideline when planning the care for a patient identified as high risk for falls. What activity is the nurse doing? Writing orders for fall interventions to apply. Applying research findings to clinical practice. Acquiring funding to conduct a research study. Designing a research study.

Applying research findings to clinical practice. Evidence-based practice means applying research findings to clinical practice. Rationale 1: Writing orders for fall interventions is not an action when implementing an evidence-based guideline. It is also outside the scope of practice for the nurse. (See page 16) Rationale 2: Evidence-based practice means applying research findings to clinical practice. (See page 16) Rationale 3: Acquiring funding for a research study is not an action when implementing an evidence-based guideline. (See page 16) Rationale 4: Designing a research study is not an action when implementing an evidence-based guideline. (See page 16)

A nurse manager is determining information that would be included in an evidence based guideline. Which activities would the nurse manager conduct as part of this process? Select all that apply. Appraise evidence. Search and collect evidence. Implement the best evidence. Read an article and implement the ideas.

Appraise evidence. Search and collect evidence. Implement the best evidence. Rationale 1: The evidence-based practice process includes appraising evidence. (See page 17) Rationale 2: The evidence-based practice process includes searching and collecting evidence. (See page 17) Rationale 3: The evidence-based practice process includes implementing the best evidence prior to including it into practice. (See page 17) Rationale 4: Evidence-based practice is more than reading some articles and implementing ideas. (See page 17)

Complete the assigned reading of the articles from Chapter 1: Association of interruptions with an increased risk and severity of medication administration errors. Interrupting a nurse makes medication errors more likely. Which article is a primary research article? Association of interruptions with an increased risk and severity of medication administration errors. Interrupting a nurse makes medication errors more likely. Neither article Both articles

Association of interruptions with an increased risk and severity of medication administration errors. Response Feedback: A primary research article is one that is written and published by the investigators who conducted the study. Interrupting a nurse makes medication errors more likely would be considered a secondary source that is also considered NOT reliable for nursing practice. It is a news story written to the general public and should not be used to change practice. It does give you the information to find the original study which you would then go read to see if it is reliable and significant to your practice area.

Nurses acquire knowledge through several mechanisms. As a student nurse you are creating a nursing care plan. Using your nursing diagnosis textbook you select 2 interventions to apply in your patient care. What mechanism are you using to acquire knowledge? Personal experiences Inductive reasoning Trial and error Authority

Authority Authority is the use of textbooks, journals, other nurses, or other health care providers to gain information. (See page 4)

Identify independent (treatment or antecedent) variable(s) in the following title: Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy in Obese Patients with Diabetes Obesity Diabetes Bariatric surgery Weight loss

Bariatric surgery

The benefits and risks to the research participants are being reviewed by the nurse researcher. What ethical principle does this analysis supports? Respect for persons Beneficence Autonomy Justice

Beneficence

Falsifying Data

Changing data outcomes is falsifying data, but is not what occurred in this situation.

Identify dependent (outcome) variable(s) in the following title: Child Fitness and Father's BMI Are Important Factors in Childhood Obesity: A School Based Cross-Sectional Study Child obesity School Correct Father's BMI Cross-sectional

Child Obesity

Clinical Nursing Research

Clinical nursing research addresses problems within a clinical setting. It is designed to provide answers that will better guide nursing practice to improve the health and care of individuals who require nursing service. This does not describe the type of study that the nurse manager is participating.

The nurse researcher is determining if there is enough staff to conduct a research study. This nurse is functioning within which phase of the research process? Analyzing the data Designing the study Implementing the design Conceptualizing the problem

Conceptualizing the problem When conceptualizing the problem, it is determined if there are enough resources to carry out the proposed research study. These resources include time, money, facilities, and personnel. (See page 47)

Confidentiality

Confidentiality is the term used to ensure personal participant information is kept private until permission for release is provided. The Institutional Review Board does not ensure confidentiality.

Plagiarism

Copying someone else's words

Identify independent (treatment or antecedent) variable(s) in the following title: Child Fitness and Father's BMI Are Important Factors in Childhood Obesity: A School Based Cross-Sectional Study Child obesity School Correct Father's BMI Cross-sectional

Correct Father's BMI

While planning a research study, the nurse researcher is reviewing several tools that might be used to measure the data. The nurse researcher is in which phase of the research process? Using the results Designing the study Analyzing the data Implementing the design

Designing the study When designing the study, the nurse researcher will determine which instruments will be used for measurement of data. (See page 48)

Identify independent (outcome) variable(s) in the following title: Diet restriction in migraine, based on IgG against foods: A clinical double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial Diet restriction Migraines IgG Cross-over

Diet restriction

While reading a quantitative research article, the nurse wants to find information about the implications of the study to clinical practice. To find this information, the nurse would focus on which article section? Results Methods Discussion References

Discussion

The nurse researcher is presenting a focus session at a nursing conference about information learned during a research study about a clinical problem. What purpose does this presentation serve? Create the research proposal. Identify the general area of interest. Disseminate the results of the study. Compare the results to the literature.

Disseminate the results of the study.

The nurse researcher is preparing information to share with participants about the study. How will the nurse ensure that the ethical consideration of justice is met? Inform the participants about the research and confirm that he or she freely agrees to be a part of it. Promote the welfare of the participants by maximizing the potential for benefits. Promote the welfare of the participants by minimizing the possibility for harm. Ensure there is a fair distribution of benefits and burdens over all participants.

Ensure there is a fair distribution of benefits and burdens over all participants. Ensuring there is a fair distribution of benefits and burdens over all participants is a part of the ethical consideration of justice.

Ethical Consideration of Justice

Ensuring there is a fair distribution of benefits and burdens over all participants is a part of the ethical consideration of justice. The ethical principle of justice reflects the division of the benefits derived from research that are balanced against the burdens that the research may cause.

Children who are potential research participants provide assent. Which of the following statements is consistent with assent? The researchers obtain the written consent of the legal guardian. get the child's verbal agreement to participate. emphasize the voluntary nature of being a participant use other methods to obtain consent such as videotaping.

Get the child's verbal agreement to participate.

Identify dependent (outcome) variable(s) in the following title: Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in young men: results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa Male circumcision HPV Young men High-risk

HPV

Which of the following questions or statements is worded correctly using the PICOT format? What type of care is best used for pediatric patients? Nurses prefer 12 hour shifts to 8 hour shifts to allow for more time with family Individuals using saline for hep-lock flushes have fewer complications. Correct Hospitalized children have less stress and heal quicker when allowed to use play therapy in comparison to pet therapy while recovering from surgery.

Hospitalized children have less stress and heal quicker when allowed to use play therapy in comparison to pet therapy while recovering from surgery.

The nurse with a baccalaureate degree will participate in which research activity? Identify problems for research. Implement practice-based guidelines. Use research findings for clinical care. Judge the relevance of outcomes for clinical practice.

Identify problems for research. The nurse with a baccalaureate degree is expected to identify clinical problems for research.

Conceptualization phase

Identifying the general area of interest or using deductive reasoning is done during the conceptualization phase of the research study.

Implementing the design

Implementing the design of the research study occurs after the problem has been conceptualized and the study is designed. (See page 47) Implementing the design occurs after the research design has been determined. The tools for measurement must be identified before this phase in the research process. During the implementation phase of the research study, data that is needed is collected.

The nurse wants to read the research question of a research article. Where would the nurse look for this information? Methods Results/findings Discussion/conclusion Introduction and background

Introduction and background The introduction and background section of a research article contains the problem statement and purpose, literature review, theoretical framework, hypothesis and research questions, and the objective or aims of the study.

The nurse is implementing an intervention identified from a research study to address a clinical problem. The results of the intervention have caused the nurse to question different approaches to the issue. This outcome exemplifies which characteristic of research? It uses data. It is systematic. It measures results with tools. It sows the seeds for new research questions.

It sows the seeds for new research questions. This outcome exemplifies the sowing of seeds for new research questions, which is a characteristic of research. Research is a circular process. Answers are found to questions that generate new questions as topics of study.

There are many barriers to evidence based practice and research. Which is an organizational barrier to nursing research? Knowledge gap about evidence based practice. Resistance to inductive reasoning. Negative attitude about research. Limited access to resources.

Limited access to resources. Rationale 1: A knowledge gap about evidence-based practice is a barrier within nursing research and evidence-based practice. (See page 18) Rationale 2: Resistance to inductive reasoning is not an identified barrier to nursing research. (See page 18) Rationale 3: A negative attitude about research is a barrier within nursing research and evidence-based practice. (See page 18) Rationale 4: One organizational barrier to nursing research is limited access to resources. (See page 18)

Identify dependent (outcome) variable(s) in the following title: Effects of oral glucose-lowering drugs on long term outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus following myocardial infarction not treated with emergent percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective nationwide cohort study Oral glucose-lowering drugs Long term outcomes Diabetes mellitus Percutaneous coronary intervention

Long term outcomes

The nurse researcher is aware of a colleague in a different profession committing scientific misconduct by fabricating data. What action did this colleague make? Made up data Changed data outcomes Committed an honest error Copying someone else's words

Made up data Making up data is fabrication and is a characteristic of scientific misconduct which is what the colleague did in this situation.

A nurse researcher is implementing the design of a research study related to body mass index (BMI). Which activity will the nurse perform during this phase of the research process? Measure BMI of participants. Determine how BMI will be measured. Recommend further study of interventions. Write the research proposal.

Measure BMI of participants. During the implementation phase of the research study, data that is needed is collected.

Identify dependent (treatment or antecedent) variable(s) in the following title: Integrated Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Depression Treatment to Improve Medication Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial Depression Diabetes Medication adherence Integrated management

Medication adherence

One of the ethical principles addressed in the Belmont report is beneficence. Which of the following actions by the nurse researcher indicates adherence to this principle? Minimizing harm or discomfort to the subjects Respecting a participant's decision to withdraw from the study Distributing research benefits equally Maintaining anonymity and confidentiality

Minimizing harm or discomfort to the subjects Answer Feedback: Beneficence means that the researcher do good and no harm.

The nurse manager is participating in a study to identify characteristics of new nursing employees participating in the orientation process of the hospital. In which type of study is this nurse participating? Research Nursing research Controlled research Clinical nursing research

Nursing research Nursing research is research that focuses on questions or problems that are important to the profession of nursing. This includes questions about nursing practice, education, and administration. This is the type of study that the nurse manager is participating. (See page 45)

Identify independent (outcome) variable(s) in the following title: Effects of oral glucose-lowering drugs on long term outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus following myocardial infarction not treated with emergent percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective nationwide cohort study Oral glucose-lowering drugs Long term outcomes Diabetes mellitus Percutaneous coronary intervention

Oral glucose-lowering drugs

Person Experience

Personal experience is the knowledge that nurses gain through practice that often guides clinical decisions. The nurse is thinking back to a time when a similar clinical problem was encountered and makes a decision based upon that past experience. (See page 4) In personal experience as a mechanism to acquire knowledge, experiences may be subjective and based upon personal values and perceptions. It is difficult to pass on information based on this mechanism to others who have not had similar experiences. (See page 4)

Ethical Consideration of beneficence

Promoting the welfare of the participants by minimizing the possibility for harm is a part of the ethical consideration of beneficence. The ethical principle of beneficence ensures that studies are designed to maximize the benefits and reduce the risk for harm.

Respect for Persons

Respect for persons is achieved when the nurse researcher informs the participants about the research and confirms that he or she freely agrees to be a part of it. The ethical principle of respect for persons recognizes that individuals are autonomous human beings and have the capacity to make their own decisions.

The nurse is reviewing Healthy People 2020 and recognizes which of the following as being a research goal?

Reduce Errors

Research

Research is an investigation or inquiry of questions or problems that are conducted in a systematic manner to discover answers that expand the base of knowledge. This does not describe the type of study that the nurse manager is participating.

Read the assigned article Association of interruptions with an increased risk and severity of medication administration errors. List 3 new findings from reading the study that you might implement to provide safer medication administration. Avoid interruptions Follow procedure of 2 identifiers Take the time to double check If asked a question stop, answer the question, start your double check before administrating.

Response Feedback: Avoid interruptions Follow procedure of 2 identifiers Take the time to double check If asked a question stop, answer the question, start your double check before administrating.

A researcher is doing a study on a new anti hypertensive medication. A patient on the unit was hesitant to participate but finally consented because they thought that their care would be compromised if they refused. What right was compromised? Right to confidentiality Right to anonymity Right to self determination Right to full disclosure

Right to self determination Answer Feedback: This involves ensuring the subjects or participants are aware of any risks or concerns of the study.

Which of the following are examples of Conceptual Frameworks? Select all that apply Roy's Adaptation Model Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Pender's Health Promotion Model Becker's Health Belief Model

Roy's Adaptation Model Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory Pender's Health Promotion Model

Discussion and Conclusion

The discussion and conclusion section of a research article contains an interpretation of the results, recommendations for research, and implications for nursing. The nurse would find information about the interpretation of results, recommendations for research, and implications for nursing in the discussion section of the article.

The Institutional Review Board is reviewing a research proposal prior to implementation. What will this review board ensure? The subjects provide permission to participate in the study. The federal guidelines for human subject protection are met. Personal participant information is kept private until permission for release is provided. There are no identifying features of information that would link a participant to the study.

The federal guidelines for human subject protection are met. The Institutional Review Board evaluates research proposals to ensure that federal guidelines for human subject protection are met.

A new graduate is working with their preceptor and asks for help to solve a patient problem. What are the disadvantages to this method to acquire knowledge? The practice may not have been verified as effective. The information may not have been systematically tested. It is inefficient and unsystematic. Experiences are subjective.

The information may not have been systematically tested A downside to using authority to acquire knowledge is that the information provided by authorities may not have been systematically tested.

Methods

The methods section of a research article contains the research design, sample and setting, data collection procedures, and data analysis procedures. The nurse would find information about the research design, sample, setting, and data collection and analysis procedures in the methods section of the article.

Masters Nurse

The nurse with a master's degree would implement practice-based guidelines. (See page 14) The nurse with a master's degree would judge the relevance of outcomes for clinical practice. (See page 14)

ADN Nurse

The nurse with an associate degree would use research findings for clinical care. (See page 14)

References

The nurse would find information about the references used or cited in the text of the article in the references section of the article.

Traditional Practice

The problem with traditional practices as an approach to acquire knowledge is that a practice can be traditional without having been verified as effective.

Results and Findings

The results and findings section of a research article contains the description of the sample and presentation of results. The nurse would find information about the sample description and findings in the results section of the article.

Autonomy

The term autonomy can be used in place of respect for persons, which recognizes that individuals are autonomous human beings and have the capacity to make their own decisions.

Designing the study

When designing the study, the nurse makes plans about how the study will be carried out. This occurs after the problem has been conceptualized. (See page 47) Writing the research proposal occurs during the design phase of the research study

Trial and error

is using interventions and trying them out until one works. Trial and error is inefficient and unsystematic and can only be shared with a limited number of people. (See page 4

An implied consent is assumed to have been obtained when research participants have adequate information about the study. return a self administered questionnaire. are allowed to participate in making decisions. know the risks involved in participating.

return a self administered questionnaire. Answer Feedback: By completing and returning the survey they imply their consent to be part of the study.