Research Methods Exam #3

- An extension of the univariate analysis of variance - Extends ANOVA by taking into account multiple continuous dependent variables, and bundles them together into a weighted linear combination or composite variable

MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance)

A measure of the strength and the association between the two variables

Pearson's r (Pearson's correlation coefficient)

A _________________ concept will operate without failure and produce positive results under a variety of conditions.

Robust

A characteristic describing a model's, test's, or system's ability to perform effectively while its variables or assumptions are altered

Robustness

To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left or right. This shift is called:

Skewness

Will compare whether or not the newly created combination differs by the different groups, or levels, of the independent variable

MANOVA

Secondary sources may include:

- Most books about a topic - Analysis or interpretation of data - Scholarly or other articles about a topic, especially by people not directly involved - Documentaries (though they often include photos or video portions that can be considered primary sources

Accomplished by regressing the post-treatment scores on to both pretreatment measures and a dummy variable that indicates membership in the different treatment groups

ANCOVA

Matches participants mathematically rather than by physically forming pairs or blocks of similar participants

ANCOVA

Comparing test items with the course of objective (course topics) checks which type of validity?

Content

If the difference between the value and average is high, then dispersion will be ____________.

High

- also called the two-sample t-test - an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups

Independent t-test

Historians use secondary sources to:

Understand what is known about the topic

To determine which of two methods for learning a motor skill is more effective, the correct statistical analysis is :

an independent t-test

Correlation that has no linear relationship between the variables

r=0

- a type of inferential statistics - has one independent variable and one dependent variable - used when the difference between two population averages is being investigated

t-test

Used: - to determine whether there is a significant difference between the means of two groups - to compare two means (the scores must be measured on an interval or ratio measurement scale

t-test

The t-test is used to:

test whether two groups differ significantly

When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable (e.g., four groups) on one dependent variable (e.g., self-concept), the best choice of a statistical analysis is:

Analysis of variance

The accuracy with which a 12-min run estimates maximal oxygen consumption in a group of male high school seniors represents:

Concurrent validity

- A statistical measure that is used to describe the distribution - Measures extreme values in either tail

Kurtosis

Particularizing is an approach to socio-historical research that occurs when the researcher:

is interested in minute details of the past

Correlation that shows data that lies on a perfectly straight line with a positive slope

r=-1

What is needed in order to run an independent t-test?

- One independent, categorical that has two levels/groups - One continuous dependent variable

- A method of statistical control that removes the effects of nuisance variables through the use of multiple regression analysis - Analogous to matching and blocking

ANCOVA (analysis of covariance)

A research sought out to find out which of two exercises was more effective in building endurance. One group used exercise A, and another group used exercise B. At the end of the study, the researcher should compare the two groups' scores by:

An independent t-test

When the purpose of the research is to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is:

Analysis of covariance

The author of a test of anxiety proceeds on the premise, based on the literature, that the performance of people with high anxiety suffers when they are under stress. In an experiment the author finds that people who scored as highly anxious on the test preformed more poorly on a stressful task. The test author maintained that this finding was evidence of what kind of validity?

Construct

A physical education teacher develops a skill test in volleyball. After administering the test to 50 students, she asks the volleyball coach to rate the students on volleyball skills. She then correlates the student's test scores with the coach's rating. This is an example of what kind of validity?

Criterion-related Validity

A researcher wishes to determine whether a treatment group made a significant improvement from the preset (M=25) to posttest (M=30). The correct statistical test to use to compare the two means is the:

Dependent t-test

- Measures the variation of the items among themselves - Measures the variation around the average - Measure of the variation between items

Dispersion

The property of a distribution of scores that relates to how peaked or flat the curve is called:

Kurtosis

Distributions with __________ kurtosis exhibit tail data exceeding the tails of the normal distribution (five or more standard deviations from the mean).

Large

Distributions with ____________ kurtosis exhibit tail data that are generally less extreme than the tails of the normal distribution.

Low

Essentially tests whether or not the independent grouping variable simultaneously explains a statistically significant amount of variance in the dependent variable

MANOVA

Data such as sex, city of residence, or political party affiliation are what kind of measure?

Nominal

An approach to socio-historical research that occurs when the researcher is interested in minute details of the past

Particularizing

A test is ________________ is it still provides insight into a problem despite having its assumptions altered or violated.

Robust

Correlation that shows data that lies on a perfectly straight line with a negative slope

r=1