Research Methods FINAL
You hear about a technique known as snowballing, which is used in survey research. Which of these is the BEST example of snowballing?
A group of award-winning teachers of psychology is recruited for a survey and they provide the names of other teachers known for superior teaching
Dr. Christof has conducted a research study on exposure to media advertising and buying habits. Using a questionnaire, he found no correlational relationship between the variables. He has decided to examine the same topic using an experimental design. What can he expect to find?
A non-significant causal relationships between exposure to media advertising and buying habits
Your professor is discussing the concept of a population. During the discussion, you learn a fact about populations that many people would find surprising. Which of these is a generally unknown or underappreciated aspect of the concept of populations in research?
A population includes all of the cases or observations that are of interest
In an experiment with a 2 x 3 factorial design , where the first variable is A and the second variable is B, which of these is an accurate representation of one of the conditions of that experiment?
A(sub1)B(sub3)
Which of these would make a good title for a newspaper article describing and summarizing results of research on lying to parents by high school and college students?
"Lying to Parents" Quite Common
A student has just run her inferential statistics and found that the results were statistically significant at the 5% level. When she rushes excitedly to her professor with the news, what is the professor likely to say?
"There is a 5% chance that the results were due to chance factors."
Imagine a scatter plot in which the line describing the points is a straight horizontal line with all points on this line. When a student asks what this means, what would the teacher say?
"With no variability in one variable, Pearson's r cannot be used."
Al has high cholesterol and has seen an advertisement that seeks participants for a study of a new drug designed to reduce cholesterol levels in comparison to a placebo. What must Al hear when the research is describes to him?
"you may not receive the actual drug in this experiment"
A prisoner who is considering becoming a participant in research being conducted by physicians at the prison is LEAST likely to hear which statement used to describe the research?
"your participation will be considered by the parole board in its deliberations."
Researchers found a correlation of .50 between study skills and GPA. Imagine that they now restudy just the students who had GPAs of 3.5 or above. Which is the MOST likely correlation they will observe when they reanalyze the data this way?
+.15
Real estate agents report that homes of 1,500 sq. ft. sell for about $100,000. Hones of 2k sqft. sell for $150,000, homes of 2.5k or more sqft. sell for $225,000 or higher, and so on. Which correlation coefficient BEST summarizes what these real estate agents have found?
+.62
If the scatter plot points run from the lower left to the upper right corner, very close to a straight (slope D) line, which is the MOST likely correlation coefficient?
+.80
Which of these could be a correlation coefficient?
+.99
Which of these could be a correlation coefficient?
+1.00
Which set of correlational coefficients is listed in order from smallest to largest in magnitude?
-.19, +.32,-.54,+.66
If the scatter plot runs from the upper left corner to the lower right corner, very close to a straight line, which is the MOST likely correlation coefficient?
-.75
If the scatter plot runs from the upper left corner to the lower right corner, very close to a straight line (Slope D), which is the MOST likely correlation coefficient?
-.75/
Which of these is the strongest correlation coefficient?
-.84
Which set of correlation coefficients is listed in order from largest to smallest in magnitude?
-.88, +.56, -.32,-.05
A psychologist wants to use two personality variables to predict insurance sales. Assume that the two personality variables (Xsub1,Xsub2) are not correlated with one another. The two variables correlate with the criterion (sales) at .50 and .30. What correlation between Xsub1 and Xsub2 would cause Xsub2 to add the greatest level of predictability to our regression equation?
.00
What exact range of correlation coefficients is identified as strong associations between variable X and Y?
.50 to 1.00
Which correlation coefficient between a predictor and a criterion provides the BEST evidence of predictive validity?
.57
If r is .20, what new r is 3x as large?
.60
Dr. Young wants to study fashion preferences among fashion merchandizing majors at a large northeastern university. Dr. Young selects 1,400 fashion merchandizing students as prospective participants. Dr. Young is able to contact all of the students via email, but only 700 students participate in her study. What is the percentage difference between the cooperation rate and the response rate?
0%
The general range of response rates for mail surveys is approximately ____, whereas the response rate for telephone surveys is approximately ___.
15% to 50%; 40% to 80%
Researchers are interested in surveying students from four groups of majors: lib arts, health, science and tech, and education. They are also interested in dividing students into those who are part or full time. Finally, they are interested in investigating gender effects, if any. How many different strata are involved in this research?
16
Which of these is the simplest factorial design?
2 x 2
A researcher selects 10,000 prospective participants. An in-person survey results in contacting 6,000 people. Of these people, 3,000 agree to participate. What is the difference between the cooperation rate and the response rate?
20%
A psychologist wants to use 3 personality variables to predict insurance sales. Assume that the 3 personality variables (Xsub1, Xsub2, and Xsub3) are not correlated with one another. The 3 variables correlate with the criterion (sales) at .30, .30, and .20. What is the total variance in sales accounted for by the three predictors?
22%
A researcher is interested in surveying general political attitudes of registered Republicans, Democrats, or Independents. The researcher also wants to investigate gender effects, family income (up to $50,000 and over $50,000) as well as educational level (up to high school and more than high school). How many different groups would be involved in this research?
24
How much variance of Y is accounted for if r=.50
25%
A researcher who is interested in determining when the probability of helping others is most likely explores the effects of three variables: socioeconomic status (i.e., low, medium, high), gender of the victim, and time pressures (i.e., none, a little, moderate, a lot). This is an example of a ___ design.
3 x 2 x 4
Consider the following distribution of scores: 100,100,100,85,115,95,105. What is the range in this distribution?
30
What is considered the upper limit of the amount of time that could be devoted to a telephone interview
30 minutes
A researcher has selected 5,000 prospective study participants. A telephone survey results in contacting 2,500 people. Of these people, 1,000 participate in the survey. What is the cooperation rate in this survey?
40%
A researcher selects 1000 prospective participants. A telephone survey results in contacting 500 people. Of these people, 400 complete the survey. What is the response rate in this survey?
40%
What percent of Americans were cell-phone-only users?
47%
If the r for class attendance and grade is .70, how much variance do these two variables share?
49%
How many rating scale points are there on the typical Likert rating scale?
5
How many rating scale points are there on the typical rating scale?
5
A researcher selects 100 prospective participants. A telephone survey results in contacting 90 people. Of these people, 45 agree to participate. What is the difference between the cooperation rate and the response rate?
5%
Dr. Young wants to study fashion preferences among merchandizing majors at a large northeastern university. Dr. Young selects 1,400 fashion merchandizing students as prospective participants. Dr. Young is able to contact all the students via email, but only 700 students participate in her study?
50%
A researcher examines the participants in 1,000 psychological research studies. How many of these studies are likely to have involved animals as the research participants?
75
What is the MOST common confidence level used in survey research?
95%
Which of these describes the MOST likely research situation concerning anonymity and confidentiality?
researchers are likely to promise confidentiality but not anonymity
A design is a single-case design because:
researchers can draw causal conclusion about how an independent variable influences each participant
Which of these is a disadvantage of the multiple-case study design?
resources needed
A psychologist who conducts research has an ethical obligation to take special steps to honor the rights of individuals who may have difficulty making independent decisions. What principle is involved here?
respect
A psychologist who conducts research has an ethical obligation to take steps to honor the rights of individuals who may have difficulty making independent decisions. What principle is involved here?
respect
Dr. Navarro, a psychologist, is careful to be aware of participants' gender, ethnicity, and other individual differences in the research being conducted. As such, Dr. Navarro is adhering to which ethical principle of research?
respect
What is the general trend of response rates from the 1970s to 2003?
response rates have declined significantly
One of the major disadvantages of a study with an interrupted time-series design with a nonequivalent control group is that it still cannot:
rule out placebo effects
As an exercise in research methods, students conducted identical surveys under tightly controlled conditions (similar rules for how to select their participants). Their questions involved whether the university was devoting enough money to athletics or should it increase its budget. In general, students seemed to think that the university should spend less, with 68%, 70%, 72%, 67%, and 71% agreeing with this statement. Why is there a spread of scores found as answers to this question?
sampling error
Chance fluctuations in the characteristics of samples that occur when randomly selecting sample from the population is called:
sampling variability
Chance fluctuations in the characteristics of samples that occur when randomly selecting samples from the population is called:
sampling variability
A researcher is concerned about the impact of a few extremely low or extremely high scores on the results of a study. This is a concern about:
satatistical conclusion validity
A ___ is a graph in which data points portray the intersection of X and Y values
scatter plot
Although manipulating the IV is a key to the experimental method, there are also experiments in which the IV may be:
selected
Researchers conduct a study to understand whether preexisting self-esteem and time of day impact how frequently a student raises her or his hand in class to answer a question. Results suggest that both self-esteem and time of day impact hand raise. Preexisting self esteem in this study is a ___ variable.
selected independent
A researcher assigns participants to their respective conditions based on what time of day they arrived for the experiment. The first 50 who arrived were placed in the treatment group and the second 50 who arrived were placed in the control group. The researcher is concerned that the two groups of participants may vary on a key variable that affects the dependent variable. The experimenter is worried about a ___ threat to validity.
selection
A researcher is interested in examining whether the area of ethnic origin of Americans affect their health. After a larger nationwide study is conducted, researchers find that European American participants have better health than participants from all other groups. The researcher is concerned, however, that participants from other groups may have a lower socioeconomic status than European American participants, and that socioeconomic status may explain the results. The researcher is concerned with a(n) ___ effect.
selection
Researchers interested in studying the effect of happiness on various health outcomes randomly assign each person who comes into the laboratory to one of two study conditions. However, several people in the study are friends and drove to the study together. The group of friends indicates that they need to be in the same condition of the study so that they can all leave together to get home. Accommodating the subjects' request might threaten validity because of the effect of:
selection
___ may threaten validity if, at the beginning of the study, participants in the various conditions differ on a characteristic that call partly or fully account for the eventual results.
selection
___ may threaten validity if, at the beginning of the study, participants in the various conditions differ on a characteristic that can partly or fully account for the eventual results.
selection
___ refers to situations in which, at the start of the study, participants in the various conditions already differ on a characteristic that can partly or fully account for the eventual results.
selection
In a(n) ___ the researcher identifies in advance a set of topics or themes to be discussed with the interviewee, but the way and sequence in which questions are asked remain flexible
semi-structured interview
Qualitative case studies are more likely to use a(n):
semi-structured interview
A clinical psychologist works with a client to reduce his fear of driving. The psychologist decides to use a single-case experimental design. She records the client's baseline behavior regarding driving for a week and then implements an intervention designed to reduce his fear. She then records his behavior regarding driving for another week to determine if his fear has changed. In this single-case experimental design, the client:
serves as his own control
A patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) asks a clinician to help reduce her OCD symptoms, especially her compulsive hand-washing behavior. The clinician first observes the patient's hand-washing behaviors for 2 days. She then implements an intervention designed to reduce the patient's OCD symptoms at the patient's home. She then completes the same treatment followed by observations at the patient's office and in a public restaurant. This is an example of a multiple-baseline design across:
settings
In a multiple-baseline design across ___, the same treatment is applied to the same target behavior in two or more environments, and the switch from baseline to treatment is staggered across environment.
settings
How many threats to internal validity are there for quasi-experimental designs that only have a treatment group?
seven
The use of deception is in conflict with which of the major ethical principles of the APA Ethics Code?
several of the major ethical principles
Social psychologists wanted to examine the relationship between exposure to explicit content and sexual priming among college students. Researchers divided participants into four groups. In the first group, participants were exposed to music videos containing explicit content. In the second group, participants were exposed to the same music as the first group; however, the videos were censored. In the third group, participants were exposed to music videos that did not contain explicit content, and the fourth group were not exposed to any music videos at all. Following exposure to the music videos, all four groups of participants completed a timed word completion task to assess sexual priming and additional questionnaires. What is the dependent variable in this study?
sexual priming
In a 2 x 4 factorial design with two variables, A and B, variable B has been demonstrated to have a significant effect at one level of the variable A. Comparing pairs of means for variable B at this one level of A is called:
simple contrasts
A researcher is interested in whether she can reduce college student drinking intervention. She designs a 2-study. In the first year, she has students fill out a drinking survey every 3 months. At the end of the first year, she conducts the drinking intervention. In the second year, she has students fill out the same drinking survey every 3 months. This is an example of a(n) ___ design.
simple interrupted time-series
A study investigates the effects of a new social welfare program on participants' ability to access housing. The study examines the participants' housing status several times before and after the program was instituted. This is an example of a ___ design.
simple interrupted time-series
Which of these would be the stronger quasi-experimental design?
simple interrupted time-series design
Which type of analysis explores the quantitative, linear relation between two variables?
simple linear regression
Which type of analysis is often used to predict the scores of one variable based on the scores of another variable?
simple linear regression
A(n) ___ effect represents the effect of one independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable.
simple main
A researcher is looking at the effects of goal striving (low, medium, and high) and neuroticism (low, high) on achievement. The researcher is interested in examining the difference between high and low goal striving for high neuroticism individuals. The researcher is examining a:
simple main effect
After conducting an experiment on the effects of study time (i.e., little, average, a lot) and reading level (i.e., low, high) on test performance, the researchers want to determine if there is a large difference in test performance for students with low reading level at varying study times. They are interested in examining a(n):
simple main effect
A homeowners association of 500 condo units wishes to survey residents. They decide that a sample would be fine, given the size and potential costs of surveying all 500 units. They have lists of all 500 unit owners and select every fifth person on the alphabetical list. What type of sampling procedure is this?
simple random sampling
An experimenter has demonstrated a significant effect of gender on cooperation in children, with females cooperating more than males. The experimenter is interested in determining whether age may affect this relationship and conducts a study examining the effects of both age and gender on cooperation. By moving from a single-factor to factorial design, the experimenter has sacrificed ___ in order to improve ___..
simplicity; external validity
In a single-case experiment, the baseline phase consists of:
single or multiple observations of the dependent variable
When either the participants or experimenters, but not both, are masked to participants' conditions a ___ procedure is being used in the study
single-blind
A researcher visits a classroom in order to observe the effectiveness of a teacher's yeal long intervention with a student with attention deficit disorder. This case study is MOST similar to a:
single-case experiement
A researcher visits a classroom in order to observe the effectiveness of a teacher's year-long intervention with a student with attention deficit disorder. This case study is MOST similar to a:
single-case experiment
A researcher interested in enhancing student motivation works with a student who has been falling behind in classes. He works with the student for 3 months using new motivation enhancement computer software. The student completes all of the modules in the software and the researcher records the student's changes in motivation over time. This is an example of a ___ design.
single-case experimental
A key feature of ___ is the use of visual analysis as the sole basis for judging whether the independent variable produced an effect.
single-case experimental design
This design is often used in clinical psychology and neuropsychology and details the symptoms, current situational context and history, and treatment of an individual who has a particular disorder.
single-case study
A researcher designs a study to examine the impact of students' stress on academic performance. The researcher looks at the effects of several different types of stress, including academic problems, family conflicts, and friendship conflicts on students' grades. This is an example of a ___ design
single-factor multilevel
With ___ sampling, all the participants in the randomly selected units are chosen to participate in the survey
single-stage cluster
What are the two major categories of types of independent variables?
situational and subject
A characteristic that differs across environments or stimuli is called a(n):
situational variable
A study examining the effect of ambiguity of stimuli (i.e., not ambiguous, highly ambiguous), group size (i.e., three or eight members), and method of response (i.e., private, public) on conformity has ___ possible outcomes with regard to main effects of the study
six
A clinician identifies a patient with rare dissociative symptoms. She decides to conduct a series of baseline and intervention phases with the patient to determine if a new treatment will be effective. The systematic study of the patient is called a ___ design.
small N
Although there is no universally agreed-upon rule for determining the strength of a correlation, there are some general guidelines. What labels are often used in judging the strength of correlation coefficients?
small, medium, large
The MOST public visible example of the convergence of correlational and experimental findings is the link between:
smoking and lung cancer
A study conducted by the Pew Research Center sought to identify ways in which the Internet would affect people socially, politically, and economically in the future. In this research, Internet experts were consulted for their views on the issues. These experts were also asked to identify and recruit other experts to participate in the study. Which of these terms BEST describes this research method?
snowball sampling
Why do we need operational variables?
so that our research assistants will know how to measure the variables
Which subfield of psychology seems responsible for the greatest number of studies that involve deception?
social
On a survey concerning prejudice, people are very likely to give what they believe is the appropriate answer rather than their true feelings. What term do psychologists use to describe this tendency?
social desirability bias
Which risk can be minimized by using procedures that ensure anonymity or confidentiality?
social harm
What would MOST concern a research ethicist who examined what happened in the Milgram study's debriefing?
some people learned the true nature of the research only after receiving a research report
When analyzing data from single-case experiments:
some researchers rely on visual data analysis rather than statistical analysis
A graduate student needs to establish the reliability of a newly developed scale of frustration. Fortunately, he hears about a computer program that splits the test in every possible way. Which type of reliability is the focus of the graduate students work at this point?
split-half reliability
A psychologist administers a test of political orientation to a large class of students. Then, the psychologist splits the test right down the middle and correlates the two halves. For what is the psychologist MOST interested in establishing evidence?
split-half reliability
This type of reliability occurs when the items that compose a test are divided into two subtests, and the correlation between the subtests is determined.
split-half reliability
When two variables are statistically related but not causally linked, this is called a:
spurious correlation
In a single-case experiment with a multiple-baseline design across behavior, the researcher must be careful to:
stagger the timing of the treatment phase for each behavior
What is the single MOST commonly reported measure of dispersion?
standard deviation
A researcher has just completed a study that revealed a significant lower mean level of delusional symptoms for a new antipsychotic medication than for an older antipsychotic medication. The experimenter concludes that the difference between the means for the two drugs cannot be caused by chance. This is an example of a ___ inference.
statistical
A study of helping behavior investigated the effects of both the gender of the victim and the socioeconomic status of the victim. After the study, the researchers became concerned that their analysis of the data (using two separate t tests to analyze the independent effects of the two variables) does not provide an accurate test of their hypothesis. The are concerned with ___ validty.
statistical conclusion
A researcher is concerned about the impact of a few extremely low or extremely high scores on the result of a study. This is a concern about:
statistical conclusion validity
A researcher is concerned about the impact of few extremely low or extremely high scores on the results of a study. This is a concern about:
statistical conclusion validity
___ validity concerns the proper statistical treatment of data and the soundness of the researchers' statistical condlusions
statistical conclusions
If you hear the word strata, you are quite certain that a survey researcher is using which of these methods to select a sample?
stratified random sampling
Range restriction significantly reduces a correlation's:
strength
Which approach to observation is often used in quantitative case studies?
structured observation
Under the APA Ethics Code a naturalistic observation without informed consent may be approved provided that it meets three criteria. Which of these is one of those criteria?
study is not expected to cause harm or distress
An experimenter records the gender of a child and then determines the effect of gender on type of play. Gender is an example of a ___ variable.
subject
If two or more participants are exposed to the same treatment, and the switch from baseline to treatment periods is staggered across participants, a researcher is using a multiple-baseline design across:
subject
Results from a recent study suggest that the amount of information one has about the positive effects of exercise impacts the amount of exercise one engages in each week. Results also suggest that age impacts the amount of exercise one engages in each week. In this study, age is a ___ variable, since it is a characteristic on the people being studied.
subject
In counterbalancing, a researcher varies the order of conditions so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the other conditions. This helps solve the problem of:
subject fatigue during the experiment
A personal characteristic that differs across individuals is called a(n):
subject variable
A researcher designs an intervention to increase helmet usage by adult bicycle riders. She recruits three participants and observes each participant's usage for a week. She then shows only the first participants. His usage increases, but the other two participants' usage remains the same. The researcher then shows only the second participant the same film the following week. The second participant's usage increases. The researcher repeats the same strategy with the third participant, whose usage also increases after watching the film. This is an example of multiple-baseline design across:
subjects
A researcher is hired to design an intervention for a company that will increase worker productivity. A target behavior, the number of hours spent working at one's desk, is chosen. Each of the three employees' target behavior is recorded several times before and after they receive the intervention. However, the first employee's target behavior is recorded during three different baseline trials before administering the intervention, while the second and third employees' target behavior is recovered for five different trials before administering the intervention. This is an example of a multiple-baseline design across:
subjects
Penny works in the telephone sales department of the Energy Efficient Window Company. She uses a random digit dialing technique to contact potential customers. Once she has a potential customer on the phone, she invites them to complete a brief survey about energy efficient windows. For example, she asks consumers: "Do you agree that replacing your old windows with an energy efficient window system could reduce your monthly heating/cooling bill?" At the end of the survey, Penny says, "It sounds like you could benefit from a new set of energy efficient windows. I can tell you about some exciting discounts that we're currently offering through our company. If not now, when would be a good time to call back?" This is a good example of:
sugging
Which of these are controversial controversial strategies conducted during debriefing in which experimenters explore participants' beliefs about the study and its hypothesis?
suspicion probes
A researcher administers a treatment to one of the groups in her study and then, after some time has passed, administers the same treatment to the other nonequivalent group in her study. This is an example of a:
switching replication design
After initial observations of children's play behavior in two classrooms, school psychologists institute a treatment to reduce aggressive play in one classroom, and then take observations of children's play again in both classrooms. Finally, the psychologists remove the treatment in the second classroom and then take a final round of observations. This study uses a:
switching replication with treatment removal
Dr. North is famous for conducting social interaction studies within her simulated barroom environment. However, Dr. North has recently become interested in increasing the ecological validity of her research. What would you suggest?
switching to naturalistic observation
The constant amount of error that occurs with each measurement is called:
systematic error
The ___ behavior is the behavior that a treatment is designed to change
target
In a changing-criterion design, the component of the study that changes is the:
target behavior that is requiring to be displayed
For which of the situations would Cohen's kappa be used when computing interobserver reliability?
teaching behavior is evaluated as lecturing, leading discussion, listening, questioning, or responding to questions or other
This is a way of measuring reliability by administering the same measure to the same participants on two or more occasions, under equivalent conditions.
test-retake reliability
A researcher is interested in studying the effect of three different noise levels on a anagram task. He has participants engage in all of the conditions of the experiment. The researcher does this primarily to rule out a(n) ___ threat.
testing
If measuring participants' responses affects how they respond on subsequent measures, ___ may be a threat to validity
testing
Researcher studying the effect of anxiety on driving performance ask participants to complete an anxiety self-assessment scale three times during the study. Because the participants filled out the anxiety scale more than once, ___ may be a threat to the study's validity.
testing
Researchers studying the effect of anxiety on driving performance ask participants to complete an anxiety self-assessment scale three times during the study. Because the participants filled out the anxiety scale more than once, ___ may be a threat to the study's validity
testing
This concerns whether the act of measuring participants' responses affects how they respond on subsequent measures.
testing
When participants' responses on one section of a study affect how they respond on subsequent measures, this threat to internal validity has occurred.
testing
In a study of the effect of exercise and diet on cholesterol levels, what are the independent variables (IVs) and the dependent variables (DVs)?
the DV is cholesterol level; the IVs are exercise and diet
As part of the research requirement at your school, you see an experiment focused on talking or not talking on a cell phone and its influence on driving. Identify the independent variable (IV) and DV in this experiment
the IV is talking or not talking; the DV is driving performance
A researcher is interesed in studying the effects of caffeine (zero and high) and the new sleeping medication (Knockmeout) in either 50-,100-,150, or 200mg tablets on sleep length. What are the independent variables (IVs) and the dependent variables (DVs) in this study?
the IVs are caffeine and sleeping medication, the DV is sleep length
After wading through a rather difficult research article, Sid decides that one section was a "real bear" because of its technical nature. Which section proved to be difficult for Sid?
the Results
Applied behavior analysis refers to:
the application "of the experimental analysis of behavior to problems of social importance"
In a one-group pretest-posttest design:
the confounding nature of alternative explanations such as testing and instrumentation depend on the circumstances of each study
Dr. Young wants to study fashion preferences among fashion merchandizing majors at a large northeastern university. Dr. Young selects 1,400 fashion merchandizing students as prospective participants. Dr. Young is able to contact all of the students via email, but only 700 students participate in her study. Which of these BEST describes the relationship between the cooperation rate and the response rate in this study?
the cooperation rate and response rate are the same
What is the typical relationship between the cooperation rate and the response rate?
the cooperation rate is generally higher than the response rate
If a line representing points on a scatter plot is horizontal and every point lies on this line, what can be concluded about the likely correlation coefficient?
the correlation coefficient in this case cannot be computed
In a quasi-experimental study of the effects of a cyberbullying campaign on Internet bullying in two different elementary schools, the researcher uses a switching replication design with treatment removal. The advantage of this study is that it allows the researcher to determine if:
the cyberbullying campaign will have lasting effects
When conducting an ANOVA for a factorial design, one of the major advantages of doing planned comparisons instead of conducting follow-up post-hoc comparisons on any significant main effect is that:
the difference between means do not have to be as large in order to be statistically significant
The intensive study, under controlled conditions, of how environmental stimuli and consequences regulate an individual organism's behavior is called:
the experimental analysis of behavior
A researcher assigns participants randomly to the various conditions of an experiment on mate selection. This is done to ensure that:
the experimental and control groups are relatively equivalent
In a switching replication with treatment removal:
the initial treatment group no longer receives the treatment after the control group is switched
A researcher conducts a study with a multiple-baseline design across subjects in order to examine the effectiveness of a playground intervention on cooperative play. If scores on cooperative play only change when the intervention is introduced to each subject, the researcher can cautiously conclude that:
the intervention change the change in behvior
What is the relation between the size of the sample and the size of the margin of error in survey research?
the larger the sample, the smaller the margin of error
In a two-way interaction, the way that one independent variable influences a dependent variable depends on:
the level of the second independent variable
Which example represents a positive correlation?
the more days of class missed, the more points are deducted
How does the size of the population affect the sample needed to achieve a certain margin of error?
the needed sample size depends on the population and desired margin of error
An experimenter has ruled out all possible confounding variables in her study of the impact of the number of bystanders on helping behavior. She can confidently assert that:
the number of bystanders alone influenced helping behavior
Which of these would be the BEST example of a physical trace measure of a certain type of energy drink on a college campus?
the number of cans of energy drink retrieved from trash pins, recycling bins, and as litter on the university grounds
Which of these is the BEST example of a discrete quantitative variable?
the number of children to which someone has given birth
One important consideration in achieving counterbalancing in a random-selected-orders design is to ensure that:
the number of subjects is not too small
What is one of the potential advantages of a structured setting and structured observation?
the observation can be recorded for later coding
One of the disadvantages to adding multiple follow-up observations to a one-group pretest-posttest design is that:
the observations before and after the treatment are not equal
What is one of the major reasons that understanding the various scales of measurement are so important?
the particular scale determines what statistic can be used
In order to test for interactions, an experimenter should compare:
the pattern of the cell means
Which of these is the BEST example of a sampling frame?
the people living in every third condo in a development
Correlational findings can indicate:
the possibility that a cause-effect relation might exist
Which of these is a principle of ethics highlighted in the Belmont Report that was cearly violated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
the principle of justice because the poor and illiterate participants were coerced with free meals and other enticements
If a prisoner at a federal facility is taking part in medical research, which aspect of this situation is consistent with the spirit of the Nuremberg Code?
the prisoner's consent to participate must be completely voluntary
What is one of the major problems with convenience samples as a means of obtaining a sample for a survey?
the process may introduce potential biases into the sampling procedure
Dr. Carter just submitted his IRB proposal under the expedited procedure. Which outcome is the LEAST likely to occur?
the proposal may be rejected
A research group assessing the effects of smoking on anxiety is particularly concerned that subjects might guess what the study is about because the lab is located in a well-known mental health center. In order to reduce the chances that participants will guess correctly, the researchers make up a fictitious story about the purpose of the study and put up signs in the lab that are unrelated to smoking and mental health. These diversions are an example of:
the red-herring technique
Psychophysics is a subfield of psychology which examines:
the relation between physical properties of stimuli and sensory-perceptual responses
Why is structured observation NOT considered an example of naturalistic observation?
the researcher is determining the task and times
What is the key to having a research ethics committee approve a research project that involves the use of deception?
the researcher must demonstrate that the study's benefits outweigh the ethical cost of deception
Which statement summarizes one disadvantage of the naturalistic observation method?
the results are at best descriptive
In a multiple baseline design across subjects, different subjects are exposed to:
the same treatment
Given a particular population, and a 95% confidence, what determines the size of the margin error?
the size of the sample
Suppose a proposal to study sexual harassment at 10 universities is submitted to each university's IRB. If two of the 10 IRBs reject the study, what is a possible outcome?
the study cannot be conducted as the IRBs that approved cannot override those IRBs that rejected the proposal
In the multiple-baseline design, which of these helps rule out possible alternative explanation?
the temporal pattern
In a multiple-baseline design:
the time at which the treatment is introduced varies across the different people, behaviors, or settings
In a diagram of a quasi-experimental design, the X represents:
the treatment
In the baseline phase of a single-case experimental design:
the treatment is not presented
Which of these is the BEST example of a nominal scale of measurement?
the various disciplines taught at a university
One of the main advantages of a between-subjects design is that:
there are no carryover effects from one condition to another
One reason researchers use quasi-experiments is because:
there are practical limitations that can make random assignment difficult
In an ABAB design:
there is a sequence of phases in which a treatment is either absent or present
A group of researchers investigates the effects of a hurricane on post-traumatic stress disorders. The researchers compare post-traumatic stress of residents of a small town before and after the hurricane. This study qualifies as a quasi-experiment primarily because:
there is only one group of participants
One of the main disadvantages of a within-subjects design is that:
there may be order effects
What are some of the advantages of nonprobability sampling compared to probability sampling?
they are easier and cost less to obtain
How do qualitative oriented data researchers typically examine their data?
they identify patterns and themes
Which of these among the types of experiments conducted by Nazi physicians on concentration camp inmates?
they were infected with malaria
which of these provided input into writing the APA's first ethics code
thousands of individual reports from psychologists describing potential ethical incidents
Selection interactions refer to the interaction of selection with another:
threat to internal validity
A researcher examines the effects of three variables on helping: time pressure, gender of victim, and number of bystanders. How many main effects will the researcher be able to look at?
three
How many nominal variables are evident in the following description: On an application for a driver's license, Carley wrote "student" for her occupation. She wrote 5 foot 2 inches for her height and 115 pounds for her weight. When asked, she said her major was psychology. She checked the box indicating that she was willing to be an organ donor.
three
How many two-way interactions are there in a factorial design with three independent variables?
three
In a 2 x 3 factorial design with two variables, A and B, there are ___ simple main effects for the variable A
three
In a pretest-posttest design with a switching replication design, there are ___ observation periods for each group.
three
In order to analyze the results of a 2 x 2 factorial design experiment, a researcher conducts an ANOVA, which generates ___ statistical test(s).
three
When examining an ANOVA of a factorial design that uses an interval or ratio dependent variable and two independent variables, you would examine the results of ___statistical test(s)
three
An experimenter conducts a study that is comparing the effects of light therapy with an antidepressant on depressive symptoms. In addition to the type of treatment, the experimenter will also examine the effect of level of support (low, medium, high) on depression. The experimenter will be able to explore:
three main effects and multiple interactions
A researcher decides to investigate the amount of alcohol consumed in 1 hour and where alcohol was consumed (in a laboratory or in a bar setting) on reaction time and number of errors on an attention task. How many qualitative and how many quantitative variables are included in this study?
three quantitative variables and one qualitative variable
A study with a person x situation design examining the effects of fatigue (i.e., low, high), stress level (i.e., low, high), and metabolism (i.e., slow, fast) reveals that the interaction of fatigue and stress level depends on the level of the metabolism. This is an example of a:
three-way interaction
In a standard switching replication design, the initial treatment group receives the treatment:
throughout the study
Which of these are the BEST examples of variables measured on a ratio scale of measurement?
time an length
One of the major reasons why program evaluators do not use better study designs such as true experiments is:
time and funding constraints
The concept of accuracy is MOST relevant to ___
time it took to run a race
What are the major reasons that researchers conduct survey research?
to address questions of both basic and applied research
Which of these is a common use of survey data?
to describe population time trends
Which was the primary reason that a study of the possible effects of sexual harassment on women's job interview performance was included in the chapter?
to focus on the issue of deception in research
A school psychologist conducts a study investigating the impact of a new peer mentoring group on school truancy that is being instituted in her school. She is able to measure truancy both before and after the peer intervention program. One of the major advantages of this quasi-experiment is that it:
to improve people's well-being
For what purpose did psychologists use the device known as an Electronic Activated Recording with college students?
to understand how personality characteristics are expressed in daily life
For what purpose did psychologists use the device known as an Electronically Activated Recording with college students?
to understand how personality characteristics are expressed in daily life
When studying behavior, random measurement error can be introduced by using any of the following EXCEPT:
transcribing data accurately
Although multiple-baseline designs remove the ethical concern of withdrawing a potentially effective treatment from a participant, the multiple-baseline design still suffers from the problem that the:
treatment is delayed for additional participants
In a one-group posttest-only design a(n):
treatment occurs and afterward the dependent variable is measured once
In a study examining the effects of loud noises on attention in people with attention deficit disorder (ADD), the researchers conduct a series of tests with an adult suffering from severe ADD. THey determine the participant's baseline level of concentration and then expose her to a series of loud noises to understand how the noises affect her ability to concentrate. In this study, the loud noises are part of the:
treatment phase
In order to assess for selection effects in an interrupted design with a nonequivalent control group, the researchers needs to look at the trends in the posttest observations
trends in the posttest observations
What two key aspects separate a ratio scale of measurement from the other three scales of measurement?
true zero point and equal distance
What is sugging?
trying to sell something under the guise of research
A research team uses Latin Square design to investigate the effects of three levels of stress on math performance. Because there are an odd number of conditions, the researcher will have to use
twice as many participants than they would have used with an even number of conditions
A real estate company is interested in research on what makes homes sell. They are interested in the effects of square footage, color of paint (white vs. beige), and distance from downtown. They decide to assess the number of people who visit during open houses for various homes as well as the final selling price for the homes. How many independent variables (IVs) and dependent variables (DVs) are there in this proposed study?
two DVs, and three IVs
A factorial design includes:
two or more independent
A faculty member is conducting a study of academic achievement across 4 years. She studies men and women separately and expose half of them to a curriculum that emphasizes critical thinking and the other half to the regular curriculum. After 4 years, she studies the students' grade point averages and the percentage that are accepted for postgraduate study. How many qualitative and how many quantitative variables are included in this study?
two quantitative variables and two qualitative variables
In a 3 x 2 factorial design there are ___ factors and the second factor has ___ levels.
two; two
In order to test the effects of various ways of teaching, a faculty member gives either frequent quizzes or longer exams. In addition, some of her classes receive study guides, whereas others do not. At the end of the term, she looks at the average grade in the classes and the number of students that failed the class. Identified the independent variables (IVs) and dependent variables (DVs) in this research.
type of testing and availability of study guides are the IVs; average grade and the percent failing the class are the DVs
Although factorial designs may increase external validity, decisions about whether a particular design increases external validity depend on the:
types of main effects and interaction effects obtaining by the researcher
What are some of the key goals of ethnography?
understanding the context of the behaviors and their meaning as perceived by group members
A researcher has been invited to give a presentation on sugging and frugging. What is the likely topic of the presentation?
unethical use of the practice of surveying
A psychotherapist conducts a single case experiment in order to determine if her new treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is effective. Her experiment differs from a quasi-experiment in that it does NOT:
use a group approach to the observation of data
A researcher is investigating the ability of aversive punishment to decrease students' disruptive behaviors in class. She is worried that the number of punishments will vary from student and thus will bias the results of the study. The researcher would do well to:
use a yoked control group
One of the ways to deal with instrumentation threats is to:
use counterbalancing
In a study of variables X and Y, which of the steps would distinguish the study as being correlational in nature?
use statistics to reduce the influence of confounding variables
Random assignment is typically accomplished by:
using a random number generator
Dr. Arnold has trained his research assistants to code the appearance and type of portrayal of older adults in television commercials. Dr. Arnold's hypothesis is that older adults have been portrayed more negatively over time. However, Dr. Arnold does not tell his research assistants about his hypothesis. This is an example of a study:
using blind observation/coding
Which two philosophical approaches to issues related to the use of animals in research are MOST closely related?
utilitarian perspective and pro-use perspective
Which of these characteristics is a strength of the case study approach?
variety of data collection techniques
What specific technique did research use in the study of how parents and children interact while visiting a science museum?
video recording
What is the concept of nonresponse bias?
view that people who do not respond would give different responses than those who do respond
Which of these is the BEST example of scan sampling in observational research?
viewing the entire group at short, preselected times
A group of randomly selected participants who do not receive a study treatment, but who expect to and do receive it after the experimental group ends, are referred to as a(n) ___ control group
wait-list
A researcher examining the effects of an experimental surgery on epilepsy randomly assigns epileptic patients to three different conditions. In one condition the participants receive the surgery, in another condition the participants receive the standard epileptic medication, and in a third condition the participants receive the surgery one month after the other group of patients who receive the surgery. This third group of patients is in the ___ condition.
wait-list control
Under what conditions do APA guidelines permit the use of deception in studies involving emotional stress?
when the stress is not substantial
Ceiling and floor effects differ with regard to:
where the scores the independent variable tend to fall
ABAB designs are also called ___ designs.
withdrawal
In an ABAB design, the second A phase is sometimes referred to as a(n) ___ phase.
withdrawal
A psychologist compares the impact of a new type of antidepressant with a standard antidepressant. The psychologist administers the new drug to a group of patients for 6 months, and then administers the standard antidepressant to the same patients for 6 months. This is an example of a study that employed a ___design.
within-subjects
A researcher wants to measure the effects of the presence of other people on performance. She has the same participants engage in both experimental conditions, so that each participant performs the task alone and in the presence of other people. That is an example of a study with a ___ design.
within-subjects
Because each participant in a single-case experiment is exposed to all the conditions, single-case designs essentially reflect a ___ approach to experimentation.
within-subjects
If a researcher wanted to be sure that experimental groups were equivalent, the BEST method would be to use a ___ design.
within-subjects
An experimenter conducts a study with three different conditions. The experimenter ensures that participants engage in every condition of the experiment one or more times. The experimenter is using a(n):
within-subjects design
A researcher conducts a study to determine whether the temperature outside (i.e., cold, hot) and type of day (i.e., weekday or weekend) impact how fast people drive. The researcher decides that the best way to conduct the study is to assign each subject to all four conditions in the study. The researcher is using a:
within-subjects factorial design
A researcher is conducting a study with male and female children. Specifically, the researcher is exploring the effects of parent gender and type of play group (i.e., same-sex, opposite-sex) on aggressive play. The researcher exposes all of the male and female children to each of the experimental conditions. This is an example of a:
within-subjects factorial design
A researcher is conducting an experiment on two predictors of conformity: group size and the presence of a defector (absent, present). The participants are randomly assigned to two different group sizes, one composed of three participants and one composed of eight participants, and then participate in absent and present defector conditions. This is an example of a:
within-subjects factorial design
When each control group member is procedurally linked to a particular experimental group member, whose behavior will determine how both of them are treated, a ___ was used in the study.
yoked control group
Internet users and nonusers tend to differ. If a research relied on an Internet sample, what type of sample would the researcher be MOST likely to find?
younger and more educated
Sherry is a 4-year-old girl who chronically bites her fingernails until they bleed causing her pain. The proposed treatment for her is to have her wear gloves, limiting her access to her fingernails. Which of these designs would alternate phases in which the treatment (gloves) is absent or present? The second baseline phase in this design could be labeled as a withdrawal or reversal phase.
ABAB
If a person's behavior clearly changes for the better once a treatment is introduced, is it ethical to remove that treatment during the withdrawal phase? This is an ethical question associated with a(n):
ABAB design
Unlike other types of counterbalancing, one type of design does not try to ensure that each condition appears equally often in each position. In a(n) ___ design, the logic is that on average, for any order of the conditions, each condition will end up in the same average position.
ABBA
An experimenter is examining the effects of peer age on conflict in schoolchildren. Which of these statistical tests should the experimenter use?
ANOVA
The test(s) that are most commonly used to analyze the effects of internal or ratio independent variables on a continuous dependent variable are a(n):
ANOVA or t-test
What is the key to differentiating accuracy and reliability?
Accuracy is a measure of agreement with a known standard
According to psychologist Susan Nolen-Hoeksema which individual is at greatest risk for developing depression?
Agnes, who spends a great deal of time dwelling on negative events.
Which person would MOST clearly fall within the province of the ethical principle called respect?
Alan who is a prisoner in a state facility
Dr. Jennings is interested in the effects of cell phone exposure over the course of a lifetime. He has decided to use rats as research participants. Why?
Animals have shorter life cycles making it possible to study several generations
A well-known researcher with a lot of experience, including a focus on sensitive topics, decides to write an op-ed type article for a journal addressing the topic of sensitivity of research and and IRBs. Which one of these would make for the BEST title for this op-ed piece?
Are We Exaggerating the Effects of Sensitive Questions?
___ is a way to deal with a history threat to validity.
Block randomization
Which of these is one of the MOST common ways in which researchers check the interobserver reliability of the data that has been collected?
Cohen's kappa
___ is a US federal policy that specifies ethics regulations for human subjects research.
Common Rule
Which of these are among the major categories of the APA Ethics Code for conducting human subjects research?
Competence, Research and Publication
___ validity concerns the issue of whether the conceptual variables that researchers claim to be studying are the concepts that they are truly manipulating and measuring.
Construct
As part of an effort to study whether suicide victims give warnings of their impending attempt to kill themselves, two researchers obtained and studied the themes present in a number of suicide notes left by people who completed suicide. What type of research is illustrated here?
Content analysis
Because of the effects of compound interest, most of the payment amount on Daphne's monthly credit card bill actually represents interest payments rather than payback for her purchases. As a result, despite paying the minimum each month, her credit card balance does not decrease in a linear fashion. Which of the statements about Daphne's credit card situation is true?
Daphne's minimum monthly payment amount is probably not significantly correlated with her remaining purchase balance
Serotonin is known to be a neurotransmitter involved in depression. A new disorder with similarities to depression that also tends to occur with depression has been discovered. If a psychologist suggests that serotonin is likely to be involved in this new disorder, what technique is being used?
Deductive reasoning
For which of these would naturalistic observation be a good choice of method to answer the question?
Do people actually wear their seatbelts while driving?
Which of these is NOT a question you should ask yourself when you come across survey results?
Do the results demonstrate a cause-effect relationship?
Which of these could be classified as a case study?
Dr. Ogletree conducts and in-depth analysis of one psychology student
Which individual is MOST likely to follow the Hippocratic Oath
Dr. Zoloft, who is a psychiatrist
Your textbook describes a study of marital satisfaction in which a husband reveals his HIV status. What ethical dilemma is MOST evident in this study?
Ethical principles of research can come into conflict with one another
Research on the effects of alcohol on visual search performance should give pause to anyone designing similar research. Based on past research, what factor should new researchers take into consideration when designing new studies?
Expectations about whether one has consumed alcohol
Which finding seems to support the relationship between minutes of sunlight per day and the intensity of the symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
Exposure to very bright lights improve the symptoms of SAD
If we listened to the tapes of the study and paid special attention to the questions that were asked, what would we hear most often?
Few children asked questions
Which of these describes the relation of field notes to narrative records?
Field notes are less comprehensive than narrative records
What is the major disadvantage of using Google for doing a scientific literature search?
Google yields a significant number of irrelevant results
Among which group would we expect to find the highest rate of touch behavior in observed dyads?
Greeks
Dr. Stevens wants to study the effects of social and environmental deprivation on children. However, psychological research is limited by what can be ethically manipulated. How could Dr. Stevens address this research question in an ethical manner?
He could study children who have been neglected in orphanages
How did Scott Plous create a sample for his survey of undergraduate psychology majors' views on the use of nonhuman animals in research?
He first created a sample set based on type of institution and size, then selected schools with enrollments of 1,000 or more from a college guide
Your textbook describes a study on the issue of lying about sex by high school and college students. Which of these would be a really good question to pose for future research on this issue?
How much do students discuss sex with their parents?
The correlation between study time and exam scores is positive whereas the correlation between study time and points missed on the exam is negative. What can we learn from these two observations?
How researchers code or conceptualize data affects correlation direction
A researcher submits her findings to a journal to see if the journal will publish her work. The researcher's paper is rejected because she did not provide ___ statistics, which would have indicated whether her findings were statistically significant.
INFERENTIAL
Which of these is a step in developing a questionnaire?
Identify variables of interest within each topic
Which of these statements is true regarding case studies?
In case studies, researchers do not have the high degree of control over variables needed to show a cause-effect relationship
Dr. Renk is examining the relation between experiencing parental divorce and academic performance. She did not manipulate either variable but measured both via questionnaire. In this example, parental divorce is the ___ variable.
Independent
Which groups would we expect to stand closest to each other in observed dyads?
Irish and Scots
When considering whether a significant correlation coefficient describing the relation of variable X and variable Y might be due to a cause-and-effect relationship, it is important to ask which of these questions?
Is it possible that Y cause X than the other way around?
What is one disadvantage or potential problem with the descriptive statistics called the mean?
It can be greatly affected by extreme scores.
Two students are arguing whether sex is a variable. One argues that it is and the other that it is not. Which argument is the MOST persuasive?
It is because it can take on two or more values
What is one of the main advantages of the line graph over the bar graph?
It is easier to grasp the pattern of results when there are many findings
What is the BEST analysis of the meaning of statistically significant at the 5% level?
It is possible, but unlikely, that the results, were due to chance factors.
What is one major advantage of PsycARTICLES compared to other databases?
It makes full-text versions of articles available
Which individual is MOST likely to be a member of an Institutional Review Board in the US
Jill who is not affiliated with the institution
Which statement is true of ordinal scales?
Labels imply an ordering of some quantitative dimension
A group of developmental psychologists wants to use a within-subjects design to explore the effects of toy type on style of play. The researchers would like to expose the participants to each condition only once but they have only a small number of participants. Their BEST choice would be to use a ___design.
Latin Square
A researcher wants to use a within-subjects design to explore the effects of different levels of time pressure (no time, very little time, some time, and a great deal of time) on helping behaviors. The experimenter wants to use very few orders of the experimental conditions. However, she still wants to ensure that each condition occurs equally often in each position that each condition appears equally often before and after every other condition. The researcher should use a ___design.
Latin Square
Which is a correct pairing of a researcher and a topic that was studied via participant observation?
Leon Festinger and cognitive dissonance
A psychologist is designing a scale to measure attitudes toward changing the blood-alcohol level that defines drunk driving. She has a series of items related to drinking and driving and wants respondents to answer each on a scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. What type of questions are used in this survey?
Likert scale
Pamela has designed a questionnaire to assess parents' attitudes about switching their children's education from a 9-month school year to a year-round school format. Her questionnaire consists of a series of statements to which participants are asked to respond using a 5-point scale in which "negative" and "positive" response options are balanced around a neutral point. Which of these terms BEST describes this format?
Likert-type rating
A reporter is writing an article on falsification of data by researchers. Which of these would make for the BEST title for her article?
Made-Up Data: Uncommon but Underestimated
A researcher considering the use of mail surveys ask for advice on the benefits and the problems with such an approach. What will he be told by an experienced survey researcher?
Mail surveys have higher supply costs, lower labor costs, and lower response rates
Within the context of the experimental method, the dependent variable is to the independent variable as ___ is to ___.
Measured; manipulated
____ is the estimated probability and magnitude of the harm and discomfort of daily life for the average person in the general population
Minimal risk threshold
Another name for a single-case experimental design is a(n) ___ design.
N=1
___ relationship is depicted in this ___
No; scatterplot
Your textbook describes a study conducted by Emily Rosa. When she and her colleagues searched databases for evidence on Therapeutic Touch, what did they find?
None of the studies tried to detect whether practitioners could detect energy fields.
A health psychologist conducts a study investigating the effects of a drug intervention program on weekly cocaine use in people addicted to cocaine. In diagramming the quasi-experiment, the psychologist should use the symbol ___ to designate weekly cocaine use before the intervention is administered.
O1
In a study of the effectiveness of a stress-reduction treatment on psychological well-being in cancer patients, the measurements of well-being taken before the treatment would be represented by which of these?
O1
If a researcher conducted a simple interrupted time-series design to determine the effects of a cell phone law in two different towns, the diagram of the procedure for the nonequivalent control group would appear as:
O1 O2 O3 X O4 O5 O6
A study examines the attitudes of the residents of a town toward recycling both before and after a town mandate to recycle all paper and plastic products. The study can be diagrammed as:
O1 X O2
___ encompasses different types of nonexperimental studies in which behavior is systematically watched and recorded
Observational research
What is a general conclusion concerning the possibility of observer bias?
Observer bias may occur in any type of research method
Which psychologist is among those who work involved a significant number of case studies?
Oliver Sacks
Which psychologist is among those whose work involved a significant number of case studies?
Oliver Sacks
A student is excited to hear about exempt status as he is designing a research project. He is hoping for a smooth ride toward IRB approval. What should this student know about the meaning of exempt?
Only some studies qualify for exempt status and they still must meet ethical regulations
What happened after the Tuskegee Study was stopped by the government?
President Clinton apologized to participants and family members
A researcher decides to review the literature on violence at sporting events in Europe and the United States. The article does not contain original research; instead, it is a review and integration of major themes and conclusions in the literature. Which term is the BEST description of this researcher's efforts?
Qualitative
Which of these terms BEST describes the Jensen and colleagues (2004) study that focused on lying among high school and college students to their parents?
Quantitative
What is one of the recent advances in administering interviews that has helped to standardize the process?
Questions are not loaded on computers, which can either be read to interviewee
___ refers to rules for assigning scale values to measurements.
Scales of measurement
In which type of graph do data points portray the intersection of X and Y values?
Scatter plot
Why is Kitty Genovese of New York City so well known in the history of psychology?
She was murdered while a number of her neighbors failed to intervene
In this design, researchers analyze one case in depth.
Single-case study
How do researchers tend to feel about how IRBs view studies that involve potentially sensitive information?
Some researchers tend to believe IRBs overestimate the long-term stress associated with asking about sensitive topics
A sorority decides to collect some data that will help in assigning members to committees. All members rank order each other on two measures: responsibility and success in completing tasks. For example, Susan's rank on responsibility is 4 and her rank on completing tasks is 3. What is the choice for a correlation coefficient if the sorority wants to correlate the data?
Spearman's
What is the choice for a correlational coefficient when at least one variable is in the form of ordinal data?
Spearman's
Joanna has been tasked with presenting the results of a local fun run. She has been given a list of finishers, along with their rankings. Joanna has a hunch that the younger runners tend to finish earlier than the older runners. Which analysis method should she use to determine whether or not this relationship is statistically significant?
Spearman's rho
A graduate student is designing her first survey on the use of social media and the reasons people are involved in such communication. Which of these would be good advice for her as she writes the items?
Steer clear of the use of double negatives
What is perhaps the greatest advantage of survey research compared to other methods?
Survey research has a high level of efficiency
The lower the temperature, the fewer crimes tend to occur. From the perspective of research methods, what does this mean?
Temperature and crime are positively correlated
Which of these is an interesting aspect of the APA's approach to the ethics of the use of animals in research?
The APA developed guidelines for animal research before it developed its ethics code
A researcher who assigns numbers to information based on a nominal scale needs to understand what important point concerning the use of those numbers?
The assignment of numbers is arbitrary
The one mile race is about to begin and you are a big fan. At the end of the race, the list of finishers is posted from 1 to 15. You immediately recognize that this is an ordinal scale of measurement. Why?
The data are ordered, but separation from one to the next is not the same
Your textbook describes an example study in which researchers compared results from telephone interviewing versus in-person interviewing. When the researchers asked whether the respondents had consumed five or more drinks in a day at least once during the past year, how did the different interviewing techniques compare?
The highest rate was reported by those who had only cell phones
Which of these statements does NOT apply to a multiple-baseline design?
The independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher
Why is a diary study NOT considered an observational study?
The information is not collected by trained observers
A student is learning how to write a research paper in APA format. Which of these points might she find especially useful to know because it may not be obvious?
The introduction does not have an actual official heading.
Consider the following distribution: 50, 50, 55, 60, 50. Now, imagine that we add 10 points to each score. What happens to various descriptive statistics?
The mean will increase by 10 and the standard deviation will remain the same.
If Simon decides to try to assess intelligence by studying a person's height, what is he likely to conclude?
The measure is likely to be reliable but not valid
During a debate on the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation, both sides made good points, which seems to lead to a draw. What particular disadvantage would someone cite is they were arguing against naturalistic observation
The number of behaviors that might be observed can make the task extremely overwhelming
What typically happens to the correlation between X and Y when researchers use partial correlation to filter out the effects of potential third variables?
The original significant correlation is likely to be reduced and no longer significant
Apart from the likelihood of a quicker turnaround, what is another advantage of requesting an expedited review of a research proposal?
The proposal cannot be rejected without a full IRB review
What is one of the problems with open-ended question?
The resulting data must be coded in a more usable form
A university decides to ask alumni whether they are willing to contribute money to upgrade the sports program. The results reveal that 51% are willing with a margin of error of +/-3 at a confidence level of 95%. What does this mean?
The sample represents 95% of the entire population
Which of these is MOST likely to describe measurement of psychological characteristics, such as socialization, assessed by using a widely known psychological test?
The scores are likely to be reliable but may not be accurate
A survey researcher has selected 1,000 prospective participants. The research team was able to contact all 1,000 individuals. Of this number, 800 agreed to participate and 200 refused. What will the researcher note when she computes the cooperation rate and the response rate for this research?
The two rates are identical and quite high
Pearson's r is the correlation coefficient under which set of circumstances?
The two variables are either interval or ratio
Which of these is true regarding the simplest factorial design?
There are two independent variable, both of which have been manipulated by the researcher
When Buss and Schmitt (1993) tested their sexual-strategies theory by asking men and women how many sexual partners they would like at different ages, what did they find?
There was a large difference between men and women, which supported the theory
What were the major reasons for the interest in the 1970s in studying coaching behavior of Little League Baseball coaches?
There was a rapid increase in youth participation
A family at the museum has a son and a daughter very close in age. What would research suggest about how parents give instructions or talk about evidence to the son and to the daughter?
There was no difference in the instruction and evidence discussion directed at the son and daughter
When Scott Plous wanted to investigate the attitudes of undergraduate psychology majors on the use of nonhuman animals in research, what problem did he have to overcome?
There was no list of undergraduate psychology majors across the United States
A research group is considering creating a survey and they want to decide on a methods. The group has proponents of each of the different methods. What will the proponent of the fac-to-face interview MOST likely point to in support of using this method?
There'll be a better chance of establishing rapport, which will help motivate respondents to complete the survey
Which of these is NOT a purpose of the case study?
They can provide support for the internal validity of finding obtained in other research methods
A researcher is examining the efficacy of a new autism treatment in reducing self-injurious behavior in a special education classroom of five students with autism. Because of the varying nature of the self-injurious behavior each student displays, the treatment is tailored to meet the needs of each student.
This is an example of a(n) ___associated with the single-case experiment
Psychologists who reported the results of an analysis of a meta-analysis of training to detect lying accurately would be likely to find which title to be MOST useful in conveying their ideas?
Training to Detect Lies: The Yield is Small
What are the technical names for the two major types of errors that researchers may make when they arrive at conclusions concerning their experiments?
Type I and Type II
If an online copy of a recent published article is not available from the university library database, what should you do next to try to obtain a copy of the article?
Use an interlibrary loan to request a copy of the article.
A psychologist wants to use two personality variables to predict insurance sales. Assume that the two personality variables (Xsub1, Xsub2) correlate with one another perfectly. The two variables correlate with the criterion (sales_ at .50 and .30. What is the researcher likely to do under this circumstances?
Use only Xsub1 and Xsub2 adds no new information
Which of these is the MOST likely occurrence when there is evidence of the involvement of a third variable (Z) in research that identified variables X and Y were correlated?
Variable Z correlates with both variable X and variable Y
A researcher found that variables X and Y were correlated; however, subsequent investigation revealed that the relationship was, in fact, spurious. What is the likely reason for this spurious correlation?
Variable Z was causing changes in both X and Y.
Which scenario is the BEST example of serendipity in action?
While typing a paper, AI finds a quick way to format papers to meet the requirements set by the teacher.
In a quasi-experimental study of the effects of a new playground on children's aggressive play, researchers compare aggressive behavior of children at the school with the new playground and children at the neighboring school without a playground. Which is an accurate diagram of the study?
X O1/O1
When inferential statistical tests lead researchers to conclude that their findings are statistically significant, but actually not significant, what has occured?
a Type I error
A mixed-factorial design describes a study with:
a between-subjects variable and a within-subjects variable.
Which of these is the BEST description of ethnography?
a combination of participation observation with interviews to understand social groups
Dr. martin has conducted a study that included an element of deception. At the end of the study, Dr. martin leads his participants through a debriefing session. What is likely to occur during Dr. Martin's debriefing session?
a conversation in which additional information is conveyed
A new test of study skills is being developed and the delelopers what to make sure that the test is not measuring other characteristics that could be related by are not study skills. Which characteristic would support the discriminant validity of this test?
a correlation of .05 with a measure of intelligence
A group of educational researchers are interested in the effects of the type of teacher response (i.e., punishment, reward) and age of student (i.e., child, adolescent) on students' subsequent performance on a task. When the researchers make a line graph, with the age of the student on the x-axis, they notice that they have two lines that intersect but are not parallel to one another. In addition, they note that the slope of the line for punishment is negative while the slope of the line for reward is positive. The plot of these results are suggestive of:
a disordinal interaction
What is the BEST way to view the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association from a student's perspective?
a guide on general writing as well as specifics of writing papers
One of the main reasons that an experimenter would NOT want to use more than two levels of an an independent variable in a single-factor experiment is because of:
a limitation of resources
What is one of the main reasons for preferring a bar graph over a line graph when the independent variable is qualitative in nature?
a line graph can suggest a continuum that does not exist
A researcher is interested in the relationship of diet and cholesterol levels. Which is the researcher MOST likely to use, based on changes in preference for research techniques?
a longitudinal design with partial correlation
If the marginal means for columns are different, it is likely that there is ___ effect
a main
Which of these is a good analogy for the relationship between a sample and a population?
a medical technicians takes some of your blood to determine how many red cells you have
In order to determine for whom a particular relationship exists between the independent variable and the dependent variable, a study should include:
a moderator variable
If you are reading a report of an ethnographic study it is MOST likely in which of these forms?
a narrative, story-like report rather than statistical analyses
What are the primary sources for judging the ethics of research efforts by psychologists in the US?
a national ethics code and federal laws
what are the primary sources for judging the ethics of research effort by psychologists in the US?
a national ethics code and federal laws
In the end, what type of sample did Scott Plous have for his survey of undergraduate psychology majors' views on the use of nonhuman animals in research?
a national probability sample of undergraduate psychology majors
A student is looking for a research project that will be "easy" to have approved by the university Institutional Review Board. Which of these would be the BEST choice to meet the student's goal?
a naturalistic observation of door opening as a function of gender
The dashed line in a diagram of quasi-experimental design represtents:
a nonequivalent control group
Janice wants to conduct a naturalistic observation study at the local all-you-can-eat-buffet. If Janice loads up a tray and joins in the mealtime fun, then her study becomes
a participant observation
For which situation, would we need the largest sample to achieve the desired margin of error?
a population of 25 million at the 3% margin of error
In this research design, participants in one condition are exposed to a treatment, a nonequivalent group is not exposed to the treatment, and scores from both groups are obtained after the treatment ends.
a posttest-only design with a nonequivalent control group
Which pair of individuals is MOST likely to be part of groups known as vulnerable populations?
a pregnant 17-year-old and her 2-year-old
In which design are pre- and posttreatment scores obtained for a treatment group and a nonequivalent control group?
a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group
Which research design can be diagrammed as: O1 x O1 /O1 O2
a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group
External validity in single-case experiments is largely established through:
a process of replication
An outcome evaluation assesses:
a program's effectiveness
A psychologist decides to investigate friendships and how they impact grade point average. She decides that five or fewer friends will be called low and 10 or higher will be called high. Which phrase BEST describes the friendship variable?
a quantitative variable treated as discrete
When researchers repeat their own research in order to confirm the results of a previous study, this is an example of:
a replication
Which of these is NOT part of a social unit?
a school building
In an interrupted time-series design with a nonequivalent control group:
a series of pre-and posttreatment scores are obtained for a treatment group and a nonequivalent control group
An experimenter is looking at the effects of the presence of an aggressive object (i.e., none, gun, knife) and room temperature (i.e., hot, average, cold) on the degree of aggression. The research is specifically interested in comparing the level of aggression in hot and cold temperature rooms when a gun is present. The researcher is examining:
a simple contrast
An experimenter examines the effects of hue (i.e., red, blue, green) and brightness (i.e., 25 lux, 40 lux) on task performance. The experimenter is most influenced in determining whether there is a difference between red and blue and green and blue at 25 lux. The experimenter can only examine these post-hoc differences after determining that there is:
a single main effect for hue
Which of these is the BEST example of a continuous quantitative variable?
a student's grade point average
Which statement is NOT true of the relationship between independent and dependent variables?
a study may examine how multiple dependent variables influence one or more independent variables
One of the major problems with using a natural-groups design is that:
a third variable may explain the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable
A researcher conducts an experiment that compares the effects of a new antidepressant with traditional psychotherapy on depressive symptoms. The study also examines the effects of sex and type of depressive disorder, namely dysthymia and major depressive disorder (MDD), on depressive symptoms. Results indicated that psychotherapy was more effective than treatment for antidepressants for female patients who have dysthymia than for those female patients who have MDD. However, there is no difference in depressive symptoms in either of the treatment conditions for male patients with dysthymia or MDD. This finding is an example of:
a three-way interaction
In order to assess an interaction effect in a single-case experiment, a researcher must include:
a treatment phase for the first treatment (A), a treatment phase for the second treatment (B), and a treatment phase for both treatments (AB)
In an ABAB design, where the first "A" is the baseline, the second "A" represents:
a withdrawal of the treatment
Sustainability in program diffusion refers to the:
ability to maintain the program in another group or setting over time
What specific behavior did psychologists assess by using a device known as an Electronically Activated Recording in college students?
actual recordings of the students periodically throughout the day
A 62-year-old retired professor pays less in auto insurance premiums than a 21-year-old who has a C average. The difference in premiums is based on applied statistical knowledge. What term is used to describe this particular use of statistics?
actuarial prediction
In order to rule out threats such as history and instrumentation in a simple interrupted time-series design, a researcher would have to:
add a control group
A school psychologist implements a treatment to increase a student's interactive behavior when she is around other children. The psychologist implements an ABAB design that successfully increases the student's interactive behavior, but the behavior does not return to baseline levels during the first withdrawal phase. The BEST way to increase the internal validity of this experimnet would be to:
add multiple-baseline observations and perform the same procedure again with a different student
A researcher conducts a study with a quasi-experimental design with only one group. In order to rule out selection effects, the researchers should add.
additional pretest observations
A researcher is examining the efficacy of a new autism treatment in reducing self-injurious behavior in a special education classroom of five students with autism. Because of the varying nature of the self-injurious behavior each student displays, the treatment is tailored to meet the needs of each student. This is an example of a(n) ___ associated with the single-case experiment.
advantage
A researcher is interested in studying the phenomenon known as superior autobiographical memory, a rare ability of certain individuals to remember every event that ever occurred to them during their lifetime. The researcher decides to use a single-case experiment to investigate this phenomenon. This approach would be ___ using a between- or within- subjects approach to this phenomenon
advantageous in comparison to
Dr. Carlson is conducting a research study. What information is he required to provide to his research participants?
adverse reactions that participants might experience
Dr. White is conducting a study on the sexual behaviors of college students and will ask a series of questions related to risky sexual behaviors. She will also ask general demographic questions, family history questionnaires, as well as media consumption questions. Where in the questionnaire should she place the questions related to risky sexual behaviors?
after the family history or media consumption questions
In a study of color on reaction time, a researcher arranges the color conditions in every possible sequence. A major advantage of this design over other types of within subjects designs is that:
all confounding effects concerning the order of the conditions are controlled
One ethical advantage that single-case designs have compared to traditional between-subjects design is that:
all participants receive the treatment in single-case designs
A psychologist is deliberating about which type of design to use to explore the effects of a new behavioral treatment on self-injurious behavior. The researcher decides to use a single-case experimental design instead of a between-subjects design because a single-case experimental design will:
allow all of the participants to receive the treatment
The main goal of experimental control is to:
allow researchers to conclude that the independent variable caused the outcome.
One of the major reasons why single-case studies are called single-case experiments is because they:
allow researchers to determine the effect of the treatment on one participant
A behavioral psychologist is trying to reduce excessive hand washing in several of her pediatric clients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. She conducts a single-case experiment with a changing-criterion design that involves visiting her clients in their homes and administering the treatment, which is aversive in nature. The key component of this design will be to:
allow the target behavior to reach a specified criterion and become stable during the first treatment phase
Using an interrupted time-series design with a nonequivalent control group:
allows researchers to understand differential attrition by examining pretreatment trend lines
Which of these would be the BEST example of a physical trace measure of the popularity of various museum exhibits at a children's museum?
amount of wear on the carpet in front of the exhibits
An experimenter is interested in determining whether a student's year in college (first year, sophomore, junior, and senior) affects the amount of binge drinking of alcohol. The experimenter would like to determine whether class year significantly predicts binge drinking and if first-year students drink more than seniors. Which of these analyses should the experimenter use?
an ANOVA with post-hoc tests
In order to establish a simple main effect, you need to determine if
an independent variable affects the dependent variable at one level of the other independent variable
One of the BEST ways to look at nonlinear effects is to include:
an independent variable with three levels
If a line graph of two independent variables depict two lines that intersect at one point, it is likely that there is ___ effect.
an interaction
You have just been given a major assignment and really want to do well. You walk up to your teacher and ask how many pages the paper must be, will points be deducted for spelling errors, how many errors before points are deducted, must you use headers, and so on. From a psychological research perspective, you are asking for what type of information?
an operational definition
Which of these is the BEST description of a sampling frame?
an operational definition of the population
A researcher conducts a 2 x 2 study looking at the effects of type of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) and task difficulty (easy, hard) on task persistence and then graphs the results with type of motivation on the x-axis. The line graph reveals a line that is parallel with the x-axis for the easy task and a line that slopes downward for the hard task. The results of this graph are suggestive of:
an ordinal interaction and a main effect for task difficulty
Dr. North is interested in learning more about the ways that people interact with one another in social settings. To this end, she creates an artificial bar environment, which she populates with her friends. She also joins in the fun, while carefully disguising the fact that she's taking field notes about her friends' behavior. What sort of research is this?
analogue behavioral observation
What term do we use to describe setting up a specific task or specifically exposing participants to a social situation in order to observe their behavior?
analogue behavioral observation
Suppose that you've been tasked with designing a study to answer the research question: Does a person's age influence their yearly income? Age must be a continuous variable defined as years of age, with the range of 18 to 40 years. Yearly income must also be a continuous variable, defined as dollars earned from January to December of the past year. Which is likely to be the BEST method for analyzing these data?
analysis of variance
A clinical researcher decides to conduct an experimental study using a new behavioral therapy that is designed to reduce violence in children. She is interested in this area of research because it has implication for problems of social importance. Her research is an example of:
applied behavior analysis
A psychologist is interested in the efficacy of a new type of punishment and reward intervention that he developed to reduce self-injurious behavior in individuals with borderline personality disorder. The psychologist conduct a single-case experiment with two of his patients. This is an example of:
applied behavioral analysis
Arnold wants to know if portrayals of older adults in television commercials have become more negative over time. To this end, he obtains a collection of television commercials from the 1950s to present day. He trains his research assistants to code the presence or absence of older adults in the commercials, as well as the way in which they are portrayed (e.g., competent, confused, active, sickly, cranky, and conservative). What sort of study is this?
archival
For his dissertation project, Kenny is doing a quantitative analysis of the influence of yoga on anxiety over a 2 -week period. Luckily, Kenny has permission to access patient records at the local anxiety treatment center, which features both yoga classes and a 2-week treatment period. Repeated anxiety assessments are included in the patients' records. What sort of study is Kenny conducting?
archival
A psychologist wants to know how people are reacting to yet another celebrity breakup that was reported recently. She decides to analyze online blogs related to celebrity news. What type of research is this psychologist using?
archival records
In a posttest-only design with a nonequivalent control group, participants in one condition:
are exposed to a treatment, a nonequivalent group is not exposed to the treatment, and scores from both groups are obtained after the treatment ends
In a factorial design with three independent variables, there ___ possible interaction(s).
are four
Compared to factorial design, single-case designs:
are much less effective in their ability to examine potential interactions
Compared to factorial designs, single-case designs:
are much less effective in their ability to examine potential interactions
Planned comparisons are different from post-hoc comparisons because they:
are prearranged prior to data collection
Three-year-old Jenny and her mother are potential participants in a study of parent-child interactions. What are the researchers obligated to obtain from Jenny?
assent
A researcher contemplating a cross-lagged panel analysis investigating the relationship between dietary intake of cholesterol (variable X) and blood levels of cholesterol (variable Y) would:
assess both variables at two distinct points in time
A researcher conducted a study using a posttest-only with a nonequivalent control group design to assess the effects of a media campaign on breast cancer screening. By adding pretest observations to this design, the researcher would be able to:
assess how much the dependent variable changed for each group
How many members must be on an IRB in the US
at least 5
How many members must be on an IRB in the US?
at least 5 members
A researcher has determined that anxiety (low, high) has a significant effect on sexual arousal with high levels of anxiety leading to greater sexual arousal than low levels of anxiety. The researcher is further interested in exploring whether this effect of anxiety on arousal has a nonlinear effect. The researcher needs to include:
at least three different levels of anxiety
A study with a multiple-baseline design across subjects must contain ___ participant(s)
at least two
In a simple interrupted time-series design, a dependent variable is repeatedly measured:
at periodic intervals before and after a treatment
When a proposed study involves more than minimal risk, participants are said to be:
at risk
In a single-case experiment with a multiple-baseline design across behaviors, the researcher must be careful to:
atagger the timing of the treatment phase for each behavior
A psychologist is examining whether a new type of therapy is effective in the treatment of hallucinations and delusions. The psychologists administers a questionnaire to several patients with schizophrenia and selects those patients with the most severe psychotic symptoms. She randomly assigns the participants to the experimental condition in which they receive a new experimental drug..... Which of these threats are NOT ruled out in the study?
attrition
A researcher conducts a study looking at the impact of a health campaign on exercise habits. He assigns people who live closest to the laboratory to the experimental group and the others to the control group. He has each group report how much they exercise. Then, over the course of a month, he has the experimental group participate in a program designed to motivate people to exercise. After a month, he has both groups report how much they exercise. He notices that only half of the control group, but the entire experimental group, completes the posttest survey. This is an example of selection x:
attrition
A researcher is studying the effects of a peer mentoring program on students' depressive symptoms. The result of the study seem to indicate that the mentoring program, as compared to control condition, improves students' depressive symptoms. The researcher is concerned, however, that those students who dropped out of the mentoring program may have lower depressive symptoms than those who stayed in the mentoring program. She is concerned with a(n) ___threat.
attrition
A researcher previously conducted a one-group pretest-posttest design measuring the effects of a new seatbelt law on the use of seatbelts. In order to improve the internal validity of the study, the researcher conducts a simple interrupted time-series design. Although the additional pretest and posttest observations improve the internal validity of the study, they cannot address the effect of participants':
attrition
Loss of participants in a study is called:
attrition
Researchers conducted a year-long longitudinal study that required participants to fill out a survey at the beginning of the study, 200 participants filled out of the survey, but only 75 filled it out a year later. ___ is a threat to the validity of the study because many participants failed to complete the survey after a year
attrition
Subject loss is also called:
attrition
When participants fail to complete a study ___ has occured.
attrition
An advantage of a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group compared to a posttest design with a nonequivalent control group is the ability to rule out ___ threats to internal validity.
attrition and regression to the mean
One of the main advantages of a single-case experiment compared to a study with a between-subjects design is that a single-case experiment can detect:
average differences in treatment efficacy
Dr. Benjamin has conducted a testing session as part of a larger research study. At the end of the testing session, Dr. Benjamin leads his participants through a debriefing. Which of these BEST describes one of Dr. Benjamin's reasons for debriefing participants?
avoiding contamination by asking participants not to discuss the study
After investigating the influence of the type of cable television show on overall arousal, a researcher is ready to present his findings. He decides that a graph would be a good choice to illustrate the differences among the five types of shows. Which type of graph would be the BEST choice?
bar graph
In addition to reporting the correlation between religious attendance and mortality rates, which of these is a good way to present the data to readers?
bar graph
A researcher is studying ways to improve the cognitions of severely depressed patients. She identifies one severely depressed patient and decides to administer a new depression treatment to the patient. Before she administers the treatment, she measures the patient's cognitions to establish the patient's initial cognitive functioning. This initial measurement is part of the ___ phase of a single-case experimental design
baseline
In an ABAB design, the "A" refers to the:
baseline condition of the study
In most experiments, the ___ level of the independent variable is the condition against which the ___level is compared.
baseline; active
Internal validity concerns the degree to which researchers can:
be confident that a study demonstrates that one variable affected another variable
One of the major disadvantages of a factorial design with multiple factors is that it:
becomes difficult to conduct and analyze
An experimenter is interested in the effects of the taste of the food (salty, sweet, bitter, and sour) on food consumption. The experimenter employs a Williams Latin Square design, which drastically reduces the number of orders needed from 24 to 4. The major disadvantage to this approach is that each condition will not appear equally often:
before or after every other condition between each pair in the overall sequence
A student comes to the university clinic asking for help with time management. A clinician works with the student to identify eight behaviors that could improve his time management. The clinician records the student's baseline on each of the behaviors for a week. She then trains him on two behavioral improvements and observes each of the behaviors for another week, at which point she provides training on the next two behaviors. She continues this process of staggered training and observation. This is an example of multiple-baseline design across:
behaviors
Based on the information in your textbook, a research assistant learning how to code the behavior of Little League Baseball coaches would have to learn:
behaviors that would fall into 12 categories
The procedure for the control group appears ___ the dashed line.
below
Which of these is one of the major ethical principles highlighted in the Belmont Report?
beneficence
A researcher has designed multiple variations of an instructional method that is extremely time-consuming and tiring. The BEST way to explore the effect of instruction type on performance would be to use a study with a ___ design.
between-groups
A researcher wants to determine whether participants who received high scores on hostility evaluations are more likely to administer loud noises to confederates than participants who received low scores. The researcher should use a ___ design.
between-subjects
When a participant engages in only one condition of an experiment, it is called a ___ design
between-subjects
A researcher conducts an experiment with 100 children. Different children are assigned to each of the conditions of the experiment. The experiment is an example of a:
between-subjects design
Random assignment in a ___ allows researchers to ___.
between-subjects design; address potential confounding variables because of participants' characteristics
If a test of the personality characteristic of tolerance is computer scored in such a way that everyone receives 5 points more than they should, this would be an example of:
bias
A researcher is examining the effects of watching violent video games on human aggression. She has participants report on the number of video games they play and how many aggressive acts they committed in the last week. The possibility that aggression may lead to watching violence, rather than watching violence causing aggression, is called the ___ problem.
bidirectionality
Which came first, the chicken or the egg? This egg-xample is relevant to which of the situations often encountered in correlational research?
bidirectionality problem
A researcher interested in the effects of three different noise levels (soft, medium, and loud) on aggression wants to have five participants take part in each of the three conditions. The experimenter runs all three conditions each day for 5 days. On each day, she randomly assigns three participants to each of the three noise conditions. This is an example of:
block randomization
A researcher is interested in the effects of the type of task instruction (video, audio, written, and peer to peer) on performance on a math test. The researcher assigns each of the participants to all four conditions, the researcher assigns each of the participants to all four conditions in a newly randomized order. This is an example of a ___ design.
block randomization
In a(n) ___ design, the participant engaged in all of the conditions more than one time.
block randomization
Which pair is the BEST example of quantitative variables?
blood alcohol level and reaction time
Which of these is a threat to validity in one-group pretest-posttest design?
both maturation and attrition
Which approach to observation is often used in qualitative case studies?
both naturalistic observation and participant observation
Switching replication can be used with ___ designs
both pretest-posttest and time-series
What types of data are provided by narrative records?
both quantitative and qualitative data
A survey uses___ to gather information about people
both questionnaires and interviews
A moderator variable is a variable that:
can alter the direction and strength of the relationship between an independent and dependent variable.
A case in a single-case experiment:
can be a social unit made up of multiple individuals
An experiment is sensitive if it:
can detect a relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable that exists in the real world
Participants in an experiment employing a within-subjects design consistently perform well on the conditions of the experiment that are presented last because they have become familiar with the task. This is an example of a ___ effect.
carryover
An in-depth analysis of an individual, social unit, or event is called a(n):
case study
Dr. North is famous for conducting social interaction studies within her simulated barroom environment. In these studies, she has noticed one particular group of sorority girls who seem to embody the hard partying stereotype that is often assigned to this demographic. Dr. North decides to conduct an in-depth analysis of this group of young women in order to learn more about their lives. Which of the terms BEST describes this type of study?
case study
Dr. Thompson published an in-depth analysis of an interesting married couple. Which of the terms BEST describes this work?
case study
Dr. West conducted a 5 year, in-depth analysis of one small town in rural western Oklahoma. Which of the terms BEST describes this work?
case study
The examination of specific brain structures and their functions originated as a(n):
case study
A researcher concludes that the element of chance did not cause the differences in the dependent variable resulting from changes in the independent variable. This is called a ___ inference
causal
Which words are closely associated with independent variables?
causal and manipulated
If a third variable other than the experimental condition causes the outcome, then a researcher cannot make a(n):
causal inference
A ___ effect occurs when scores on a dependent variable bunch up at the maximum score level
ceiling
In a study looking at the effect of stress on memory, researchers expose participants to cold rooms (20 C) and hot rooms (40 C) and ask participants to play memory-based matching games. When the researchers analyze their results, they find that most participants got all of the memory problems right. THis pattern of participant performance on the memory problems is an example of a ___ effect
ceiling
The mean score of the participant in one condition is called the ___ mean.
cell
In a ___ design, an initial baseline phase is followed by a treatment phase that lasts until the target behavior reachers a criterion level and becomes stable. Treatment then continues in a series of additional phases, with a new performance criterion set in each phase.
changing-criterion
In a single-case experiment involving heavy alcohol users, a clinician rewards alcohol users with $1000 after they successfully cut down on their drinking by 50%. In the second phase of the treatment study, the clinician rewards alcohol users with the same amount of money after they have cut down on their drinking by 75%. Finally, the clinician rewards the alcohol users in her study only after they abstain from alcohol use completely. This is an example of a(n) ___ design.
changing-criterion
After a hurricane, a local clinician uses a single-case experiment to determine whether a new pharmacological treatment will improve short-term memory in individuals who suffered head injuries. The study is an example of:
clinical neuropsychology
Which specialty is likely to make use of the single-case study method?
clinical psychology
"I like to ride motorcycles" and "I would never ride a motorcycle under any circumstances." These are responses to what type of question?
closed-ended, forced choice
A researcher wants to survey people who own condominiums in developments with more than 100 units. Unfortunately, there is no existing list of this population. Which of these is the researcher's BEST choice for selecting a sample to survey?
cluster sampling
What method did Scott Plous use in order to create a sample for his survey of undergraduate psychology majors' views on the use of nonhuman animals in research?
cluster sampling
A lifelong heavy smoker who regularly faces warnings about smoking as well as media reports on research linking smoking with various health problems is likely to experience:
cognitive dissonance
A group of researchers conduct a study examining the biological basis of color blindness. Specifically, they investigate how exposure to specific colors activates and deactivates rods and cones in the eyes of individuals with color blindness. This is an example of:
cognitive neuroscience
In this research design, several age cohorts are tested longitudinally.
cohort sequential
When several cases are studied in depth for the purpose of learning about a broader phenomenon it is called a(n) ___ case study
collective
A company hires a researcher to study the effects of anew treatment program aimed at increasing productivity in three of its employees with special needs. The treatment phase consists of praise and monetary rewards from an employee mentor. After two rounds of administering and withdrawing the treatment, the study then conducts several other treatment phases in which the productivity level needed to receive the rewards continues to increase until the target level of the behavior is reached.This is an example of a(n) ___ design.
combined
A researcher conducts a single-case experiment with a middle-school special education classroom of 12 children. The researcher collects observations both before and after a classroom intervention aimed at improving students' cooperation with the teacher's request. In order to determine if the study is effective, the researcher should:
compare the pretest score with the posttest score for each participant
A sensation and perception experimenter wants to replicate the findings of a study on the effects of color brightness (low, medium, high) and color hue (blue, red, yellow) on happiness. The researcher uses the same operationalizations of the variables, the same variables and conditions, and the same participants. This is an example of a(n) ___ replication.
complete
In a replication study assessing the effects of aggression test scores on health, researchers used the same conditions of aggression (low, medium, high) as the original study. This is an example of ___ replication
complete
In a study of the effects of taste (salty, sweet, and bitter) on eating, all possible orders of the experimental conditions are arranged in every possible sequence, and an equal number of participants are assigned to each sequence of tastes. This is an example of a ___ design.
complete counterbalancing
The addition of another independent variable to a factorial design with two independent variables causes the findings of a study to become much more:
complex
A group of researchers is interested in the effects of stress on aggression. After conducting a study that looks at noise level (stress) on the administration of shocks to confederates (aggression), the researchers decide to assess stress as engaging in a difficult task and aggression as the administration of blasts of noise at confederates. The latter study is an example of:
conceptual replication
Social psychologists are interested in replicating a study that showed that group size and ambiguity of the helping situation jointly predicted helping behavior. In this study, they use the same type of participants and the same conditions for each of the variables. They conduct a study that explores conformity not just in terms of verbal aid, but also physical and informational aid. Their study would be an example of a:
conceptual replication
By adding another ___, a replication with extension can look at nonlinear effects.
condition
By adding another ________________, a replication with extension can look at nonlinear effects.
conditon
A degree of assurance that the true population value resides within a population margin of error is called ___level.
confidence
If a researcher is using code numbers assigned to each participant and key personnel are the only ones with access to the list matching the code with the participants, the research is MOST concerned with which aspect of the study?
confidentiality
The major difference between experimental and applied behavioral analysis is that experimental analysis is concerned with the:
confirmation of behavioral theories
An experimenter is looking at the effects of the color of a sign that gives participants negative feedback about their performance on a test. The experimenter places half of the participants in a small room and the other half of the participants in a large room. He then randomly assigns the participants to one of two groups: exposure to a blue sign or exposure to a red sign. In this experiment, room size is an example of a(n) ___ variable.
confounding
An extraneous factor that systematically varies along with the variables we are studying and therefore provides a potential alternative explanation for our results is called a(n) ___ variable.
confounding
A researcher conducts a study examining the alcohol consumption of college students. She brings the first group of studenters into the laboratory the week before spring break. She brings the second group of students into the laboratory the week after spring break. The difference in timing of the two groups may be a(n):
confounding variable
Which terms tend to be closely related?
confounding variable and external validity
Keeping extraneous factors as constant as possible across different experimental conditions is necessary to limit _____ and help _____.
confounding variables; establish causal ordering
Which phrase is the BEST description of the concept of reliability of scores on psychological measures of intelligence, personality, and attitudes?
consistency of scores
A psychologist has developed a new test of risk taking. As part of the process of developing the test, he finds that is correlates fairly well with an existing test of risk taking. The correlation between the two tests (one established and one new) is an example of ____validity
construct
A researcher is concerned with how well an experiment manipulates the measures the particular conceptual variables that are of interest. The researcher is concerned with increasing ___ validity.
construct
Convergent and discriminant validity are both elements of which type of validity?
construct
Psychologists have tried to explain why some paramedics and others become accountants, why some eat exotic foods and others stick to meat and potatoes, why some experiment with drugs and others abstain. One explanation is a personality characteristic called sensation seeking. Thus, sensation seeking would seem to be a good example of:
construct
Researchers are studying the effects of negative feedback on children's aggression. The researchers are concerned that aggression as it is measured in their study, such as administering blasts of noise to confederates, does not accurately capture aggression as they originally defined it. They are concerned with ___ validity.
construct
Two researchers were studying the effects of intelligence on coping strategies. One of the researchers was concerned that their measure of intelligence (GPA in High School) might not accurately represent intelligence. The researcher is concerned about validity.
construct
Which type of validity is considered the broadest and MOST theoretically based type?
construct
The Sensation Seeking Scale assesses adventuresomeness, risk taking, and susceptibility to boredom. Based on the theory that led to development of the scale, a psychologist suggested that SWAT team members will have significantly higher scores than librarians. If the data indicate this to be the case, the psychologist has evidence for which aspect of the scale?
construct validity
The major difference between an exact and a complete replication is that the former:
contains differences in time period or participants, while in a complete replication all conclusions of the original study are replicated
A school psychologist uses a multiple-baseline design to investigate the effectiveness of a new handheld device in reducing attention problems in children with attention deficit disorder at her school. Unfortunately, some of the students have allowed some of the other children in the study to use the device. The psychologist should be concerned about:
contamination
___ occurs when knowledge, services, or other experiences intended for one group are unintentionally received by another group
contamination
Today's test was primarily about correlation, yet the teacher said it would cover both variables and correlation. The students in the class are quiet upset, yet the professor uses this as a teaching moment and notes that their concerns center on which concept from psychological testing?
content validity
___effects occur when the responses to a survey item are influenced by the particular items that occur directly or soon before it.
context
A student is having a difficult time comprehending the difference and connection between discrete and continuous variables in practice. In a study group, several friends offer some suggestions to help her understand. Which statement would be MOST helpful?
continuous variables are almost always converted into discrete variables
Which of these is the BEST description of the relationship continuous and discrete variables?
continuous variables can be converted into discrete variables
A psychologist is comparing the effects of an increased dosage of an antidepressant to the effects of a standard level of antidepressant. One half of the patients received the standard level of antidepressant, while the other half of patients received the increased dosage. The patients who received the standard level of the antidepressant were in the ___ condition.
control
A researcher designs a study that looks at the effects of self-concept on relationship satisfaction. In order for him to understand whether self-concept affects relationship satisfaction, he must ensure that he includes a(n) ___ group to compare to the experimental group.
control
Participants who do not receive the treatment of interest are called the:
control group
What is the MOST common form of nonprobability sampling?
convenience sampling
A new measure of intelligence has the average of being shorter than most existing measures. The new IQ test correlates .70 with a well-established test of intelligence. This correlation is good evidence of which type of validity?
convergent
If peer ratings of tolerance correlate with scores on a psychological test for tolerance, this would be supportive of which aspect of the test?
convergent vality
A___ is a statistical association between variables
correlation
Carlie is conducting a study in which variable X is measured, variable Y is measured, and statistical analyses are used to examine the association between these two variables and to reduce the influence of confounding variables. Carlie is probably conducting which type of study?
correlational
Jaime is conducting a study in which participants write notes about their daily activities and anxiety levels. She ultimately homes to correlate participants' self-reported anxiety with hormonal measures of stress, such as salivary cortisol. The self-report component of Jaime's study is BEST described as:
correlational research
A researcher conducts a single-case experiment. The researcher should be worried about internal validity because of the inability to:
counterbalance the conditions
A researcher studying the influence of self esteem on school performance designs two conditions for her study. The first condition involves completion of basic word problems; the second condition involves completion of intermediate math problems. All participants complete the word problems first and then the math problems. When analyzing the data, the researcher notices that participants seemed to perform most poorly on the last few questions. In her next study, the researcher might address this problem by:
counterbalancing
A researcher wants to assess whether a person's mood affects mathematical reasoning. Participants will complete 50 basic, intermediate, and difficult math problems. ___ may be particularly important in this study because participant fatigue may be a factor.
counterbalancing
A confounding variable is a threat to establishing causality because it ___, so it is impossible to determine which variable caused the dependent variable to change
covaries with the independent variable
A graduate student is learning how to create a behavioral coding system to investigate student-faculty interactions in class. What guidance would be especially helpful as he designs the system?
create mutually exclusive categories
A company that processes medical insurance claims wants to screen future hires to improve the quality of the work and reduce errors. They correlate a measure of conscientiousness with each employee's overall accuracy rate and find a moderately high significant correlation. This correlation provides evidence for which type of validity?
criterion
If measures of extraversion tend to correlate with sales as indicated by significant correlation coefficient, what is the measure of sales in this example?
criterion
Cassandra suspects that the strength of the relationship between exercise and stress will change over time as exercisers become more fit. Is Cassandra plans to measure stress and exercise at the beginning and end of the fall semester and then examine correlations between all of these measures, then she is proposing a:
cross-lagged panel design
In this design, each person participates on one occasion, and all variables are measured at that time.
cross-sectional research design
In this design, each person participates on one occasion, and all variables are measured at that time?
cross-sectional research design
One-shot correlational study is another way of describing a:
cross-sectional research design
Suppose that the following relationship has been observed for stress and age. Stress gradually rises through the 20s, peaking at age 30, and then begins a gradual decline. The lowest point of stress occurs at age 70; however, stress begins to rise again after that point. Which term BEST describes these data?
curvilinear
A conversation with the participant that conveys additional information about is called:
debriefing
Providing information to the participant about the true nature of the study and determining the effects of the independent variable on the participant is called:
debriefing
Providing information to the participant about the true nature of the study and determining the effects of the independent variables on the participant is called:
debriefing
In the case of a single-case experiment with a multiple-baseline design, the MOST important ethical concern is whether the treatment should be:
delayed when it appears effective for the initial participant
A researcher is studying the effects of a new medication that promises to be extremely effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. She randomly assigns severely psychotic patients to three different conditions (standard medication, experimental medication, a wait-list control group) and measures delusional symptomes with the same questionnaire both before and after the study. The research use a wait-list control group, which has the concern of
delaying participants' treatment
Research conducted a study looking at the effect of a chaotic environment on cognitive functioning. The researchers made the laboratory chaotic by leaving garbage cans overflowing, not vacuuming, and not cleaning the computer stations where participants answered questions related to cognitive functioning. Researchers were concerned that the research environment may have been a ___ because participants could have noticed that the laboratory environment was intentionally manipulated.
demand characteristic
Researchers interested in studying the impact of a new treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) brought subjects into their laboratory. Subjects were given the new treatment, sat alone in a room for 5 minutes, and were then asked a serious of OCD symptomology questions. After the study was over, one of the researchers noticed that the room where the subjects waited had advertisements for the new OCD treatment posted on the wall. She concerned that the advertisement may have been a cue to participants that they should have responded in a particular way to the treatment. In this study, the advertisement may have been a:
demand characteristic
By creating an experiment in which participants are highly engaged and in which they are actually feeling the psychological effects of the study, the researcher may successfully reduce:
demand characteristics
Cues that influence participants' beliefs about the hypothesis being tested and the behaviors expected of them are called:
demand characteristics
When experimenters use dependent measures, such as nonverbal behaviors or physiological responses, they are likely trying to avoid:
demand characteristics
Dr. Renk is examining the relation between experiencing parental divorce and academic performance. She did not manipulate either variable but measured both via questionnaire. In this example, academic performance is the ___ variable.
dependent
Dr. Renk is examining the relation between experiencing parental divorce and academic performance. She did not manipulate either variable but measured both via questionnaire. What type of research is she conducting?
descriptive
Dr. Stephens is examining the amount of sexual content in popular song lyrics. What type of research is she conducting?
descriptive
Reporting the mean scores is one way that researchers use ___ statistics
descriptive
One of the advantages to adding multiple follow-up observations to a one-group pretest-posttest design is the ability to:
detect delayed effects of the intervention
Observational research can be used to do all of these EXCEPT:
determine cause-effect relationships
One of the things that a switching replication design with treatment removal can do that a basic switching replication design cannot is:
determine if the initial treatment group maintains their improvement
One way to deal with differential attrition is to:
determine whether participants who stay in the study differ on pretests from those who drop out
A needs assessment:
determines whether there is a need for a social program and the steps required to meet that need
What are some of the advantages of participant observation?
developing greater insight into personal meaning of behavior to group members
In order to determine if there is an interaction for a 2 x 2 factorial design by looking at a bar graph, you need to compare the:
difference between heights of the bar graphs on the left with the difference between heights of the bar graphs on the right
In order to conduct a test for a simple contrast, you would examine the:
difference in means between two level of an independent variable that has demonstrated a main effect
Which of these is an example of the influence of interviewer characteristics affecting survey responses?
different responses to questions about voting for a Black candidate as a function of the race of the interviewer
In a study examining the effect of computer use on depression, 10 of the 40 participants discontinue the study before it is completed. The researchers find that the 10 people who dropped out of the study differed significantly in computer competence from the 30 who did not drop out. This finding threatens the study's validity through:
differential attrition
When participants have significantly different attrition rates, or express different reasons for discounting participation, across the various conditions, validity is threatened by:
differential attrition
A researcher conducts a study with a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group.. The researcher can be reasonably confident that a threat to internal validity is NOT:
differential history
When participants in one group experience outside events that the other group does not, what has occured?
differential history
When group of participants is selected on the basis of more extreme scores than another group, which of these is likely to happen?
differential regression
What is one of the major factors in the declining response rates over past decades?
difficulty in contacting people due to technology
Developmental psychologists are interested in conducting a replication of a study investigating how the personality trait of agreeableness and the size of a playgroup affect verbal aggression in middle school aged girls. The experimenters carefully replicate the procedures of the study and operationalize verbal aggression in the same manner (derogatory comments made toward others). This time, however, they conduct the study with girls in high school. This is an example of a:
direct replication
Dr. Ginsburg wants to study possible gender differences in the willingness of young children to engage in risky behaviors. The researchers simply enjoy a day at the zoo, while simultaneously observing the children and their behavior. If the children are not aware that Dr. Ginsburg is watching them, then this is a(n) ___ observation situation.
disguised
What two major types of naturalistic observation might psychologists use?
disguised and undisguised
Dr. North is interested in learning more about the ways that people interact with one another in social settings. To this end, she creates an artificial bar environment and then invites students to socialize in this setting. Meanwhile, Dr. North's research assistants make observations through a two-way mirror. What sort of research is this?
disguised observation
Your textbook mentions Leon Festinger and colleagues' study of a cult that believed aliens were coming. What specific methods did these researchers use?
disguised participant observation
Your textbook mentions Leon and colleagues' study of a cult that believed aliens were coming. What specific methods did these research use?
disguised participant observation
The concern with how another group is going to be convinced of the value and effectiveness of a program that has already been established is called the ___ phase of program diffusion.
dissemination
A questionnaire contains the question: " Do you agree or disagree that, once people reach the age of adulthood, it is not possible for them to change their undesirable personality traits?" This is a good example of a:
double negative question
A psychologist is conducting a questionnaire to assess hospital workers' attitudes about homeless populations. One of the items asks, "Do you agree or disagree that homelessness is a major problem in today's society?" This is a good example of a :
double-barreled question
In a single-case experimental design:
each participants serves as her own or comparison
A researcher designs a study whose procedures and setting resemble a classroom setting. The researcher is confident that the results of the study will closely approximate that will be observed in the real world regarding the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. He believes the study is high ___ validity.
ecological
A high school recently implemented a program to prevent students from dropping out of school. The school hired a group to work with at-risk students to help them feel more engaged in learning. A researcher was brought in to evaluate the program. She determined that the school was spending $500 per student enrolled in the program and indicated that the school could cut the cost in half by using currently employed teachers to lead the program. The researcher's analysis was part of a(n):
efficiency assessment
A nonprofit agency is worried that it is spending too much to provide English instruction services to the immigrant population in their community. The agency hires an evaluator to conduct a(n):
efficiency assessment
In comparison with a series of single-factor experiments, the major advantage of a factorial design is that it is:
efficient in terms of the administrative and procedural aspects of the experiment
A researcher is looking at the effects of types of alcohol (i.e., beer, hard alcohol) and athletic status (i.e., nonathlete, athlete) on amount of drinking. The researcher randomly assigns students to either the beer condition or the hard alcohol condition. In this study there are ___ possible outcomes.
eight
In a study on the effects of unanimity of the group (i.e., not unanimous, unanimous) and means of response (i.e., private, public) on conformity, there are ___ possible outcomes.
eight
If a researcher notes that the combination of two treatments is more effective at reducing the target behavior than each of the treatments alone, the researcher can conclude that the results are caused by:
either an interaction effect of the two treatments or the additive main effects of the two treatments
One of the ways to deal with testing effects is to:
eliminate the pretest
Karley thinks that obese people are more likely than people of normal weight to consume more than one plate of food at an all-you-can-eat buffet. If she wants to conduct an observational study on buffet behavior, what would you suggest that Karley should do?
employ research assistants to use blind observation
In a within-subjects factorial design, each subject:
engages in every experimental condition
An industrial organization psychologist is hired by a company to investigate whether a new employee management strategy has resulted in greater employee productivity. A major concern for this psychologist should be:
ensuring the confidentiality of the employees' responses
What is the MOST accurate description of the interval scale of measurement?
equal distance
A psychologist who developed a new intervention for self-injurious behavior in children administers the treatment to one of her clients in a single-case experiment. She intended to use an ABA design, but stops the treatment after only two phases because the treatment was so effective. This is an example of how ___ concerns in a single-case experiment
ethical; scientific
___ represents a system of moral principles and standards
ethics
The group or individuals that pay for and oversee an evaluation are referred to as:
evaluation sponsors
Which of these has the BEST chance of being a representative sample of a large introductory psychology class?
every fifth student from a list of enrolled students provided by the registrar
A research team conducts a study looking at the effects of teacher motivation on student motivation. They conceptualize teacher and student motivation as the number of hours each takes to prepare for class and find that teacher motivation is positively associated with student motivation. A separate research team is interested in the same topic, so they replicate it by following the original study as closely as possible. This is an example of ___ replication
exact
An experimenter conducts a study examining the impact of stress (i.e., low, medium, high) and the presence of anxiety disorders (i.e., absent, present) on performance on a speech task. One of the advantages of this type of study over single-factor studies is its ability to:
examine how stress and anxiety disorders interact to affect the speech performance
One of the main reasons that experimenters expose participants to each condition more than once is because they want to
examine the consistency of participants' responses
In order to deal with differential attribution, a researcher should:
examine whether continuing participants and dropouts differ with regard to pretest scores
How do existing ethical codes direct researchers to handle potential incidental finding?
existing codes do not provide specific guidance, so researchers handle these situations in different ways
Unintentional ways in which researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner consistent with the researcher's hypothesis are called experimenter:
expectancy effects
Dr. Sanders is preparing an IRB application. He believes that his project is not eligible for exempt status, yet it probably does not require full IRB review. Dr. Sanders's project is probably eligible for which type of review?
expedited
A psychologist wants to examine the effects of conscientiousness on the amount of time a participant will persist in a task. She brings participants into the laboratory, where they are required to fill out a scale on conscientiousness and then engage in a task. She then places participants into groups of low, medium, and high conscientiousness and compares their times on the task. This is an example of a(n):
experiment with a subject variable
Counterbalancing is particularly important in a(n):
experiment with college students
Roman is conducting a study in which variable X is manipulated, variable Y is measured, and statistical analyses are used to examine how differences in X caused differences in Y. Confounding variables were addressed ahead of time by controlling the research environment. Roman is probably conducting which type of study?
experimental
Which research method is the method of choice for identifying cause-effect relations between variables?
experimental
A team of researchers investigates whether a presentation of several small rewards followed by a large punishment will decrease alcohol use in rats that have become addicted to alcohol. They carefully administer the reward-punishment schedule to each rat, while holding other experimental variables constant, and then compare the alcohol use of each rat before and after the schedule. This is an example of:
experimental analysis of behavior
The researcher manipulates the color of the jelly bean during the experiment. The manipulation of the color of the jelly bean is one way the researcher exercises:
experimental control
An experimenter is interested in testing whether a person speaking loudly in public affects other people's ability to complete their work. She exposes one group of participants studying in a coffee shop to someone speaking loudly on his cell phone. Another group of participants also studies at a coffee shop, but is not exposed to the person on the cell phone. The group exposed to the person on the cell phone is the:
experimental group
Participants who are exposed to a treatment are called the:
experimental group
A group of researchers is replicating an earlier experiment that indicated that participants who received task-specific feed were more likely to persist at a task than participants who received more general, encouraging feedback. In an effort to ensure that participants are not treated differently based on the condition that they are in, the researchers automate all of the procedures and follow a written protocol when interacting with the participants. The researchers are trying to minimize:
experimenter expectancy effects
One of the major disadvantages of studies with switching replication with treatment removal is that they still cannot determine if:
experimenter expectancy effects or demand characteristics played a role in the results
In ___ sampling, research identify specialists on a topic and ask them to participate
expert
What are the two major types of purposive sampling?
expert and snowball sampling
Two common types of purposive sampling are:
expert sampling and snowball sampling
In the past, a group of memory researchers have demonstrated a fairly robust primary effect on memory with words in the beginning of the list being remembered better than words in the rest of the list. The researchers are now interested in determining whether the effect of position (i.e., beginning, end) on memory changes when looking at participants of different ages. The researchers should:
explore age as a moderator
When a replication study adds a new design element to the original study, it is called a replication and:
extension
A group of researchers add two new variables to a study with a two-factor factorial design. The addition of these two new variables is an attempt to increase the ___ validity of the study.
external
A researcher brings students into a laboratory to determine whether hunger affects test performance. The researcher finds that students who are hungry have lower grades on the tests than students who are not hungry. When the researcher replicates the same study in the classroom, he finds that hunder does not affect test performance. The researcher's original study lacked ___ validity.
external
A single-case experiment with a multiple-baseline design that is conducted across subjects and settings would be high in ___ validity
external
___ validity concerns the generalizability of findings beyond the present study
external
A research conducts a single-case experiment on the effects of a new behavioral treatment on a relatively rare brain disorder. Because the treatment has such a powerful effect on the participants in the study, the researcher is not concerned about:
external validity
A researcher decides to add two more variables , one for the sex of the participant and the other for the age of the participant, to an experiment examining the effect of television watching on childhood aggression. By adding additional variables, the researcher hopes to increase the ___ of the study.
external validity
When experimental designs find a causal relationship between variables, correlational research can be used to establish the:
external validity of the results by examining the relationship between variables under naturally occurring conditions
Which of these is NOT a technical form of validity?
face
When tests of intelligence were first developed, they were designed for children. In order to test adults, psychologists took the items and tried to make them more difficult. Unfortunately, many of the items seemed childlike, leading many participants to fail to give their best effort. This historical example highlights which concept of psychological testing?
face validity
Which survey technique is considered the gold standard og how to administer a survey?
face-to-face interview
Researchers have identifies a new drug that they believe will have a great impact on juvenile diabetes. A large, well-known children's hospital is the first to test the drug. They find that the drug actually does reduce the symptoms associated with diabetes. Assume, however, that in reality the drug does NOT actually reduce the effects of diabetes. What type of error has been made here?
false alarm
Dr. North, a psychologist, is considered to be trustworthy and is careful to follow agreed-upon ethical principles in her research. Dr. North is MOST clearly demonstrating that she understands which major ethical principle?
fidelity
Researchers conducted a study designed to increase a child's willingness to read. The researchers first had the child's parents record how much their children read for a week. Then, they conducted a series of treatments designed to enhance the child's willingness to read. THe parents' initial recording of the child's reading behavior is represented by the ___ in an ABAB design
first "A"
In a 2 x 3 factorial design, there would be ___ simple main effects.
five
A researcher conducts a study using an ABAB design. In the withdrawal phase, the patient's behavior is not returning to baseline levels as expected. The researcher decides to lengthen the withdrawal phase, based on the assumption that the patient's behavior will eventually return to baseline levels. The ability of the researcher to change the length of the withdrawal phase illustrates which strength of single-case experiments?
flexibility
One advantage of single-case experimental designs is:
flexibility
A ___ effect occurs when scores on a dependent variable bunch up at the minimum score level.
floor
A faculty member who wants to make observations of student behavior during an exam first observes one student, then shifts to another student, then to another, and so on. What type of sampling is this faculty member using to make his observations?
focal sampling
In a(n) ___ a moderator leads a group of people through an interview and discussion of a set of topics
focus group
Which of these MOST likely represents the strongest positive correlation?
foot size and shoe size
What is one of the major advantages of the standard deviation and variance as measures of dispersion?
form the basis of important statistical tests
A researcher is examining the effects of three different variables on type of play. Specifically, they look at the sex of the child, the type of toys available (feminine or masc), and sex of parent present. How many total interactions can the experimenter of this study explore?
four
A researcher is interested in determining whether smiling and warmth impact the number of friends one has. Amount of smiling (a little, a lot) and self-rated warmth (cold, warm) and each two-level variables. This experiment has how many conditions?
four
A researcher is interested in how the effects of goal striving (i.e., low, high), goal difficulty (low, high), and time pressure (low, high) all affect persistence on a task. After conducting a study looking at these variables, the researchers would be able to examine ___ interactions.
four
Combining two independent variables, each with two levels, creates an experimental design with ___ conditions.
four
Social psychologists wanted to examine the relationship between exposure to explicit content and sexual priming among college students. Researchers divided participants into four groups. In the first group, participants were exposed to music videos containing explicit content. In the second group, participants were exposed to the same music as the first group; however, the videos were censored. In the third group, participants were exposed to music videos that did not contain explicit content, and the fourth group were not exposed to any music videos at all. Following exposure to the music videos, all four groups of participants completed a timed word completion task to assess sexual priming and additional questionnaires. How many conditions did the independent variable have in this study?
four
Sam received a telephone call, in which the caller asked him to participate in a brief telephone survey about the virtues of pet adoption. At the conclusion of the survey, the caller asked Sam if he would be interested in making a cash donation to the Good Karma International Pet Adoption Center. This is a good example of:
frugging
Which is the BEST example of a positive correlation?
general knowledge and height in a group of children
Because single-case experiments typically involve few participants, there are concerns regarding the ___ of the findings
generalizability
Ecological validity concerns the:
generalizability of research finding to natural settings
A clinician conducts a study with one of his clients who cannot throw away useless items from his house because he thinks that something bad will happen to him if he does. The clinician read about a new intervention for people with similar issues. The clinician uses an ABAB design to determine if the new intervention is effective. One major issue with the study is that it may NOT be ___ because there is only one person in the study.
generalizable
A psychologist has successfully increased the eye contact of one of her patients by administering several rewards after each time her patient maintains eye contact for 3 minutes. She gradually decreases the number of rewards that she administers after each 3-minute interval of eye contact until the patient maintains the behavior without the rewards. This is an example of a ___ in an ABAB design.
generalization phase
One of the potential advantages of replication with extension is the ability to:
generalize the findings to other settings and groups
What is one of the major disadvantages of the survey research method?
generally survey research cannot support cause-and-effect statements
Thomas and Benson are both observing the food choices of participants at an all-you-can-eat buffet. Unfortunately, their ratings do not agree. WHat could their employer do to improve the study?
give Thomas and Benson more training
When participants assume the ___, they provide responses that help to support the perceived hypothesis of the study.
good subject role
What are some of the advantages of structured observation compared to naturalistic and participant observation?
greater control, saved time and money
In order to investigate influences on creativity, a psychologist divides students into all male, all female, or mixed gender groups. The groups then either sit on the floor or in their usual seats per instruction from the investigator. The groups' task is to come up with unusual uses for a fork. The faculty member counts the number of unusual uses and also has other researchers rate the degree to which they are unusual. Identify the IVs and DVs.
group composition and seating are the IVs; the DV is the number and level of creativity of the responses
Between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs are called ___ designs.
group experimental
In between-subjects designs, random assignment distributes participants' individual differences across experimental conditions. This allows researchers to assume that:
groups of participants are equal
A graduate student is learning how to teach, and as part of the process she is going to be observed by her professor. At first, she is very, very nervous and stutters and stumbles through the lecture. About 30 minutes into the lecture, she is not even aware that the professor is in the room and seems calm, well organized, and like a "pro." What happened in this situation?
habituation
Random assignment ensures that participants:
have an equal probability of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions
A student researcher is told that he must use a single-factor design for his course project. He knows that this will require him to have one independent variable in order to meet the requirement of single-factor design. However, his friend reminds him that his independent variable must also:
have at least two conditions
In order to improve internal validity in a simple interrupted time-series design, researchers need to:
have enough observations to establish pretest and posttest trends in the dependent variable
A researcher decides to replicate a previous study of the effects of a new antidepressant on depressive symptoms. The previous study used a quasi-experiment, but the replication uses a single-case experimental design. The major difference between the two studies is that in the single-case experimental design, the researcher will:
have more control over the independent or dependent variable
Tim works for a tobacco company. Tim's task is to conduct physical trace studies at a local bar (one that does not ban smoking) to determine the extent of popularity of his company's brand of cigarettes. WHich of the methods might tim use?
he might dig through trash cans
What is one of the major drawbacks of the face-to-face interview compared to other techniques?
high costs
A researcher conducts a two-year study assessing the effect of financial stress on mood. She finds that higher levels of stress are associated with negative affect. However, the researcher is concerned that ___ may be a source of threat to her study because an economic recession began halfway through her study
history
A researcher examining the effects of a new mathematics instructional techniques measured the math scores of the students in the intervention classroom 10 times before the intervention and 10 times after the intervention. Which threat to validity still remains?
history
A researcher randomly assigns the residents of two different nursing homes to two different conditions. Residents from nursing home A are assigned to the treatment condition, in which they freely pick their weekly activities. Residents from nursing home B are assigned to the control condition, in which the staff assigns the residents' activities. Nursing home B experiences a complete change in staff during the course of the experiment. The researcher should be worried about a(n) ___ threat
history
Events that occur while a study is being conducted, and that are NOT part of the experimental manipulation or treatment are referred to as:
history
One of the major advantages of a simple interrupted time-series design with a nonequivalent control group compared to a simple interrupted time-series design that does not include a control group is that the first type of design can rule out ____ threats to validity.
history
One of the major purposes of a pretest-posttest design with a switching replication is to rule out differential:
history
When events that are not part of a study happen to one group of participants but not to another, this is an example of a(n) _____ effect.
history
___ refers to events that occur while a study is being conducted, and that are not part of the experimental manipulation or treatment
history
One of the questions that a mixed-factorial design could help experimenters answer is:
how a within-subject variable and a between-subjects variable interact
A single-case experimental design allows researchers to systematically examine:
how an independent variable influences the behavior of an individual case
You walk into a classroom and see the following on the board: general mental capacity, set of distinct cognitive skills, and intelligence. What are you likely to infer was the topic of the preceding class?
how psychologists differ when defining concepts
In Milgram's study, what did participants believe was the purpose of the study?
how punishment affected learning
A student is considering a career in psychology focused on design of equipment and how people work with the equipment, such as the computer being used to type this test item. What specialty in psychology is of particular interest to this student?
human-factors psychology
Underlying characteristics or processes that are not directly observed but instead are inferred from measurable behaviors or outcomes are called:
hypothetical constructs
One benefit of adding a second stage to an ABA design is that:
if the treatment is successful, then the desired behavior change will be in effect when the study end
A community has decided to try a recycling program that has been very effective in reducing landfill waste in a neighboring community. The community is trying to determine exactly how the program should work in their town. The community is in the ___ phase of program diffusion
implementation
Unwritten rules about how research participants ought to behave are called:
implicit norms
According to the APA Ethics Code, psychologists must avoid making deceptive and fraudulent statements in which venues?
in any public forum
Imagine that a psychologist computes the test-retest reliability of a test and finds that r+.40. What would she conclude from this information?
in its present form, the test is not reliable
Imagine that a psychologist computes the test-retest reliability of a test and finds that r=+.40. What would she conclude from this information?
in its present form, the test is not reliable
Studies with factorial designs are better than studies with single-factor designs at capturing the real-life complexity of the real world because they:
include more than one independent variable
A researcher hypothesizes that watching TV while studying will have a stronger negative effect on test scores when a person has little prior experience with the study material. The BEST strategy the researcher could use to test his hypothesis is to:
incorporate prior experience into a factor design with TV viewing as the independent variable and test score as the dependent variable and examine whether it produces an interaction effects
Which of these is one of the general advantages of the sampling method known as situation sampling?
increased external validity
What is one advantage of the use of time sampling in selecting when observations will be made?
increased representativeness of behaviors
What is one of the potential advantages of promising anonymity or confidentiality to research participants?
increases truthfulness that increases validity
An educational psychologist is interested in examining the effects of group size on peer conflict. The experimenter randomly assigns students to either a small group or large group to see which one will lead to more peer conflict. The experimenter also examines whether the effects differ when students interact for 10 minutes, 30 minutes, or 1 hour. In this Study, tiem is a(n) ____ variable
independent
Replication conducted by researchers who were not part of the original research group is called ___ replication
independent
Research has found that there is increased substance use among White college students. In fact, minority college students have been found to engage in substance use less frequently. Dr. Scott hypothesizes that one of the reasons for this difference is related to White college students being influenced by substance use messages in media. In this instance, participant ethnicity is the ___ variable.
independent
Researchers who are interested in the effect of time on behaviors or other characteristics may use time as a(n) ___variable.
independent
The major reason why an experimenter would employ a natural-groups design is because the:
independent variable cannot be manipulated
Which of these sequences makes the MOST sense from the logic of experimentation?
independent variable-mediator variable-dependent variable
When participants are randomly assigned to each of the possible conditions of the experiment, it is called a(n) ___ design.
independent-groups
A relatively new company is expanding rapidly and needs to hire a significant number of people. They would like to incorporate psychological tests into the hiring process. Which type of psychologist should they call for help?
industrial-organizational psychologist
In a study examining the effects of heredity on intelligence, researchers compare the correlation of intelligence test scores of identical twins with the correlation of intelligence test scores for fraternal twins. In this experiment, the researcher is assuming that the comparison of identical and fraternal twins is a measure of heredity. This is an example of a(n): inference about constructs
inference about constructs
A researcher conducts a study and carefully develops the measures so that they are accurate measurements of the concept being investigated. This effort allows ___ to be made
inferences about constructs
An ANOVA is a statistical test that helps researchers determine whether their findings are statistically significant. ANOVA is an example of ___ statistics.
inferential
A researcher completed a study comparing the effects of short, multiple quizzes versus fewer but longer exams on final grades in several classes. She is now ready to draw conclusions and thus will rely on ___ to draw the conclusions?
inferential statistics
which piece of information given to potential participants is considered part of the basic elements of informed consent?
information needed to contact someone if the participant has questions
___ is the principle that people have the right to make voluntary, knowledgeable decisions about whether to participate in a study.
informed consent
Identify what took place in a design indicated as ABAB
initial baseline phase, first treatment phase, second baseline phase, second treatment phase
Identify what took place in a design indicated as ABABA.
initial baseline phase, first treatment phase, second baseline phase, second treatment phase, and third baseline
Identify what took place in a design indicated as ABA.
initial baseline phase, first treatment phase, second treatment phase
When a case is analyzed in depth because it is an example of, or otherwise provides information about, a broader phenomenon it is called a(n) _____ case study.
instrumental
Which of these is an approach to case study research as described by Robert Stake?
instrumental
Changes that occur in a measuring instrument during the course of data collection is called:
instrumentation
Changes that occur in a measuring instrument during the course of data collection is referred to as:
instrumentation
In a study on children's frustration, a researcher randomly assigns children to three conditions: a room full of toys with no adult present, a room full of toys with an adult present, and a room devoid of toys (the control condition). The researcher is examining how temptation, or the presence or absence of an authority figure, affects a child's level of frustration. The researcher observes and rates the children's levels of frustration both before and after the experimental conditions and excludes all children who score extremely high or low on frustration on the pretest. The researcher should be concerned about which threat to validity?
instrumentation
In a study with a pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent groups, the researchers have to change the testing instrument that has been used to record eye blinks for the treatment group. This is an example of a(n) ___ threat to validity
instrumentation
A psychology professor tells students that if they exceed the departmental required number of hours as a research participant, they will receive extra credit. When final grades are released, students notice that not extra credit was granted for additional research participation. This faculty member has MOST clearly violated which ethical principle?
integrity
Dr. West, a psychologist, is scrupulously honest in conducting and reporting the findings of research. In doing so, Dr. West is MOST clearly adhering to which major ethical principle of research?
integrity
Jenny is a psychology student reading about ethics. She comes across the Hippocratic Oath and notices that elements of the oath are similar to parts of the current-day code of ethics followed by psychologists today. Jenny has recognized that the two have which elements in common?
integrity, competence, benefiting others
A research finds that the temperature of a room (cold, mild) impacts memory; a cold room is associated with worse memory. The research also finds that the temperature effect varies by time of year (summer, winter); the temperature effect is greater in the summer than in the winter. The fact that the temperature effect varied by time of year is an example of a(n) ___ effect.
interaction
A researcher found that whether or not a person is tired impacts how much soda one drinks. She also found that the effect of tiredness was magnified when the soda was cold (versus room temperature). Since the way tiredness impacted soda consumption was different based on the temperature of soda, the researcher reported that there was a(n) ___ effect.
interaction
When the way in which an independent variable influences behavior differs depending on the level of another independent variable, there is a(n) _____ effect.
interaction
A researcher looked at the effects of aspirations on student achievement. She found that students with higher aspirations achieved higher levels of education. After conducting several statistical tests of her data, the researcher found that parent income was a confounding factor in her study. In fact, parent income may have explained differences in the level of education achieved by participants. This study had problems with ___ validity.
internal
Elliot and colleagues (2007) used ___ replication in their color-achievement performance research in that they replicated their initial experiment three times.
internal
In an experiment on the effects of everyday stress on memory, a researcher has participants record every hour how much stress they are feeling and then complete a short-term memory task. The results of the study reveal that everyday stress may affect short-term memory. After evaluating the results of the study, however, the researcher is concerned that people who have high scores on neuroticism questionnaires are more likely to report stress and exhibit memory problems than people who have low scores. The researcher is worried about ___ validity
internal
The major type of validity that is threatened in a quasi-experiment with only one group is ___ validity.
internal
Split-half reliability assesses:
internal reliability
When scientists replicate their own studies what has occurred?
internal replication
This form of reliability represents the degree to which independent observers show agreement in their observations.
interobserver reliability
Dr. Johnson is conducting an open-ended questionnaire with undergraduate college students. He is recording each interview and will have raters use his coding system to code the interviews. Dr. Johnson will conduct ___ to determine how the raters agree with each other in the coding process.
interrater reliability
Thomas and Benson are both observing the food choices of participants at an all-you-can-eat buffet. Which of these terms BEST describes the issue that will arise if their ratings don't agree?
interrater reliability
A school psychologist compares the effectiveness of a hall monitor on children's disruptive behavior between class periods. The school psychologist compares two different schools, one that has the monitor and one that does not have a monitor. He compares the schools several times during the year, both before and after the hall monitor was introduced in one of the schools. This is an example of a(n):
interrupted time-series design
Which of these would be the strongest quasi-experimental design?
interrupted time-series design with a nonequivalent control group
A researcher adds several pretest and posttest observations to a pretest-posttest design with switching replication. The researcher has conducted a study with a(n):
interrupted time-series design with switching replication
A disordinal interaction is represented by lines that:
intersect and are not parallel
In class, all students just completed a psychological test designed to assess their degree of responsibility. Because this test is similar to other psychological scales, we can be confident that which scale of measurement is being used?
interval
A researcher uses a single-case experimental design to study the effects of physical soothing such as touch on an autistic child's functioning. In this study, physical soothing is part of the ___ phase
intervention
Suppose you've been tasked with designing a study to answer the research question: Does the death of a child's beloved pet caused psychological damage later in life? Which method would you choose to address this issue?
interview adults to see if their current psychological health is related to their childhood pet experiences
Suppose you've been tasked with designing a study to answer the research question: Does parental divorce increase the risk that children will develop psychological difficulties later in life? Which method would you choose to address this issue?
interview adults to see is their psychological health is related to their parents' marriage status
A principal conducts a study using a pretest-posttest-only design with a nonequivalent control group to determine if a new instructional method is more effective than regular mathematics instruction at improving special education students' math scores in two different classrooms. If the principal wants to see if the students in the nonequivalent control group classroom would also show a response to the treatment, she should:
introduce the treatment to the control group
Dr. Nelson wants to request expedited review for his project. Which criteria would be important for him to know about projects being eligible for expedited review?
involve research on cultural beliefs or practices
In a single-case experimental design, the treatment phase:
involves the presentation of a specific treatment or other intervention
A group of researchers conduct a study with a 2 x 2 factorial design. After making a table of all the rom, cell, and marginal means, they compare the marginal means for the rows in order to determine if there:
is a main effect
If a line graph of two independent variables depicts two parallel lines there:
is no interaction effect.
In a study with a 2 x 3 factorial design, there ___ interaction(s).
is one
In a changing-criterion design, there ___ baseline phase(s) and ___ treatment phase(s).
is one; several
What is one of the problems currently faced by researchers trying to deal with the increasing number of cell-phone-only users?
it is illegal to use automatic dialers to call cell phones
Treatment and control groups are considered nonequivalent when:
it isn't possible to randomly assign participants to conditions or random assignment is used in a way that cannot be assumed confidently to create equivalent groups at the start of the study
One of the major disadvantages of complete counterbalancing is that:
it requires a large number of participants.
What effect does the use of a prospective study have on the interpretation of a significant correlation between variables X and Y?
it rules out the bidirectionality problem, but not the third-variable problem
What is one of the problems with quota sampling that should be kept in mind by researchers?
it still relies on convenience sampling
A psychologist has completed a research project demonstrating that early intervention can reduce some effects of prematurity in young children. She recognized that this is an important finding, not only statistically speaking but in terms of practical impact. Her current efforts reflect MOST clearly which two ethical principles?
justice and beneficence
What is one of the potential problems of case study research?
lack of generalizability
A researcher conducts a study examining the impact of a drug intervention program in middle schools. She asks all middle schools in the area to participate, but only two schools volunteer. The researchers implements the program in one of the two schools and uses the second school as the control group. She reports that the drug intervention program was successful because the school that received the intervention had less drug use after the program. One major limitation of this study is:
lack of random assignment
In the initial treatment phase of a changing-criterion design, the treatment phase:
lasts until the target behavior reachers a criterion and becomes stable
For their undergraduate research method course, Jimmy and Shane are asked to create a questionnaire to assess students' attitudes about a new tobacco-free campus initiative at their university. Shane suggests adding the question: "Do you oppose the university's proposal to ban smoking on our campus?" This is a good example of a:
leading question
What was one of the goals of research on the behavior of youth coaches that began in the 1970s?
learn about how parent volunteers were treating children
A group of corrections officers participates in a study to try to reduce the self-injurious behavior of inmates in solitary confinement. The treatment involves administering verbal praise and encouragement and the study uses an ABAB design. One of the main advantages of this design compared to an ABA design is that the ABAB design:
leaves the treatment in effect at the end of the study
Which of these is one of the types of harm that IRB would consider in assessing research proposals?
legal
You are asked to take part in an experiment investigating the effects of alcohol on aggression. What is the dependent variable in this study?
level of agression
While paging through some journals in the library, a student finds a study that involves exposure to different decibel levels while trying to proofread a term paper. What is the MOST likely independent variable in this study?
level of noise
Researchers must be cautious about drawing conclusions regarding the causal influence of subject variables because subject variables are:
likely to be correlated with other subject characteristics
A group of researchers have established that a new antidepressant is more effective at treating obsessive thinking in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) than standard psychotherapy for OCD after 6 months of treatment. However, they want to demonstrate that their antidepressant is better than psychotherapy at a 1-year and a 5-year follow-up. The researcher should:
look at time as a moderator
A research team looks at the impact of the color of a room and scent of a room on customer purchasing decisions. The researchers find that color of a room impacts purchasing decisions. They also find that the scent of a room impacts purchasing decisions. They also find that the scent of the room impacts purchasing decisions. The impacts of color and scent on purchasing represent ___ effects
main
A(n) ___ effect occurs when an independent variable has an overall effect on a dependent variable.
main
Consistent with prior studies, a research found that self-esteem (low, high) impacts grades; high self-esteem was associated with better grades. The researcher also examined the effects of gender (male, female) on grades and found that being female is associated with better grades. The impacts of self-esteem and gender on grades are examples of ___ effects
main
Comparing the marginal means for rows allows an experimenter to determine if there is a(n):
main effect for one independent variable
A researcher has two independent variables in her study, one with two levels and one with three levels. Initial results reveal that there is an interaction between her two variables. She decides to break down the interaction by looking at the effect of one of the independent variables at each level of the other independent variable. These effects are called simple:
main effects
Researchers are interested in looking at the effects of prize quality and gender on competition. In order to examine nonlinear effects, the researchers should:
make prize quality a variable with more than two levels
In a study of variables X and Y, which of the steps would distinguish the study as being experimental in nature?
manipulate variable X
Which step is considered the hallmark of the experimental method?
manipulating the independent variable
In a pilot study assessing the effects of fear attention, a researcher has a confederate makes a very loud noise while participants read and answer question about their comprehension of the material. After the study, the researcher asks participants to rate the level of fear they felt because of the noise. Many of the participants reported that they did not feel fearful when they heard the noise because it was not very loud. The researcher decides to find a way to produce a louder noise when he conducts the larger study. This is an example of a:
manipulation check
Unlike in experimental studies which control potential confounding variable through ___, researchers conducting correlational analysis can still control for potential confounding variables___.
manipulation; statistically
The average of the cell means for each row or column in a table is called a _____ mean.
marginal
A researcher is interested in the effects of different types of stressors on the willingness to help in a simulated emergency situation. Participants are randomly assigned to the three stressor conditions and one control condition; in each of the stressor conditions, participants experience the same level of stress at the same time of day. Neither the participants nor the experimenter can tell which experimental condition the participants are in. This last precaution is an example of:
masking
One of the main ways to improve the ability to draw causal inferences in a person x situation factorial design is to:
match participants on characteristics other than the one associated with the subject variable
A researcher interested in the effects of specific teaching styles on test performance places participants in groups according to gender, age, and height. He then randomly assigns then to each of the four teaching styles. This is an example of a ___ design.
matched-groups
An experimenter divides children into two different age groups (elementary and middle school) and then randomly assigns children from each age group to one of two types of classroom instruction styles. This is an example of a(n) ___ design.
matched-groups
In order to achieve relatively equivalent group of participants in a between-groups design, researchers can use a ___ design as an alternative to random assignment
matched-groups
One type of confounding variable that may threaten validity is ___, which refers to ways that people change naturally over time, independent of their participation in a study.
maturation
Ways in which people naturally change over time, independent of their participation in a study is referred to as:
maturation
Ways that people naturally change over time, independent of their participation in a study is referred to as:
maturation
A psychologist is comparing the effects of a new group-based therapy on depression with older antidepressant and standard psychotherapies. The psychologist is concerned, however, that any observed differences between the treatment and comparison groups in depression will be caused by spontaneous remission of depressive symptoms. The researcher is concerned about; ___ and should be sure to use ____.
maturation; random assignment
In a single-case experiment, the unit:
may remain the same throughout the study
While studying for a research methods exam a study group is reviewing material on specific research methods. When they come to variables, they note that it is important to remember that variables in correlational research are ___ whereas variables in experimental research are likely to be ___.
measured; manipulated
While studying for a research methods exam a study group is reviewing material on specific research methods. When they come to variables, they note that it is important to remember that variables in correlational research are___ whereas variables in experimental research are likely to be ___.
measured; manipulated
This is the process of systematically assigning values to represent attributes of organisms, objects, or events
measurement
What statistic did subsequent researchers rely on heavily when they reanalyzed data to test their theory of evolutionary influences on preferred number of mates?
median number of preferred sexual partners
A variable that provides a causal link in the sequence between an independent variable and a dependent variable is called a(n)___ variable
mediator
According to researchers, cell phone use and driving performance are affected by a variable that temporarily lies between them. What is the name for this type of variable?
mediator
You walk into your next classroom where another research methods class has just ended. You see the remains of some material on the board and can decipher the words why, when, and for whom. You guess that which of these were the topics of the day?
mediator and moderator variables
A psychologist wants to write a review of previously conducted research on the effectiveness of various treatments for alleviating phobias. Which of these would be the BEST choice if she wishes to provide a statistical analysis of these previously conducted studies?
meta-analysis
A clinician implements an intervention design to reduce symptoms of agoraphobia in one of her clients who cannot leave her house. The clinician conducts a baseline observation for a week and then implements the treatment. The treatment is so effective that she decides to limit the withdrawal phase to a day and administer the second treatment phase on the next day. This is an example of a ___ caused by an ethical dilemma
methodological compromise
Which of these MOST likely represents the strongest negative correlation?
miles per gallon and speed of car
When IRB evaluate proposed research, they assess the degree of risk to participants. What is the standard that they use in making such assessments?
minimal risk
A researcher is interested in whether the type of music a person listens to (classical, Hip-hop) and the volume of music (low, high) impact how much money one spends at the grocery store. The researcher randomly assigns each participant to either the classical music or hip-hop music condition. Then, each participant is exposed to the low volume and high volume conditions, with a rest between and counterbalancing of the order of volume conditions. This is an example of a(n) ___ design.
mixed-factorial
In an experiment examining the effects of stress on decision making, researchers use two independent variables with two levels each. The first independent variable is temperature of the room (65 F and 95 F), and the second is noise in the room (absent or present). Researchers randomly assign participants to one of the two temperature conditions and then have the participants perform decision-making tasks in both conditions of the noise variable (present and absent). The researchers allow subjects to rest in between exposure to the noise variable and use counterbalancing of the noise conditions. This experiment uses a ___ design, since subjects are randomly assigned to one independent variable, but exposed to all conditions of the second independent variable.
mixed-factorial
Christophe Boesch's (1991) research with chimpanzees is BEST described as
mixed-methods
A researcher hypothesizes that how much an undergraduate studies (less than 5 hours, more than 5 hours) will have a greater impact on exam grade when the course in a 300 level or above (versus below 300 level). In hypothesis, course level is considered a ___ variable.
moderator
Researchers have found that playing violent video games is related to increased male childhood aggression among those who have experienced parental divorce. In this instance, parental divorce is the ___ variable
moderator
The blood alcohol level in men and women will differ even when they drink the same amount of alcohol over the same period of time. In this case, biological sex serves as what type of variable?
moderator
The main limitation of quasi-experimental designs is that they are:
more vulnerable to internal validity threats
A single-factor design has ___ independent variable(s) with at least ___ condition(s).
multilevel independent variable
A team of psychopharmacologists want to determine if a new drug treatment will reduce aggressive behavior in five individuals with head injuries. To determine if the new drug is effective, the researchers employ a single-case experiment that takes several observations during the baseline phases on the study and that staggers the administration of the drug across the participants. This is an example of a ___ design.
multiple-baseline across subjects
Sheikh and colleagues (2011) studied the implementation of a nationwide electronic patient-health record system in England. Within the overall investigation, a separate case study was conducted at 12 different hospitals who were early adopters of the new record-keeping system. This was a(n) _____ study.
multiple-case
In an effort to duplicate the stressor involved with working at a large company, researchers go to great effort to ensure that the laboratory setting they have created is similar in all respects (noise, temperature, room setup) to that of a major multinational corporation. The researchers are concerned with:
mundane realism
Social psychologists wanted to examine the relationship between exposure to explicit content and sexual priming among college students. Researchers divided participants into four groups. In the first group, participants were exposed to music videos containing explicit content. In the second group, participants were exposed to the same music as the first group; however, the videos were censored. In the third group, participants were exposed to music videos that did not contain explicit content, and the fourth group were not exposed to any music videos at all. Following exposure to the music videos, all four groups of participants completed a timed word completion task to assess sexual priming and additional questionnaires. What is the independent variable in this study?
music video content
Sherry is a 4-year-old who chronically bites her fingernails until they bleed causing her pain. The proposed treatment for her is to have her wear gloves, limiting her access to her fingernails. What is the target behavior?
nail biting
How could one BEST describe the nominal scale of measurement?
names and mutually exclusive categories
A researcher places participants into two groups based on their responses to a questionnaire on hostility (high hostility and low hostility) and then measures the level of participant aggressiveness in each group. This is an example of a ___ design
natural-groups
You overhear two psychologists discussing research methods. They seem especially focused on one that they both agree is known for being "ecologically valid." Which of these would be your guess as to the method they are discussing?
naturalistic observation
A university considers opening a hotline for students experiencing stress from balancing their school, work, and family responsibilities. Before they create the hotline, the university decides to call in a researcher to determine whether students are experiencing stress and if they would use a hotline. The researcher will MOST likely conduct a(n) ___ to determine whether the university should create the hotline.
needs assessment
A university considers opening a hotline for students experiencing stress from balancing their school, work, and family responsibilities. Before they create the hotline. the university decides to call in a researcher to determine whether students are experiencing stress and if they would use a hotline. The researcher will MOST likely conduct a(n) ___ to determine whether the university should create the hotline
needs assessment
At a university-wide event, liberal arts majors are given red shirts, nursing and health profession majors wear green, science majors wear blue, and education majors wear yellow. The colors here represent what type of measurement?
nominal
It is time to clean out the basement. Let's put the items into three piles: save for future use, throw out, donate. Which scale of measurement is being use in this example?
nominal
Researchers studied the relationship between ethnicity, sex, and college major (represented by four possibilities). What types of variables are involved in this research?
nominal
Which of the four scales of measurement is considered the weakest?
nominal
Which of these lists included the four scales of measurement from the one conveying the least information to the one conveying the most information?
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
If researchers fail to find a significant correlation between variables they can expect to find a:
non-significant causal relationship
One of the major disadvantages of reverse counterbalancing compared to other types of within-subjects design is the increased likelihood of:
nonlinear order effects
Which major ethical principle applicable to research seems MOST consistent with the Hippocratic Oath
nonmaleficence
With ___ sampling, each member of the population either does not have a chance of being selected into the sample, the likelihood of being selected cannot be determined, or both.
nonprobability
Karley thinks that obese people are more likely than people of normal weight to consume more than one plate of food at an all-you-can-eat buffet. Which of these terms BEST describes how this opinion may impact Karley's observational study of buffet behavior?
observer bias
What is one solution to the problem of gaining access to participants for telephone surveys?
offer those who contacted by phone an opportunity to complete web-based questionnaires
After conducting a single-case experiment, the researcher is ready to conduct the analyses. The researcher first conducts a visual analysis of the data. This analysis:
often is sufficient to tell if there are significant differences
What is one of the major problems of nonprobability sampling methods?
often more difficult to generalize to an entire population
A researcher is looking at the effects of two task characteristics (i.e., length of list, similarity of items) and one cognitive strategy, metal rehearsal on memorization of a list of words. To analyze the results of a three-way interactions among the three independent variables, the researcher conducts an ANOVA. How many tests will the researcher have to examine to determine if the three-way interaction is statistically significant?
one
In a pretest-posttest design with a switching replication design, each group of participants receives the treatment ___ time(s).
one
When an experiment has two conditions, ___ step(s) will be determined whether the differences between conditions are statistically significant
one
In a one-group pretest-posttest design, a dependent variable is measured:
one before and once after a treatment occurs
A researcher decided to study the relation of gender on blood alcohol level by varying the amount of alcohol each participant consumes. What types of variables are involved in this research as described?
one discrete variable and one continuous variable
In a switching replication design:
one group receives a treatment, and a nonequivalent group initially does not receive the treatment but is then exposed to it at a later point in time
The concept of experimental control includes the ability to manipulate:
one or more independent variables
person x situation factorial designs are unique because they incorporate at least:
one selected subject variable along with at least one manipulated situational variable
A researcher designs an intervention directed at reducing daytime fatigue. The researcher hypothesizes that self-monitoring one's own sleeping habits will increase the amount of time people sleep and reduce daytime fatigue. He has a group of people with sleeping per night for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, he has participants fill out a survey that asks how tired the participants feel during the day. On average, people felt only mildly tired. He concludes that monitoring improves sleeping habits, which reduces daytime fatigue. This is an example of a ___ design.
one-group posttest-only
Which type of study is diagrammed as: X O1?
one-group posttest-only design
A researcher designs an intervention to reduce stress. He has participants complete a survey that assesses self-reported stress. THen, he has participants practice yoga three time per week for a month. After the last yoga session, he has participants fill out the same survey that assesses self-reported stress. The researcher reports that self-reported stress decreased during the month. This is an example of a ___ design.
one-group pretest-posttest
Which type of study is diagrammed as: O1 X O2
one-group pretest-posttest design
A research team conducts a study looking at the effects of a new drug designed to treat attention deficit disorder (ADD). The team recruits a group of adults diagnosed with ADD and has them fill out an ADD symptomology scale. The participants then take the drug for a month and are asked to fill out the symptomology scale again. Self-reported ADD levels decrease, so the team concludes that the drug is effective. This is an example of a ___ design.
one-group protest-posttest
A combined design may include:
only an ABAB design and a multiple-baseline design
An experimenter is looking at the effects of light intensity on participants' sleep patterns. The experimenter exposes the participants to very bright light every morning for 3 hours and then assesses the number of hours that the participants sleep and what time they awake. This experiment fails to qualify as a single-factor study because it uses:
only one level of the independent variable
A national team of researchers examines the effect of a new antidepressant on depressive symptoms using a depression interview that they created. They use inpatients from research hospitals around the country and statistically control for extraneous factors such as depression severity. This study is an example of a quasi-experiment because the researchers are:
only using a treatment group
Jenny and Carl are conducting an online survey to assess college students' knowledge about sexual transmitted infections (STIs). The survey includes closed-ended items about the participants' own sexual histories, open-ended questions about the ways in which STIs may be transmitted, and Likert-type items addressing attitudes about various sexual practices. What is the BEST order in which to present these items within the survey?
open-ended questions about transmission, Likert-type attitude questions, then closed-ended sexual history questions
When one describes a variable in terms of the procedures used to measure or manipulate it, this is called establishing the:
operational definition
Because single-case experiments in applied settings are rarely counterbalanced, they are vulnerable to ___ effects.
order
A nurse is excited to learn that a major magazine has come out with its latest ratings of the top hospitals in the county. The nurse is excited to learn that 12 hospitals in the area, she worked at the second best. What type of measurement was used in this case?
ordinal
Some students are big fans of Rate My Professors (student evaluations of teachers on a widely used website). Each professor has a face next to his or her name, indicating the general reaction from students from quite good (smiley face) to not good (a dour face). There are at least three levels. This website seems to be making use of which of the major scales of measurement?
ordinal
The local hamburger joint advertises four varieties: Big, Bigger, Biggest, and Super Eide. Each one is bigger than the previous one, although the differences are not all the same from one level to the next. Nevertheless, the owners seem to have an understanding of which scale of measurement?
ordinal
A race has been run and the finishing places have been posted along with the times for each runner. What two scales of measurement are represented by the data described here?
ordinal and ratio
Which words are closely associated with dependent variables?
outcome and measured
The dissemination of knowledge of a treatment from one study group to another is a serious problem for which type of program evaluation?
outcome evaluation
A community design a television public service announcement (PSA) to encourage residents to get a flu shot. After the flu season, the community calls a researcher to determine whether the PSA was effective. The researcher compared the total number in a neighboring community and finds that the difference is not statistically significant. He interviews people from both communities and finds that people in both communities saw the PSA. Ultimately, the researcher is unable to determine if the PSA was effective. The researcher's findings were part of a(n) ___ with evidence of ___.
outcome evaluation; contamination
Which of these are behaviors for which actual coding systems have been developed by psychologists and other researchers?
parenting behavior and facial expressions
The acronym KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) is the BEST illustration of which characteristic of a good theory?
parsimony
What statistical technique would researchers use is they wanted to control for the effects of potential confounding variables in research that discovered a relation between variable X and variable Y?
partial correlation
When a correlation is computed while statistically controlling for the individual correlations of X and Y with a third variable, this is called a:
partial correlation
A researcher is looking at the relationship of high school GPA on Final GPA upon graduation. He decides to determine the influence of variable such as gender, family factors, study skills, and so on. Which statistical techniques would be especially helpful?
path analysis and structural equation modeling
A fraternity agrees to participate in psychological research in order to fulfill, in part, its desire to be of service. The psychologists ask what seems like a simple question, "Which member is the best small group leader?" What technique is this psychologist using?
peer nomination
Diana is a preschool teacher who is also working on a dissertation in child development. For the upcoming preschool graduation, she has asked her students to select the classmate who would do the best job of leading the group in a song during the ceremony. This is an example of:
peer nomination
Jim is a student in a research methods class. This week, his classmates are giving presentations. At the end of each day of presentations, the professor asks the students in the audience to determine "who gave the best presentation?" this is an example of:
peer nomination
The correlation between scores on a measure of sensation seeking and drug use is +.50. What could be concluded from this correlation coefficient?
people with high sensation-seeking scores use more drugs
Although there are limits to the statistical analyses that can be done with nominal data, which possible analyses can be done with such data?
percentages
A researcher is examining the effects of hostility and level of noise on likelihood of aggression. The experimenter randomly assigns participants to one of the two noise conditions (i.e., high and low) and ranks participants on the basis of answer to a personality questionnaire as high or low on hostility. This is an example of a ___ design.
person x situation
An experiment that incorporates at least one subject variable along with at least one manipulated situational variable is called a ___factorial design
person x situation
A researcher is interested in understanding what factors impacted how much time a person spends online. In order to understand whether or not quality of Internet service impacts amount of time online, he manipulates the speed of the Internet service (fast, slow) during the experiment. He also looks at the effect of age on amount of time spent online. This experiment is an example of a:
person x situation design
Studies in which small amounts of behavior that people create or leave behind are studied unobtrusively are called
physical trace measures
A student researcher decides to test whether personality affects students' perceptions of the quality of instruction at their school. Before the student officially administers her test to the entire student body, she conducts a trial run with 10 students in her psychology class. This trial run is called a ___ study
pilot
In a study on the effects of meditation and other relaxation techniques on heart rate and blood pressure, participants in the control conditions are led to believe that they are receiving accurate instruction in meditation when this is not the case. This is a example of a ___ control group.
placebo
Researchers conducted a study looking at the effect of a pill designed to reduce anxiety on self-reported anxiety. Half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive the anxiety pill and the other half were assigned to receive a sugar pill with no effect on anxiety. Patients did not know if they received an anxiety pill or a sugar pill. Interestingly, patients who received the sugar pill reported decreases in anxiety. The researchers report their findings and suggest that there may have been a ____ effect; those in the control group must have expected that the pill they received should affect anxiety.
placebo
In a study of the effect of meditation on stress, participants were randomly assigned to two conditions: one in which they received meditation instruction and the other in which they received instruction in what they thought were meditation practices. The latter group of participants is the ___ group.
placebo control
In a ___, participants do not receive the core treatment, but are led to believe that they are receiving it.
placebo control group
Participants in a within-subject experiment are led to believe that they are receiving an experimental treatment. This is an example of a:
placebo control group
A researcher conducts a within-subjects design study on the effects of alcohol on reaction time. Participants' reaction times to various stimuli are assessed at baseline, and then they participate in each of the experimental conditions (large amount of alcohol, small amount of alcohol, no alcohol) in a random order. In the control condition, participants receive a liquid that they believe to be alcohol and, as a result, show slower reaction times than they did during the baseline pretest. This is an example of a:
placebo effect
People's expectations about how a treatment will affect them influence their responses to that treatment. This is referred to as a:
placebo effect
Which of these categories did researchers use to organize the types of errors that can occur in aviation navigation?
planning and execution
Which of these is the typical sequence followed in survey research?
population... sampling frame ...sample
Benson has noticed that as he begins to eat increasingly larger meals more frequently, he tends to gain more weight. Which of the terms BEST describes this finding regarding meal type and weight gain?
positive correlation
A ___ relationship between variables X and Y are depicted in this ___.
positive; scatter plot
A ___relationship between watching TV and perceived crime risk is depicted in this ___.
positive; scatter plot
One of the greatest threats to validity in a single-case experiment with an ABAB design is the:
possibility of order effects
Researchers conduct a study on the effects of stress level (low, high) and temperature (low, high) on reaction time. After determining that temperature does have an effect on react time, they decide to examine whether there is an difference in the effect of high and low temperatures at high stress levels. These tests are called:
post-hoc comparisons
Simple contrasts are an example of _____ because they occur after obtaining the initial ANOVA results.
post-hoc tests
Results from a one-group posttest design suggest that a new hygiene program seems to be improving the frequency of schoolchildren flossing their teeth. To determine whether the effects of the hygiene program on flossing will persist into the future, the researcher should add additional:
posttest observations
A researcher compares the cigarette smoking rates of two towns, one that had instituted a tax on cigarettes a month earlier and one that had no tax. This is an example of a:
posttest-only design with a nonequivalent control group
In quasi-experiments:
practical limitations may make random assignment impossible
Which of these is likely to yield a negative correlation?
practice time and number of missed free throws in games
Suppose we want to use high school students' SAT scores to estimate their first-year college grade point averages. In this case the SAT score is the:
predictor variable
Suppose we want to use high school students' SAT scores to estimate their first-year college grade point averages. In this case, the SAT scare is the:
predictor variable
A health psychologist wants to predict the level of heart artery blockage from dietary intake of fats, level of exercise, and family predisposition to develop heart disease. What term would we use to describe dietary intake, exercise, and family pedisposition?
predictor variables
A researcher randomly assigns participants to the various experimental conditions of an experiment. This ensures that:
preexisting differences are largely inconsequential
Experimental and control conditions are often created by manipulating the ___ of some factor.
presence versus the absence
Alice is writing her first survey and is struggling. Which of these represents the BEST advice that she should follow as she proceeds through the process?
pretest items to check for clarity and time
Which of these would be the stronger quasi-experimental design?
pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group
In a study of the effects of a peer-to-peer treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder flashbacks, researchers selected two groups of participants from two neighboring that had recently experienced an earthquake. After initial observations, the researchers administer the treatment to the first group, take another set of observations, administer the treatment to the second group, and then take a final set of observations. This design is called a:
pretest-posttest design with switching replication
At a campus debate on the use of animals in research, one researcher says, "The potential benefits of animal research to human welfare justify such work." This researcher would seem MOST aligned with which philosophical approach to this issue?
pro-use perspective
What are the two major types of methods for selecting a survey sample?
probability and nonprobability
With ___ sampling, each member of the population has a chance of being selected into the sample, and the likelihood of being selected can be specified.
probablity
A nonprofit organization that is focused on providing HIV testing to low-income residents (households earning less than $20,000 per year) hires a researcher to determine whether the organization is providing services as intended. The researcher determines that the organization is providing 100 HIV tests per month, but 70% of tests are provided to people making more than $20,000 per year. The researcher's findings are part of a(n):
process evaluation
A researcher is hired by a state agency to evaluate their food stamp program. The agency is interested in determining if the program is researcher has been hired to conduct a(n):
process evaluation
Determining whether a program is being implemented as intended is called a(n):
process evaluation
In the behavioral and social sciences, ___ involves the use of research methods to assess the need for, and the design, implementation, and effectiveness of, a social intervention
program evaluation
A research meets with hospital administrators who want to make the hospital environment friendlier for long-term patients. An administrator proposes that the hospital allow each patient to control the music they listen to in their room. The researcher conducts a survey and determines that patients are more interested in having the hospital provide a bed in their rooms for relatives to stay overnight than they are in having control over their music in their room. The researcher's survey was part of a(n):
program theory and design assessment
A researcher has been hired by a nonprofit organization to evaluate the best strategy for implementing and delivering a program designed to treat the needs of the homeless population in the community. The researcher has been hired to conduct a(n):
program theory and design assessment
A researcher who is conducting a within-subjects design notices that the participants are doing poorly in the last condition of the experiment because they are becoming tired. This is an example of a ___ effect.
progressive
A researcher decides to study the relation between self-reported exercise and and cholesterol levels. Reported exercise is assessed at one point in time and several months later the cholesterol data are collected. Which is the BEST description of this research effort?
prospective design
Consider a study of the relationship between variable X and variable Y. Which type of design would reduce the likelihood that variable Y is a cause of variable X?
prospective design
Joey thinks that stress levels at the end of the fall semester could be predicted by fitness level at the beginning of the fall semester. Joey's hypothesis BEST fits which type of study design?
prospective design
Research ___ is a standardized set of procedures that the researcher will follow with each participant.
protocol
One of the major advantages of a pretest-posttest design with a switching replication is that it:
provides evidence of replicability
The pretest in a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group is important because it:
provides information about the extent to which the treatment and control groups were nonequivalent on the dependent variable prior to treatment
In order to increase ___, experimenters will often do everything they can do to ensure that participants take the experiment seriously and not monitor their responses
psychological realism
A student is really interested in measurement issues and statistics. If she applies to graduate school programs in psychology, which specialty should be especially attractive to her?
psychometrics
A drug company conducts a single-case experiment to see if an experimental drug is effective in treating a very rare psychological disorder only present in Inuit communities. The research is an example of:
psychopharmacology
In ___ sampling, researchers select a sample according to a specific goal or reason for the study, rather than at random.
purposive
Nicole Stephens and her colleagues examined whether or not institutional norms place first-generation college students at an achievement disadvantage. In their attempt to answer this question, the researchers asked high-level college administrators at highly rated colleges and universities to identify the learning goals that their schools emphasized. Which of these terms BEST describes this methodology?
purposive sampling
A researcher who wants to gain a holistic understanding of behavior through nonstatistical means primarily is likely interested in using which research approach?
qualitative
A researcher wonders whether obsessive-compulsive symptoms are treated more effectively with an atypical psychotic medication, and anxiety medication, or an antidepressant. She randomly assigns three groups of patients to each type of medication and assesses their symptoms. The independent variable in this study is a ___ variable.
qualitative
A(n) ___ case study is conducted to examine an individual case in depth, within its real-life context.
qualitative
For research on academic performance and study habits, researchers identify students as either athletes or nonathletes. What type of variable are they using?
qualitative
The aviation research described in your textbook, how would we classify the type of navigation errors as used by the researchers?
qualitative
Which of these describes the type of measurement that occurs when we use a nominal scale?
qualitative
Which of these is a common distinction made in describing research reviews?
qualitative and quantitative
In order to study the effects of student-facility ratio on achievement, a researcher decides to investigate a number of different colleges and universities. If the researcher categorizes the institutions as either public or private, what type of variable is being used?
qualitative discrete
A(n)___ case study is where researchers rely primarily on numerical assessments and analysis to describe and understand a case.
quantitative
Which of these is an approach that researchers use when conducting a case study?
quantitative
A researcher is interested in understanding whether the number of people in a room affects how much a person eats. During the experiment, the researcher varies the number of people in the room and records how much each participant eats. This is an example of:
quantitative manipulation of the independent variable
An independent variable can vary by amount or type so that it can be manipulated:
quantitatively and qualitatively
A school district asks a research team to evaluate an antibullying program that the school implemented the year before. Since the program had already been implemented , the researchers inform the district that they would have to use a(n) ___ design, because their research would lack many key aspects of experimental control.
quasi-experimental
A researcher has participants fill out a survey on their level of extraversion and places them into groups based on their scores. The researcher then observes how each extraversion group participates in a social interaction task. In this case, extraversion is referred to as a ___ variable.
quasi-independent
A subject variable is sometimes called a(n) ___ variable because, unlike other independent variables, it is not manipulated in an experiment.
quasi-independent
When an experimenter is unable to manipulate the independent variable, the study likely contains:
quasi-independent variables
Jenny is participating in a weight loss study. As part of this study, she is supposed to keep a diary of all her food-related behavior. What is this type of research usually called?
questionnaire study
A psychologist administers a test of political orientation to a large class of students. One week later, the psychologist administers the same test to the same students and correlates the scores. Which correlation coefficient indicates the greatest degree of reliability?
r=.85
A researcher is investigating the effect of the number of bystanders on helping behavior. He places participants randomly in each of the three experimental conditions (no bystanders, one bystander, and three bystanders). The researcher is using:
random assignment
In order to reduce the impact of difference in participant characteristics, a researcher ensures that each participant has an equal probability of assignment to any one of the conditions in the experiment. This is an example of:
random assignment
There are two conditions in a study assessing whether a person's mood affects driving competence. In the first condition, participants are exposed to an irritating noise and then asked to drive. In the second condition, participants are exposed to pleasant music and then asked to drive. The researcher allows participants with sensitive ears to select the second condition. The absence of ___ may be a limitation of the study
random assignment
Which of these is considered to be "the workhorse of the survey industry?"
random digit dialing
Chance fluctuations in the measuring situation that caused the obtained scores to deviate from a true score are called:
random measurement error
Slight variations in your weight as measured by a bathroom scale are typically the result of what is termed:
random measurement error
A researcher who is interested in using stratified random sampling would first identify the various strata of interest. What method would be used to select people within each strata?
random sampling
An experimenter wants a representative group of students from a local grade school and selects 200 students to participate a study. This is an example of:
random sampling
An experimenter wants a representative group of students from a local grade school and selects 200 students to participate in a study. This is an example of:
random sampling
Another name for an independent-groups design is a(n) ___ design
random-groups
In a ___ design, the experimenter relies on chance to create a set of orders that are very unlikely to give one condition a statistically significant bias over another condition
random-selected-order
An experimenter investigating the effect of three types of soda (root beer, cola, and ginger ale) on liquid consumption randomly selects a subset of orders of the sodas and then administers each order to one participant. This is an example of a ___ design.
random-selected-orders
This is an experiment in which participants are arbitrarily assigned to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention.
randomized control trial
For some experts, the key feature of a quasi-experiment is the inability to:
randomly assign participants
A group of researchers run an initial study on the effects of goal striving on a particular anagram task only to discover that participants either do very well or very poorly on the task. The researchers then develop several other anagram tasks and administer each one to the participants until they find a task on which participants until they find a task on which participants have a range of scores. The researchers are concerned with the possibility of:
range restriction
Based on the information in your textbook, if a coach of a Little League Baseball team says to a player, "Don't get down on yourself. Hang in there," how would this behavior be coded?
reactive coaching behavior
What were the two major categories used to code the behavior of Little League Baseball coaches?
reactive coaching behaviors and spontaneous coaching behaviors
Dr. Ginsburg and his colleagues are studying children's risk-taking behaviors at the local zoo. The researchers simply enjoy a day at the zoo, while simultaneously observing the children and their behavior. Eventually, the children become aware that Dr. Ginsburg is watching them, and then the children change their behavior. Which of the terms BEST describes this situation?
reactivity
Karley is conducting an observational study of food choices at an all-you-can-eat buffet. She doesn't think that the man she's observing is aware of her presence. However, after Karely has a brief coughing fit, she notices that the participant starts to make healthier food choices. What's going on here?
reactivity
Thirty-five-year-old Janice wants to conduct a participant observation study at the local high school prom. She has no research assistants, so she suits up in the dress from her own high school prom (circa 1996) and heads out for the school gymnasium. Which of these issues is the MOST significant concern for her research?
reactivity
You are eating in a restaurant when you realize that another patron is staring at you. You suddenly make sure you maintain proper etiquette and that your napkin is neatly place. What happened here is what naturalistic observation researchers try to avoid and is known as:
reactivity
One of the advantages of online surveys is ___, whereas one of the disadvantages is ___.
reduced costs; convenience samples
One of the major requirements for drawing conclusions from the data analysis of a single-case experiment is:
reducing the variability in behavior in the initial baseline phases
Most federal regulations related to the use of animals in research focus on the Three Rs, which are:
reduction, refinement, replacement
If you overhear two psychologists discussing a criterion variable and predictor variable, you are quite sure that the topic of the discussion is:
regression analysis
If you overhear two psychologists discussing a line of "best fit" you are quite sure that the topic under discussion is:
regression analysis
By looking at changes in the pretreatment trend line, a simple interrupted time-series design allows researchers to rule out a(n) ______ threat to validity
regression to the mean
The fact that Olympic gold medalists tend to reduce performance after the Olympics are over demonstrates which phenomenon?
regression to the mean
The statistical concept that when two variables are not perfectly correlated, more extreme scores on one variable will be associated with less extreme scores on the other variable
regression to the mean
___ is the statistical concept that when two variables are not perfectly correlated, more extreme scores on one variable will be associated overall with less extremely scores on the others variable
regression to the mean
What is one of the MOST significant problems with the range as a measure of dispersion?
relies on only two scores
In a diagram of the procedure for the group that receives the treatment first in a pretest-posttest design with a switching replication, the symbol (-X-) refers to the:
removal of the treatment
Another name for a within-subjects design is a ___ design
repeated measures
In a single-case experiment, a group of psychologists administer an antidepressant for 6 weeks to the client in their practice. They take away the antidepressant for 2 months and then administer the antidepressant for 2 months and then administer the antidepressant to their clients for a second time for a period of 6 weeks. Before and after each treatment phase and removal phase, they make observations of depressive symptoms. The purpose of this design is to allow the researchers to assess the:
replicability of the findings
A researcher publishes her findings that people in groups are less likely to help others than those who are alone. A different researcher conducts the same study to see if finding from the original study will be upheld. The second researcher is engaged in:
replication
A researcher tries to reproduce the original procedures of the study as closely as possible to determine if findings from the original study will be upheld. The second researcher is engaged in:
replication
This can provide evidence to establish the internal and external validity of a study.
replication
Researchers conducted a study assessing the effects of aggression test scores on risk-taking behaviors and found that people who scored low on aggression were less likely to take risks than those who scored high on aggression. A different research group decided to conduct the same study, but added a condition to the independent variable, so that aggression had three conditions (low, medium, high) instead of two. The second study is a example of a:
replication with exhaustion
What is one disadvantage of participant observation compared to naturalistic observation?
researcher may become emotionally involved and need to intervene if conflict develops