Research Methods

All the following are essential components of developing an evidence-based practice guideline EXCEPT A) Performing an exhaustive review of the literature. B) Using clinical expert opinions. C) Evaluating patient preferences. D) Considering hospital policies.

D) Considering hospital policies.

Which of the following is considered a primary source of evidence? A) A research study B) A systematic review C) An integrative review D) A meta-analysis

A) A research study

Criterion-related evidence of validity would be provided by: A) comparing scores on an instrument with scores on another instrument given to the same sample B) giving the instrument again at a later time C) comparing scores on the instrument with those obtained with another sample D) giving a second instrument to a second sample

A) comparing scores on an instrument with scores on another instrument given to the same sample

The _________ validity refers to the extent a test or questionnaire measures what it is supposed to measure. A) construct validity B) content validity C) concurrent validity D) face validity

A) construct validity

What is the online platform for searching within ASHA journals? A. ASHAWire B. ASHFoundation C. ASHA Sigs D. ASHA Continuing Education

A. ASHAWire

What is problem blindness in academic writing? A. Ignoring significant problems that were faced when collecting or generating data or pretending they did not occur B. Exaggerating on reporting the problems when collecting or generating data C. Ignoring the research gaps that exist in the literature D. Ignoring previous studies that had already answered a research question

A. Ignoring significant problems that were faced when collecting or generating data or pretending they did not occur

What should you write about in the first paragraph of the discussion? A. What you found B. What you think your results mean C. How your results compare with prior studies D. What are the limitations of your study

A. What you found

Regarding limitations, it is: A. common for researchers to draw readers' attention to those limitations that are most likely to influence the results and implications drawn from findings B. common for the researcher to refrain from acknowledging and methodological limitations that may affect the results C. common to find no limitations to the design and methodology of the study D. common to address each and every potential limitation in the study

A. common for researchers to draw readers' attention to those limitations that are most likely to influence the results and implications drawn from findings

Which of the following is an example of ordinal measurement? A) Male and female choices indicating biological sex B) A scale from 1 to 4 measuring life satisfaction C) A list of different speech subsystems D) A whole number indication of a person's age in years

B) A scale from 1 to 4 measuring life satisfaction

Proficiency of clinical skills and abilities, informed by continually expanding knowledge that individual clinicians develop through experience learning and reflection about their professional practice. A) Evidence B) Clinical expertise C) Cost-effectiveness D) Fidelity

B) Clinical expertise

All the following questions are related to the feasibility of a research project EXCEPT A) What previous experience does the researcher have with this topic? B) What are the independent and dependent variables? C) What is the duration of the project? D) How much funds will be necessary to conduct the project? E) Will an IRB approves the protocol?

B) What are the independent and dependent variables?

Content-related evidence of validity would be provided by: A) giving a math test on Monday and again on Friday B) having experts review the test C) obtaining scores on the even- and odd-numbered items on the test D) having two scorers independently score the test

B) having experts review the test

Which of the following types of diagnostic studies has the lowest level of evidence? A. High-quality RCTs B. Expert opinion without explicit clinical appraisal C. Individual case-control studies D. Case series

B. Expert opinion without explicit clinical appraisal

A percentage of the base salary of people working on the project is called A. Personnel costs B. Fringe Benefits C. Supplies costs D. Contractual costs

B. Fringe Benefits

This Database is produced by the National Library of Medicine and is primarily covering journals in Health Sciences? A. PsycInfo B. Pubmed C. Web of Science D. Goggle Scholar

B. Pubmed

A literature review is best described as: A) A list of relevant articles and other published material you have read about your topic, describing the content of each source B) An internet search for articles describing research relevant to your topic criticizing the methodology and reliability of the findings C) An evaluative overview of what is known about a topic, based on published research and theoretical accounts, which serves as a basis for future research or policy decisions D) An essay looking at the theoretical background to your research study

C) An evaluative overview of what is known about a topic, based on published research and theoretical accounts, which serves as a basis for future research or policy decisions

Which type of quantitative research test offers a higher degree of conclusiveness but requires a normal distribution before yielding accurate results? A. A non-parametric test B. A median calculation test C. A parametric test D. A mean calculation test

C. A parametric test

When each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected, this is called: A. A snowball sample B. A stratified sample C. A random probability sample D. A non-random sample

C. A random probability sample

What is repeated measures design? A. Research subjects are tested only once B. Two separate groups of participants experience two different conditions of the experiment. C. All participants experience both conditions of the experiment - the experimental condition and the control condition. D. Participants are paired together based upon a variable/variables relevant to the experiment.

C. All participants experience both conditions of the experiment - the experimental condition and the control condition

Which of the following experiments would warrant a within-subject design? A. An experiment where many people of comparable backgrounds are participating. B. An experiment where the researcher has a very large pool of research subjects. C. An experiment where a skill that will improve with practice is being tested.

C. An experiment where a skill that will improve with practice is being tested.

Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research? A. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals B. It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world D. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem

C. It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world

Which of the following should be mentioned in the materials and methods section? A. Research gaps B. Demonstrating the findings C. Materials and measures D. Explaining how your findings stand in comparison with other studies

C. Materials and measures

Two variables might show a correlation if they A. are directly related to each other. B. are both related to a third unknown variable. C. appear correlated simply by chance. D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What can you do if specific literature is not available at your home library? A. Using the ILLiad system B. Reaching out to the author directly via ResearchGate or email C. Asking your library to buy the publication D. All of the above

D. All of the above

All the following are usually part of the discussion section in a quantitative research report EXCEPT A. Present a summary of the important findings and specific results B. Discuss general implications of the research C. Include suggestions for future research and practical applications D. Discussion of what motivates the research and the literature that preceded the current research study.

D. Discussion of what motivates the research and the literature that preceded the current research study.

What (is) are great advantage(s) of Systematic reviews? A) Summarize large amounts of info B) Provide decision-makers with synthesized info C) Explain consistency and inconsistency of data D) Identify conflicts E) All of the above

E) All of the above

A summary of a critical review of the best evidence on a specific topic is known as A. A critical appraisal topic B. A critical appraisal paper C. A critical discussion D. Introduction E. Both A and B

E. Both A and B

A school SLP wants to evaluate a new method of teaching turn-taking to a group of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. She selects one class as a treatment group and another class as a control group. Six weeks after training, she conducts a post-training evaluation to determine the difference between the two groups. What is her research design? A. One group posttest design B. Single group pretest-posttest design C. Nonequivalent groups posttest only D. Randomized controlled trial

C. Nonequivalent groups posttest only

Which of the following is usually beyond the scope of the results section of a quantitative research report? A. Discussing what statistical techniques were used B. Presenting figures and/or tables to portray the data C. Providing detailed interpretation of the implications based on the data D. Presenting specific statistics that were generated from the data

C. Providing detailed interpretation of the implications based on the data

A between-subjects design differs from a within-subjects design in that in a between-subjects design A. only one group of participants is used. B. only variables "between" the participants are examined. C. there is a different group of participants for each of the different treatment conditions. D. each participant is exposed to each level of the independent variable.

C. there is a different group of participants for each of the different treatment conditions

In an experiment examining the effects of running on stress levels, one group of participants is tested after running on a treadmill for 30 minutes. A week later, the same group of participants is tested after resting on a bed for 30 minutes.This is an example of a ________ design. A. single-subjects B. between-subjects C. within-subjects D. matched groups

C. within-subjects

Which of the following statements is true about evidence-based practice? A) EBP is synonymous with clinical decision making. B) EBP is supported only through findings from randomized clinical trials. C) EBP is synonymous with theory. D) EBP is important to streamline speech therapy practice

D) EBP is important to streamline speech therapy practice

Which of the following is a factual statement with regards to Evidence-Based Practice? A) Clinical experience is not relevant to EBP B) Expert opinion is the highest level of evidence C) Textbooks contain high levels of evidence D) Many clinicians use opinions, not evidence to make clinical decisions

D) Many clinicians use opinions, not evidence to make clinical decisions

Steps in a meta-analysis include all of the following EXCEPT: A) Analysis B) Definition C) Selection D) Randomization

D) Randomization

Which of the following statements can be checked using scientific inquiry? A) All program coordinators should consider adding an AAC course to their SLP graduate curriculum. B) AAC-based treatment in children with autism is crucial. C) AAC is a favorite course among SLP graduate students. D) SLP graduate students who have taken the AAC course have better clinical skills than those who have not taken this course.

D) SLP graduate students who have taken the AAC course have better clinical skills than those who have not taken this course.

When you compare narrative reviews with systematic reviews, which statement is correct? A) Narrative reviews use more specific search strategies and criteria for inclusion B) Systematic reviews try to answer more broad questions. C) Narrative reviews have a more quantitative nature than systematic reviews. D) Systematic reviews are based on systematic critical appraisals

D) Systematic reviews are based on systematic critical appraisals

Which of the following is generally a method to determine whether or not to include certain details into your research article? A). Results should be both written and portrayed in either a figure or table. B) The article should review the history of the entire field. C) The paper should provide as much detail as possible that the journal allows and present critical information, such as key findings and important implications multiple times. D) The paper should provide just enough detail so that an independent researcher can replicate your research.

D) The paper should provide just enough detail so that an independent researcher can replicate your research.

Which of the following is the best-formulated research question? A) What is the effect of swallowing therapy on patients? B) What is the effect of swallowing therapy in patients with stroke? C) What is the effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy in patients with chronic stroke? D) What is the clinical effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy on dysphagia in patients with chronic stroke?

D) What is the clinical effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapy on dysphagia in patients with chronic stroke?

Which of the following is a function of a grant reviewer? A. To compare the grant proposal to the sponsor's priorities and criteria B. To judge the relative merit of the project and its likelihood for success C. To assess whether the project staff and organization will be able to achieve the proposal's goals and objectives D. All of these are functions of a grant reviewer.

D. All of these are functions of a grant reviewer.

Which of the following would be considered an ethical human rights violation in a research context? A. Preventing participants to freely leave an experiment before you have finished collecting data B. Causing undue harm without informing the participant of harm (e.g., not fully explaining known side effects of a treatment) C. Allowing a seventeen year old to participate in an experiment after obtaining informed consent D. All options are examples of ethical rights violations

D. All options are examples of ethical rights violations

A researcher wants to conduct a study regarding the effectiveness of voice therapy on improving voice quality in patients with Parkinson's Disorders. Which of the following is (are) measures? A. Medical history form B. Laryngoscopy C. The Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) Questionnaire D. Both A and C

D. Both A and C

Universities and hospitals are examples of _____ funding agencies. A. Non-profit organizational B. Federal C. Industry D. Intramural

D. Intramural

The best way to review landmark and classical studies is through A. World Wide Web B. Online Journals C. Databases D. Manual searches

D. Manual searches

Which two sections of a scientific paper are tightly linked? A. Introduction and Discussion B. Introduction and Results C. Methods and Discussion D. Methods and Results E. Methods and Introduction

D. Methods and Results

Which of the following might be a reason that a grant was not funded? A. The deadline for submitting the application was not missed. B. The proposal was concisely written with a strong evaluation component. C. The proposal followed the guidelines. D. The proposal did not match the grant sponsor's funding priorities

D. The proposal did not match the grant sponsor's funding priorities

All the following questions should be addressed under procedures EXCEPT A. Who collected the data? B. Where did activities take place? C. What processes or activities participants engaged in? D. What were the exclusion/inclusion criteria?

D. What were the exclusion/inclusion criteria?

The federal government passed a law indicating that researchers were no longer allowed to penalize participants for not showing up to experiments, and also required researchers to provide alternative opportunities if research was required for the course. Failure to provide an alternative assignment or penalizing participants for not showing up would be considered unlawful because it is A. manipulative B. immoral C. unethical D. coercive

D. coercive

A fixed-effects model is most appropriate in a meta-analysis when study findings: A) Are homogenous B) Are heterogenous C) Either homogenous or heterogenous D) Neither homogenous nor heterogenous

A) Are homogenous

A researcher is interested in identifying the effect of Palatography on improving speech intelligibility in patients with dysarthria. What are the independent and dependent variables in this study? A) Independent: Palatography, Dependent: speech intelligibility B) Independent: speech intelligibility, Dependent: Palatography C) Independent: Palatography, Dependent: patients with dysarthria D) Independent: patients with dysarthria, Dependent: speech intelligibility

A) Independent: Palatography, Dependent: speech intelligibility

Which statement is an example of the "null" hypothesis? A) No statistically significant relationship exists between phonological errors and hearing loss. B) A statistically significant relationship exists between phonological errors and hearing loss. C) Hearing loss may cause a higher rate of phonological errors D) Both B and C

A) No statistically significant relationship exists between phonological errors and hearing loss.

This proposal originates with a sponsoring agency that recognizes a need for something to be done or learned A. Solicited proposal B. Unsolicited proposal C. Internal proposal D. B and C

A. Solicited proposal

Which of the following types of treatment studies has the highest level-of-evidence? A. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) B. High-quality RCTs C. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of high-quality nonrandomized controlled trials D. High-quality non RCTs

A. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

The primary reference source of SLPs for making clinical decisions? A. clinical experience and opinion B. Clinical research C. Clinical practice guidelines D. B and C

A. clinical experience and opinion

We cite research articles in our own writing for a number of reasons. Of the following, which would not be considered a reason to provide a citation? A. increase the number of our own citations on google, even if our citation doesn't belong B. intellectual freedom C. give credit where credit is due D. supporting evidence

A. increase the number of our own citations on google, even if our citation doesn't belong

Stratified random sampling is the preferred strategy when: A. you want to include specific subgroups in the study. B. no sampling frame is available. C. only a part of the population is accessible to researchers. D. the population is very small.

A. you want to include specific subgroups in the study.

A study was completed using ethnographic and conversation analysis methodologies to explore characteristics and functions of feedback in traditional aphasia treatment sessions. The investigators identified and described multiple functions of clinician feedback based on analysis of 15 aphasia treatment sessions. Feedback not only provided general motivation and shaped targeted language behavior but also assisted in managing important interactional aspects of the exchange. What type of study have these researchers conducted? A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Categorical data D) Mixed

A) Qualitative

Which one is the first step in using evidence-based practice? A) Selecting a topic or problem B) Assembling and evaluating evidence C) Assessing for potential implementation D) Developing or identifying evidence-based practice guidelines or protocols

A) Selecting a topic or problem

The purpose of descriptive statistics is to: A) Summarize the characteristics of a data set B) Draw conclusions from the data C) Show statistical significant D) All of the above

A) Summarize the characteristics of a data set

What is one drawback to variables with ordinal measurement? A) The precise distance between values is unknown B) There are usually only four categories associated with them C) They are not useful for asking respondents where they fall on a numerical scale D) Only dependent variables should have ordinal measurement

A) The precise distance between values is unknown

Internal validity" refers to: A) Whether or not independent variable was ultimately responsible for any change in the dependent variable B) Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participants' everyday lives C) The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile project D) How accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts

A) Whether or not independent variable was ultimately responsible for any change in the dependent variable

The dependent variable is so called because: A) scores on this variable are hypothesized to depend on, and vary with, the value of the independent variable B) the outcome of an experiment is hypothesized to depend on the effect that this variable has on the independent variable C) scores on this variable can be expected not to vary in an experiment D) scores on this variable depend on how they are manipulated by the researcher

A) scores on this variable are hypothesized to depend on, and vary with, the value of the independent variable

Which of the following best describes a scatterplot? A. A visual representation of the relationship between two variables. B. A numerical representation of the scatter. C. A visual representation of a variable. D. A visual representation of the relationship between three or more variables.

A. A visual representation of the relationship between two variables.

An SLP wants to know if using a metronome can temporarily reduce the speech rate for a patient with Parkinson's Disease. If the therapist decided to evaluate the technique with a single-subject design, which design would be appropriate? A. ABAB B. ABAC C. between subjects D) within subjects

A. ABAB

Based on the study conducted by Zipoli and Kennedy (2005), which level of evidence is most frequently used by SLPs to make clinical decisions? A. Clinical experiences and opinions of colleagues B. Research studies C. Clinical practice guidelines D. Both B and C

A. Clinical experiences and opinions of colleagues

A researcher is interested to know if a new stuttering treatment is working better than the existing one in a research-controlled environment. Which title fits best with his research question? A. Comparing the efficacy of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach B. Comparing the effectiveness of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach C. Comparing the efficiency of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach D. Any of the above titles can be used.

A. Comparing the efficacy of a novel stuttering therapy with the traditional approach

All the following are among the critics of critical appraisals EXCEPT A. Excessive critical appraisal can lead to adoption of most effective treatments B. Critical appraisal can harm if valid evidence is rejected. C. Critical appraisal lacks systematic application. D. Critical appraisals are time-consuming.

A. Excessive critical appraisal can lead to adoption of most effective treatments

Standard deviation tells you: A. How spread out the data is. B. How many outliers there are. C. what the mean, median and mode are. D. the square root of the mean.

A. How spread out the data is.

Which of the following is recommended with regards of using the word "prove?" A. It is generally not a good idea to use "prove" in your write-up. B. It is generally only acceptable if your study is a replication of another study. C. It is always acceptable. D. It is acceptable only if your results are statistically significant.

A. It is generally not a good idea to use "prove" in your write-up.

All the following are valid reasons for evaluating research EXCEPT A. It puts us in a superior position relative to other researchers. B. The quality of clinical services rely on the way evidence was obtained and presented. C. Application of research to clinical practice is related to the level of evidence. D. The use of high-level evidence in making clinical decisions is an ethical responsibility.

A. It puts us in a superior position relative to other researchers.

Rank the studies from most rigorous to least rigorous.

A. Meta-analysis B. Systematic reviews C. Narrative reviews

The weakest of preexperimental designs is A. One group posttest design B. Single group pretest-posttest design C. Nonequivalent groups posttest only D. Time-series design

A. One group posttest design

What is the gold standard in quantitative research? A. Randomized controlled trials B. Single Subject designs C. Quasiexperimental designs D. Nonexperimental designs

A. Randomized controlled trials

Rank the following studies from the highest to the lowest level of evidence

A. Randomized/controlled trials w/ > 100 participants B. Randomized/controlled trials w/< 100 participants C. Well-conducted cohort studies D.Well-conducted case-control studies

What do we call data that are used for a new study but collected by an earlier researcher for a different set of research questions? A. Secondary data B. Field notes C. Qualitative data D. Primary data

A. Secondary data

The following graph shows the results of a meta-analysis regarding the effect of early intervention on the risk of developing aspiration pneumonia in post-stroke patients. How do you interpret the results? A) Overall, early intervention was associated with increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia B) Overall, early intervention was associated with decreasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia C) Overall, early intervention had no significant impact on changing the risk of aspiration pneumonia. D) All but one study supported early intervention was associated with increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia.

B) Overall, early intervention was associated with decreasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia

A group of researchers want to make sure that any results they find in a particular group of participants would also be true for other people, in other places, in studies with other researchers. If a study can do this, we can say that the study has a high level of _____. A) face validity B) external validity C) internal validity D) reliability

B) external validity

Variables with ratio measurement: A) do not have a true zero in their measurement scale B) have a true zero in their measurement scale C) have categories with meaningful order D) do not have categories with meaningful order

B) have a true zero in their measurement scale

If a study is "reliable", this means that: A) It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted B) there is consistency or correlation among repeated measures or observations C) The findings can be generalized to other external settings D) The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated

B) there is consistency or correlation among repeated measures or observations

All of the following are examples of federal funding agencies for grants except the: A. National Cancer Institute. B. ASHFoundation C. Food and Drug Administration. D. United States Department of Agriculture.

B. ASHFoundation

In statistics, a normal distribution is sometimes referred to as a _____. A. Parametric Curve B. Bell Curve C. Non-Parametric Curve D. Normalized Curve

B. Bell Curve

A research team measures the relationship between severity of stroke and speech intelligibility. This is an example of what? A. Randomized Controlled Trial B. Correlational research C. Experimental Research D. Descriptive research

B. Correlational research

An attempt to control the effects of order in a repeated measures design: half the participants experience the conditions in one order, and the other half in the opposite order. A. Order effects B. Counterbalancing C. Control

B. Counterbalancing

Which statement best characterizes a between-subjects experimental design? A. Participants are randomly selected from two different populations. B. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment. C. Each participant is assigned to every condition of the experiment. D. Participants with different characteristics make up the different conditions of the experiment

B. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment.

Ethical considerations for the treatment of human participants now has guidelines implemented to protect vulnerable populations. Of the following, which would not be considered a vulnerable population? A. Prisoners B. Elderly adults, with no cognitive impairments C. Children D. Pregnant women

B. Elderly adults, with no cognitive impairments

Which statement most accurately explains inferential statistics? A. Inferential statistics are techniques used by scientists to summarize the characteristics of a dataset. B. Inferential statistics are techniques used by scientists to interpret and make judgments about a dataset. C. Inferential statistics give scientists a method to describe their data. D. Both A and C

B. Inferential statistics are techniques used by scientists to interpret and make judgments about a dataset.

At any institution in the United States that does research with human participants, researchers are required to get approval to conduct research from which establishment? A. Institutional Human and Animal Care and Use Committee B. Institutional Review Board C. Faculty Advisory Committee D. Internal Revenue Service

B. Institutional Review Board

A researcher intends to publish his manuscript in the Journal of Fluency Disorders, a specialized journal in the field of stuttering. In the Methodology section, he wrote in detail about the history and how to measure stuttering severity using a well-established standardized technique that has been used for a while. What is the problem? A. Throwing jargon and technical terminology B. Irrelevant detail and unnecessary explanation of basic procedures C. Problem blindness D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

B. Irrelevant detail and unnecessary explanation of basic procedures

A group of researchers are interested in investigating whether it is possible to teach phoneme awareness skills to pre‐literate children with speech disorders. 42 children with speech disorder, aged 4;0-4;6, were randomly allocated to either a phonological awareness or a language stimulation program. Children were assessed on four measures of phoneme awareness (alliteration awareness, phoneme isolation, word segmentation and phoneme addition/deletion) immediately before and after the program and categorized as 'improved' or 'not improved' according to predetermined criteria. What type of research did they perform? A. Meta-Analysis B. Randomized Controlled Trial C. Single-subject Design D. Quasi-experimental

B. Randomized Controlled Trial`

All the following are characteristics of appropriately written goals for grant proposals EXCEPT A. They address important needs. B. They are broad in scope. C. They match the organization's mission. D. They are specific.

B. They are broad in scope.

A researcher is interested to know if a new aphasia treatment is useful in applied clinical settings. Which title fits best with his research question? A. Understanding the efficacy of a new aphasia therapy B. Understanding the effectiveness of a new aphasia therapy C. Understanding the efficiency of a new aphasia therapy D. Any of the above titles can be used.

B. Understanding the effectiveness of a new aphasia therapy

Imagine that you are approached by a company to develop a research paradigm testing their product. They company tells you that if you find positive results that their product works, then they will give you a bonus of $10,000. The acceptance of such an offer would be considered a A. a bonus to only the company B. a conflict of interest C. intellectual freedom D. completely ethical

B. a conflict of interest

Like most other experimental designs,single-subject designs A. provide data that can be evaluated with traditional tests for significance. B. are capable of determining cause and effect relationships. C. involve a series of observations over time. D. summarize results by computing means and standard deviations.

B. are capable of determining cause and effect relationships.

Please read the following abstract and indicate the type of research design. Purpose: Webcam treatment is potentially useful for health care in cases of early stuttering in which clients are isolated from specialized treatment services for geographic and other reasons. The purpose of the present trial was to compare outcomes of clinic and webcam deliveries of the Lidcombe Program treatment (Packman et al., 2015) for early stuttering. Methods: Participants were 49 children aged 3 years 0 months to 5 years 11 months at the start of treatment that were divided into two groups; the standard Lidcombe Program treatment and the experimental webcam Lidcombe Program treatment. The primary outcome was the percentage of syllables stuttered at 9 months post-randomization. Findings: No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of typical stuttering severity. This trial confirmed the viability of the webcam Lidcombe Program intervention. It appears to be as efficacious and economically viable as the standard clinic Lidcombe Program treatment. A. single-subjects B. between-subjects C. within-subjects D. matched groups

B. between-subjects

Which of the following is likely to be of greatest value in formulating hypotheses for a scientific investigation? A) A high level of emotional involvement in the research problem B) A rigorous statistical design C) Clear indication of the variables involved D) A problem statement that is broad in scope

C) Clear indication of the variables involved

The first step in formulating a research question is A) Developing a question B) Having others review your work C) Completing a thorough lit review D) Being open to suggestions

C) Completing a thorough lit review

All the following are limitations of meta-analysis EXCEPT A) Invalid primary studies B) Overemphasis on statistical significance C) Lacking the objectivity, rigor, and comprehensiveness D) Heterogeneous data E) Overestimation of treatment effectiveness

C) Lacking the objectivity, rigor, and comprehensiveness

The most rigorous and methodologically complex kind of review article is an: A) Overview B) Systematic review C) Meta-analysis D) Narrative review

C) Meta-analysis

Systematic reviews have all of the following in common EXCEPT: A) Systematic reviews are focused on a single topic B) The author(s) of a systematic review must document the criteria used to include or exclude studies from the review C) Only studies related to clinical social work are included in systematic reviews D) Systematic reviews differ from narrative reviews in that they attend to the rigor of the research design

C) Only studies related to clinical social work are included in systematic reviews

A researcher would like to investigate the effect of biofeedback vs. traditional articulation therapy on speech errors in children. Previous studies have shown that dental occlusion is also related to articulation error. How can she control this variable? (Select all that apply) A) Increasing the sample size for the experiment B) Using a pretest as well as a posttest C) Using a control group D) Random assignment of subjects E) Blinding

C) Using a control group D) Random assignment of subjects E) Blinding

Construct validity refers to ________. A) How well an instrument compares with a second assessment concurrently done B) A logic link between research instrument and objective C) whether the substance or content of a measure adequately represents the universe of content of the attribute being measured D) The degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome

C) whether the substance or content of a measure adequately represents the universe of content of the attribute being measured

Which statement is correct regarding locating information on the WWW? A. The WWW provides an excellent source of information that is always reliable. B. This resource can replace the materials accessible from professional organizations and peer-reviewed health care journals. C. Due to a lack of peer review or regulation, the information might be inaccurate and misleading D. The use of the WWW should be the first and the only resource used by researchers

C. Due to a lack of peer review or regulation, the information might be inaccurate and misleading

Which of the following descriptions of falsification is incorrect? A. Falsification occurs when researchers modify their research data or equipment to verify the set research hypothesis. B. Falsification occurs when a researcher modifies or deletes research statistics, results, or graphs. C. Falsification occurs when a researcher enters random numbers for analysis to finish the research paper on time because the submission deadline for a conference is approaching, and there is no time to analyze the retrieved data properly. D. Falsification occurs when a researcher changes the analysis statistics to make them statistically significant and thereby support the research hypotheses.

C. Falsification occurs when a researcher enters random numbers for analysis to finish the research paper on time because the submission deadline for a conference is approaching, and there is no time to analyze the retrieved data properly.

Imagine that you are in the restroom in the clinic. You come out of the bathroom stall and see that one of the members of your cohort leaves a patient file sitting on the edge of the sink -- she probably did this so she would minimize damage to the file. If you saw this happen, what should you do? A. report her to the ASHA leader, so that her name appears under the "bad SLP" list B. pick up the file, read through it, put it back on the sink, then leave the bathroom C. immediately take the file to her clinical instructor D. pick up the file, hold on to it until she finishes, then remind her that leaving it out in the open would be considered a HIPAA violation

D. pick up the file, hold on to it until she finishes, then remind her that leaving it out in the open would be considered a HIPAA violation

Convenience sampling is a more common technique because they are A. are more appropriate for statistical analysis. B. are preferred by instructors. C. yield representative samples. D. take less time and money.

D. take less time and money.