Research Methods Exam #3
- An extension of the univariate analysis of variance - Extends ANOVA by taking into account multiple continuous dependent variables, and bundles them together into a weighted linear combination or composite variable
MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance)
A measure of the strength and the association between the two variables
Pearson's r (Pearson's correlation coefficient)
A _________________ concept will operate without failure and produce positive results under a variety of conditions.
Robust
A characteristic describing a model's, test's, or system's ability to perform effectively while its variables or assumptions are altered
Robustness
To determine whether data are normally distributed, one can test to see whether the curve is shifted to the left or right. This shift is called:
Skewness
Will compare whether or not the newly created combination differs by the different groups, or levels, of the independent variable
MANOVA
Secondary sources may include:
- Most books about a topic - Analysis or interpretation of data - Scholarly or other articles about a topic, especially by people not directly involved - Documentaries (though they often include photos or video portions that can be considered primary sources
Accomplished by regressing the post-treatment scores on to both pretreatment measures and a dummy variable that indicates membership in the different treatment groups
ANCOVA
Matches participants mathematically rather than by physically forming pairs or blocks of similar participants
ANCOVA
Comparing test items with the course of objective (course topics) checks which type of validity?
Content
If the difference between the value and average is high, then dispersion will be ____________.
High
- also called the two-sample t-test - an inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a statistically significant difference between the means in two unrelated groups
Independent t-test
Historians use secondary sources to:
Understand what is known about the topic
To determine which of two methods for learning a motor skill is more effective, the correct statistical analysis is :
an independent t-test
Correlation that has no linear relationship between the variables
r=0
- a type of inferential statistics - has one independent variable and one dependent variable - used when the difference between two population averages is being investigated
t-test
Used: - to determine whether there is a significant difference between the means of two groups - to compare two means (the scores must be measured on an interval or ratio measurement scale
t-test
The t-test is used to:
test whether two groups differ significantly
When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable (e.g., four groups) on one dependent variable (e.g., self-concept), the best choice of a statistical analysis is:
Analysis of variance
The accuracy with which a 12-min run estimates maximal oxygen consumption in a group of male high school seniors represents:
Concurrent validity
- A statistical measure that is used to describe the distribution - Measures extreme values in either tail
Kurtosis
Particularizing is an approach to socio-historical research that occurs when the researcher:
is interested in minute details of the past
Correlation that shows data that lies on a perfectly straight line with a positive slope
r=-1
What is needed in order to run an independent t-test?
- One independent, categorical that has two levels/groups - One continuous dependent variable
- A method of statistical control that removes the effects of nuisance variables through the use of multiple regression analysis - Analogous to matching and blocking
ANCOVA (analysis of covariance)
A research sought out to find out which of two exercises was more effective in building endurance. One group used exercise A, and another group used exercise B. At the end of the study, the researcher should compare the two groups' scores by:
An independent t-test
When the purpose of the research is to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is:
Analysis of covariance
The author of a test of anxiety proceeds on the premise, based on the literature, that the performance of people with high anxiety suffers when they are under stress. In an experiment the author finds that people who scored as highly anxious on the test preformed more poorly on a stressful task. The test author maintained that this finding was evidence of what kind of validity?
Construct
A physical education teacher develops a skill test in volleyball. After administering the test to 50 students, she asks the volleyball coach to rate the students on volleyball skills. She then correlates the student's test scores with the coach's rating. This is an example of what kind of validity?
Criterion-related Validity
A researcher wishes to determine whether a treatment group made a significant improvement from the preset (M=25) to posttest (M=30). The correct statistical test to use to compare the two means is the:
Dependent t-test
- Measures the variation of the items among themselves - Measures the variation around the average - Measure of the variation between items
Dispersion
The property of a distribution of scores that relates to how peaked or flat the curve is called:
Kurtosis
Distributions with __________ kurtosis exhibit tail data exceeding the tails of the normal distribution (five or more standard deviations from the mean).
Large
Distributions with ____________ kurtosis exhibit tail data that are generally less extreme than the tails of the normal distribution.
Low
Essentially tests whether or not the independent grouping variable simultaneously explains a statistically significant amount of variance in the dependent variable
MANOVA
Data such as sex, city of residence, or political party affiliation are what kind of measure?
Nominal
An approach to socio-historical research that occurs when the researcher is interested in minute details of the past
Particularizing
A test is ________________ is it still provides insight into a problem despite having its assumptions altered or violated.
Robust
Correlation that shows data that lies on a perfectly straight line with a negative slope
r=1