Research Methods Final
10. Consider the methodological principles you have learned about so far. The Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study incorporating several of these principles. Which of the following did they not use in their study? a. a factorial design b. a double blind c. a placebo control condition d. counterbalancing
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11. Observer bias can be reduced by using a. predefined behavior checklists b. participant instead of naturalistic observation c. naturalistic instead of participant observation d. animal instead of human subjects
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12. In an study of chimpanzees by Boesch-Achermann and Boesch, parents were observed teaching their offspring how to use tools. What does this finding illustrate about observational research? a. it can call into question previously held beliefs (i.e., that such teaching does not occur) b. that it can be used to identify the causes of behavior c. that when studying animals, subject reactivity is a serious problem d. that animals can learn from humans
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12. When examining how certain traits tended to run in families, Galton organized his data into a chart that was in effect the first a. scatterplot b. bar graph c. line graph d. frequency distribution
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13. Galton uncovered the basic features of a correlational approach in his efforts to show that a. nature was more important than nurture in determining genius b. nurture was more important than nature in determining genius c. the environment was the major determinant of intellectual skill d. tall parents would produce children even taller than they were
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14. Quasi-experimental designs can include all of the following except a. random assignment b. independent variables c. subject variables d. nonequivalent groups
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14. Reactivity can be reduced by a. using unobtrusive measures b. using time sampling procedures c. using event sampling procedures d. using naturalistic rather than participant observation procedures
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15. A nonequivalent control group design usually (but not necessarily) includes a. pretests b. random assignment c. causal conclusions d. a single group given pretest, then treatment, then posttest
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15. For Skinner, the dependent variable of choice was a. how often a behavior occurs b. how quickly a behavior occurs c. the strength of a behavior d. whether the behavior was correct or in error
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16. In a nonequivalent control group study, a. the experiment group gets a pretest, then the experimental treatment, then a posttest b. subjects have to be assigned to the control group by means of a matching procedure c. to interpret the results, the pretest scores have to be identical for the two groups d. random assignment can be used if sample size is large enough
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17. Crowley et al.'s observational study took place in a science museum. Unlike most observational studies, this one was able to accomplish a. informed consent b. Interobserver reliability c. operational definitions d. reactivity
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18. What was Skinner's attitude about applied psychology? a. he was a strong advocate of applying operant principles b. he believed that operant research should be exclusively basic laboratory research until all the laws of operant conditioning were well established c. he was almost exclusively an applied psychologist — basic laws of conditioning did not interest him d. he supported it, but preferred to leave applications to non-operant psychologists
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19. In a study comparing two nonequivalent groups, a selection by history confound occurs when a. some event intervenes between pretest and posttest and affects just one of the groups b. some event intervenes between pretest and posttest and affects both selected groups equally c. selection influences one of the groups and history influences the other d. some historical event causes a failure of the random assignment procedure
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19. In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true? a. the relationship must be linear b. the relationship must be nonlinear c. the relationship must be inverse d. the relationship must be a positive one
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2. Attempting to study the everyday behaviors of people, while remaining separate from them, is the goal of a. naturalistic observation b. participant observation c. case studies d. archival research
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2. In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach expressed concern that a. correlational psychology held secondary status among researchers b. psychologists were relying too heavily on correlational techniques c. researchers were abandoning the laboratory for clinical practice d. psychologists no longer thought of their discipline as scientific
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20. All single-subject designs include a. a time during which a baseline level of behavior is measured b. a control group c. a withdrawal stage d. at least two baselines (one at the start, one at the end)
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22. Regarding the ethics of participant observation, a. deception may be used if it is likely that consent would not be obtained b. informed consent must be obtained from participants who are observed c. debriefing is a required d. deception may not be used
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22. What pretest-posttest combination for the second group would make you believe that the treatment program was effective? a. 50 - 50 b. 30 - 70 c. 40 - 80 d. 80 - 80
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24. Hall developed the "questionary" in order to a. discover the "contents of children's minds" b. disprove Galton's ideas about the inheritance of intelligence c. study facial expressions of emotion in different cultures d. prove that growing up in a city was vastly superior to a country life
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24. If only a narrow range of scores is included for one or both of the variables in a correlational study, a. the correlation will be lower than if a wider range of scores was used b. the correlation will be higher than if a wider range of scores was used c. the resulting correlation will be a better predictor than if a wider range of scores was used d. both alternatives b. and c.
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25. In an A-B-A design, a. the first A is a baseline period b. a treatment is put in place, then withdrawn, then put in place again c. the two A's refer to two different baselines in a multiple baseline study d. B = baseline
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25. Most research in psychology uses ________ sampling. a. convenience b. simple random c. stratified d. cluster
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26. In a typical A-B-A design, a. a baseline is measured before anything else happens b. treatment is put in place (A), then withdrawn (B), then reintroduced (A) c. B refers to the "Baseline" phase of the study d. treatment effects can be evaluated twice
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27. Which of the following is true about Smith and Smoll's study on the training program for coaches? a. it used a nonequivalent control group design b. it was an example of an interrupted time series design c. it was a formative evaluation d. unlike similar studies, there was no pretest given
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27. Which of the following is true about a correlation of +.70 between variables A and B? a. about half of the variability in A can be accounted for by variability in B b. the scores for A and B will be about the same 70% of the time c. there would be a greater ability to predict than for a correlation of -.70 d. A causes B about 70% of the time; B causes A about 30% of the time
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28. Compared to an A-B-A design, the A-B-A-B design a. evaluates the treatment twice b. withdraws the treatment twice c. leaves subjects exactly where they were when the study began d. raises more ethical problems
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28. The coefficient of determination a. will never be a negative number b. solves the directionality problem c. enables conclusions about cause and effect in correlational studies d. is always closer to 1.00 than the value for Pearson's r
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29. A study by Flood et al. was designed to help ADHD school children stay on task. They used a(n) ______ design. a. A-B-A-B b. A-B-A c. multiple baseline d. alternating treatments
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29. What was wrong with the survey done by Literary Digest in 1936? a. their sample did not accurately reflect the proportions of Republicans and Democrats b. they only had 10% of their surveys returned c. they used simple random sampling instead of the more sophisticated cluster sampling d. they used cluster sampling, when stratified sampling was required
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3. What is the relationship between applied research and theory testing? a. the results of applied research bear directly on the evaluation of a theory (e.g., equity theory) b. because applied research is focused on solving immediate problems, its results have no effect on theory evaluation c. applied research is more appropriate for theory testing than is basic research d. the primary purpose of applied research is to test theory
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30. When magazines report the results of reader surveys, what is the major weakness? a. self selection b. low number of returns c. use of nonprobability rather than probability sampling techniques d. they fail to survey the entire population
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31. Initial evaluations of the Head Start program seemed to question program effectiveness. An alternative explanation of the failure to find improvement is that a. forced matching might have created an unfavorable regression to the mean b. a selection by history confound probably occurred c. fade-out effects occurred d. none of the above — there is general agreement that the program in fact does not work
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32. A regression equation is used for a. making predictions about a second variable, given the value of the first variable b. solving the directionality problem c. solving the third variable problem d. calculating the size of the correlation
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33. In Wood and Bootzin's study of nightmares following earthquakes, students living in the area of the earthquake and who experienced it were in the experimental group. The nonequivalent control group consisted of a. comparable students who heard of the earthquake but lived at a university far away from it b. students living in the quake area who slept through it c. parents of the students d. comparable students who lived at a distant university and had not heard about the earthquake
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33. Multiple baseline studies examine all of the following except a. two or more different treatment programs b. two or more different individuals c. two or more different settings d. two or more different behaviors
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37. A researcher wishes to determine if bed-making behaviors can be increased more easily through either method A or method B. The best single-subject design to use would be a. alternating treatments b. multiple baseline c. A-B-A-B d. A-B-C-B
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37. Ed took a Civil Service Test and was subsequently hired by the Post Office, where he performed well. The Civil Service Test was used because a. it had been shown to be an effective predictor variable b. it had been useful as a criterion variable c. scores on the test correlated perfectly with IQ d. scores on it regressed to the mean
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38. Social validity is said to occur when a. a procedure shown to be effective is recognized as such by the community and widely used b. results shown to be effective in the lab also work in the social environment c. a study with one type of person is also shown to be effective with other types of people in the i. social environment d. a study has been replicated with a second cultural group
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39. A study using a ________ helps to solve the directionality problem. a. cross-lagged panel correlation b. partial correlation c. multiple regression d. factor analysis
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39. Compared to written surveys, the interview format a. reduces the problem of question ambiguity b. is a lot cheaper c. is immune from interviewer bias problems d. has more of a problem with return rate
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39. What is the defining feature of an interrupted time series with switching replications? a. a program is implemented in two different situations at two separate times b. a control group is added to the treatment group c. the effects of a program on one dependent variable is compared with the effects on a second dependent variable d. a program is implemented then taken away ("switched")
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40. A changing criterion design is built on the operant conditioning principle of a. shaping b. withdrawal c. extinction d. punishment
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40. If there is a strong relationship between variable A and variable B, it could be that A is causing B to occur, but it could also be that B is causing A to occur. This is known as the a. directionality problem b. third variable problem c. nonlinearity problem d. range restriction problem
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41. A study using a partial correlation helps to solve the _______ problem. a. third variable b. restriction of range c. directionality d. multiple regression
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42. When using a written survey, a. return rates will be higher if the survey uses more closed questions than open questions b. a return rate of 5% is adequate if the survey is well planned c. return rates will be higher if the survey uses more open questions than closed questions d. experimenter bias is never a problem
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43. Eron and his colleagues were able to show that TV viewing preferences were related to aggressiveness ten years later. What procedure did they use? a. cross-lagged panel correlation b. partial correlation c. multiple regression d. factor analysis
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44. In Ulrich's "room with a view" study, what was the independent variable? a. whether recovering patients saw trees or a brick wall when looking out their windows b. whether recovering patients had a room with a window or not c. whether or not patients requested pain medication d. from nursing records, whether or not nurses liked the patients
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44. Which of the following designs evaluates a drug treatment program by including a placebo condition? a. A-A1-B-A1-B b. changing criterion c. alternating treatment d. A-B-C-B
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45. Campbell's "reforms as experiments" article includes a description of an evaluation of a state police crackdown on speeding in Connecticut. In conducting this study, Campbell used a. an interrupted time series design, with comparisons made to similar states b. a simple one-group interrupted time series design c. a nonequivalent control group design, with comparisons made to similar states d. a pretest posttest design (no control group)
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45. In an A-A1-B-A1-B design, a. A1 refers to a time when a placebo is in use b. A and A1 refer to two different types of treatments being compared c. at least three different baselines will be established at different times d. A and A1 refer to two people, an experimental subject and a control subject
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46. Trying to change a behavior in more than one environment in the same study is the goal of a(n) _____ design. a. multiple baseline b. alternating treatments c. withdrawal d. A-B-C-B
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47. According to Campbell, why is regression to the mean such a likely explanation when evaluating the effects of social programs (e.g., speeding crackdowns)? a. programs to fix some problem are usually begun after an especially bad year b. program evaluation is always correlational rather than experimental c. it is usually easy to rule out all other confounds d. regression is the one confound that cannot be evaluated by comparison with a control group
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47. Phone surveys a. usually need to be brief and to include few if any open questions b. usually have very high response rates c. avoid problems with experimenter bias d. are limited to cluster samples only
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48. All of the following are problems with electronic surveying except a. cost b. debriefing c. self selection bias d. some sampling bias (middle and upper incomes)
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48. Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ is a potential third variable. You complete a partial correlation procedure and, with IQ controlled statistically, the high correlation between speed and comprehension virtually disappears. What do you conclude? a. IQ is an important third variable affecting the correlation b. IQ can be ruled out as a third variable underlying the correlation c. IQ must be the cause of the correlation d. not enough information to decide
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49. Census data is most likely to be used during which phase of program evaluation? a. needs analysis b. summative evaluation c. formative evaluation d. cost-effectiveness analysis
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49. In Eron's study of TV and aggression, the initial correlation between preference for violent TV and later aggressiveness was +.31. Several partial correlations were calculated, to examine the potential effects of third variables. After these factors were statistically controlled, the overall correlation was still about +.30. What did Eron conclude? a. none of the examined factors contributed to the observed relationship b. each of the examined variables showed a high likelihood of being third variables c. that in fact no link between TV viewing preferences and aggressiveness could be shown d. that TV causes 31% of all violent behavior
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5. Which of the following is true about participant observation? a. the participant observers can influence the behavior of the group b. unlike naturalistic observation, experimenter bias is unlikely to play a role c. researchers usually become emotionally involved and fail to record behavior objectively d. the method won't produce data that can be analyzed statistically
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51. In response to the criticism that single-subject results do not have external validity, advocates argue that a. multiple replications have established the effectiveness of certain treatments b. external validity is unimportant c. single-subject research is designed to establish basic principles; it is not meant to be applied research d. external validity is irrelevant
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53. A study examining the effects of brain damage on memory, using human subjects, a. must be correlational rather than experimental b. must be experimental rather than correlational c. can be either correlational or experimental d. cannot use either correlational or experimental procedures: humans are involved
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53. Small N designs have been criticized for a. being unable to test for interactions b. being unconcerned with applications c. using too many different dependent variables d. overuse of statistical analysis
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54. Health-related behaviors, such as those involving diet and exercise, are best developed through the use of which design? a. changing criterion b. alternating treatment c. A-B-A d. multiple baseline
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54. The purpose of a _________ is to examine what is actually occurring in a program to see if it is running as designed. a. program audit b. summative evaluation c. survey of existing programs d. cost analysis
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55. Researchers evaluating the K•ABC intelligence test calculated the correlation between odd-numbered items in a subtest and even-numbered items. They were trying to determine a. split-half reliability b. test-retest reliability c. criterion validity d. face validity
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56. A formative evaluation is designed to answer the question: a. Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work? b. Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c. Should you develop this program? d. Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?
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56. Recommendations about survey wording include all of the following except a. negatively phrased questions are useful because they force respondent's to pay attention b. always opt for simplicity over complexity when wording survey items c. avoid the use of jargon that might not be understood by respondents (e.g., "summative") d. when asking for opinion, use "do you support or oppose..." rather than "do you oppose..."
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58. Freud's research was primarily of the _______ variety. a. case study b. observational c. archival d. interview survey
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59. In McClelland's famous study on the "achieving society," a. achievement themes were assessed by examining children's literature b. there was a correlation between geography and societal achievement (more achievement i. in warmer climates c. societies achieved more if they limited access to children's literature d. there was a high correlation between IQ and a society's achievement
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59. In the survey of student attitudes toward animal research by Plous, which sampling method was used? a. cluster b. simple random c. convenience d. stratified
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6. Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship? a. -.72 b. +1.21 c. +.70 d. -.09
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6. Which of the following was true about the cognitive interview study? a. the cognitive interview was first tested in the laboratory with college students b. it showed that applied research results are not always consistent with basic research results c. it showed that applied research has to be correlational rather than experimental d. it showed that applied research can disprove the results of basic research
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60. What were the results of the Plous survey of attitudes toward animal research? a. students strongly supported the use of animals for research b. students were not very concerned about any pain that might be experienced in animal research c. students supported the research even more strongly than psychologists d. the idea of using animals for educational purposes was not supported by students
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60. When comparing shyness scores for twins, a researcher finds a high positive correlation between pairs of twins. What does this correlation by itself mean? a. if one twin is shy the other twin is also likely to be shy b. if one twin is shy the other twin will be outgoing c. shyness is inherited d. shyness is learned
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61. Summative evaluations sometimes fail to detect genuine program effects. These Type _____ errors often happen because _______. a. II; the measuring tools aren't very good b. II; the program usually doesn't work c. I; the measuring tools aren't very good d. I; the program really doesn't work
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64. A researcher believes that anxiety disorders in children can be predicted by a combination of several variables: shyness in preschool, mother dominance, and father absence. This study will use which procedure? a. multiple regression b. partial correlation c. factor analysis d. bivariate correlations
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67. In program evaluation research, what is meant by the problem of "leakage?" a. people in one group discover how people in another group are being treated b. people in one group switch to another group c. it's another name for attrition d. stakeholders give away the purpose of the study in order to sabotage it
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7. Applied research a. was important to American psychologists from the beginning of psychology in the U.S. b. became important to American psychologists after World War II c. has never been as important to American psychologists as basic research d. has only recently become popular among American psychologists
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7. Festinger's famous study of a failed prophecy in a religious cult used which method? a. participant observation b. unstructured naturalistic observation c. archival study d. naturalistic observation within an experimenter-structured environment
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7. In early small N research like the Dresslar study on facial vision, additional subjects served the purpose of a. replication b. a control group c. helping to stabilize the calculated means d. investigating individual differences
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Ch. 12 1. What does all observational research have in common? a. it is descriptive in nature b. there is no attempt to provide any structure to the situation being observed c. the researcher joins the group being observed d. the researcher remains completely hidden from those being observed
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10. Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation? a. the relationship between college grades and parents' IQ b. the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time c. the relationship between college grades and high school grades d. the relationship between college grades and time spent in library
B
13. Experiment is to quasi-experiment as _____ is to _____. a. internal validity; external validity b. equivalent groups; nonequivalent groups c. positive correlation; negative correlation d. control group; no control group
B
15. According to Galton, tall parents had tall children, but the children wouldn't be quite as tall as their parents. That is, Galton discovered the phenomenon of a. a negative correlation (but not the positive correlation, which had already been discovered) b. regression to the mean c. restriction of range d. multiple regression
B
15. Researchers have measured the contents of people's trash and the bumper stickers that people put on their cars. These are two examples of a. event sampling b. unobtrusive measures c. reactivity d. double blind measures
B
16. Interobserver reliability is calculated for the purpose of a. increasing the amount of data available b. reducing observer bias c. eliminating subject reactivity d. substituting for event and time sampling
B
18. Crowley et al.'s observational study took place in a science museum. They found that a. parents explained science more to older children than younger children b. parents explained science more to male children than female children c. Dads explained science more to boy children and Moms explained science more to girl children d. parents tended to rely on museum staff to explain science to their children
B
19. Using the distinction made by historian Laurence Smith, it is fair to characterize Skinner as representing which scientist type? a. the contemplative ideal b. the technological ideal c. an even blend of the contemplative ideal and the technological ideal d. none of the above
B
19. Which of the following characterized Crowley et al.'s observational study in a science museum? a. they used participant observation rather than naturalistic observation (because the parents were involved b. unlike most naturalistic observation studies, they were able to obtain informed consent c. because they used videotape, they did not need to determine interobserver reliability d. they explained their results (parents explaining science more to boys than girls) by simply pointing out that the boys asked more questions than the girls did
B
20. What makes a nonequivalent control group design a quasi-experimental design? a. it uses a pretest b. random assignment is not possible c. descriptive statistics can be used, but inferential analyses cannot be done d. only a single group is tested
B
21. In order for Pearson's r to be calculated, a. both variables must be measured on a ratio scale b. the relationship must be a linear one c. at least one of the variables must have a restricted range d. the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale
B
24. When evaluating the in-service programs, you determine that the second group scored 40 on both the pretest and posttest. You also discover that teachers in the first group were given home computers one month after the program began. How would you interpret the results? a. the change in the first group demonstrates a regression to the mean b. the in-service training might have had some effect, but there is a serious selection by history confound here c. the in-service training program is the only factor that could have produced the effect d. the second group obviously didn't try, so any comparison is meaningless
B
25. Suppose the correlation between IQ at age 5 and elementary school performance is +.4, and the correlation between SAT performance and college grades is +.3. The difference in these relationships is most likely due to the fact that a. the second one is nonlinear b. the second one has a more restricted range of scores c. elementary school performance is probably an unreliable measure d. intelligence declines slightly with age
B
26. The purpose of random sampling is to obtain a sample that is a. large enough to be valid b. representative of the population c. smaller than the population d. significantly different from the population
B
3. In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach identified correlational psychology with a. a desire to control individual differences, in order to discover general laws of behavior b. a desire to investigate relationships between naturally-occurring variables c. an attempt to identify general laws that apply to everyone d. experimental psychology; he did not believe that experimental and correlational research were truly different
B
3. In the early years of experimental psychology, studies often used three or four participants. How were the data handled? a. the data were summarized as descriptive statistics (e.g., means), but inferential i. statistics were not used b. the data for each participant were presented in the results c. only the most unambiguous data were presented d. the results took the form of verbal descriptions; numbers were not used
B
31. Correlational research is useful for a. establishing causal relationships b. making predictions c. manipulating independent variables d. factorial-type designs
B
32. When should a stratified sample be used? a. when probability sampling is not necessary b. when identifiable subgroups of the population are of interest c. when the population is too large for all of it to be tested d. when a list of all population members is not available
B
34. A researcher who selects a probability sample that is 40% male and 60% female is most likely to be using __________ sampling. a. cluster b. stratified c. convenience d. purposive
B
34. Interrupted time series designs a. enable researchers to draw causal conclusions b. are well suited for analyzing trends c. aren't able to include control groups d. require a minimum of 10 pretest scores and 10 posttest scores
B
35. All of the following are examples of probability sampling except a. simple random b. quota c. cluster d. stratified
B
35. Suppose you investigate the relationship between college grades and time spent on Facebook and discover that the correlation is -.71. What does this tell you? a. longer times spent on Facebook are related to higher grades b. longer times spent on Facebook are related to lower grades c. to improve your grades, get off of Facebook d. time spent on Facebook really doesn't have anything to do with grades
B
35. Which of the following research examples used a multiple baseline across settings design? a. the study with ADHD children b. the study helping "George" to stop drooling c. the study that helped children learn to control stuttering d. the study that improved linebacker play
B
37. What is the major strength of the interview format for conducting survey research? a. it has fewer logistical problems than other methods b. more in-depth information can be acquired than with other methods c. unlike other methods, interviewer bias is seldom a problem d. it is cheaper than other methods
B
4. How is the problem of subject reactivity handled in naturalistic observations of animal behavior? a. researchers remain completely hidden from the animals b. researchers assume that animals become accustomed to their presence c. researchers rely only on unobtrusive measures d. researchers rely on video recording in zoos
B
4. In the Dresslar study on facial vision, Dresslar and two colleagues served as subjects. How were the results handled? a. the data for the three subjects were summarized with descriptive statistics b. the data for each subject were presented separately c. the data for subject #3 were the clearest; only these data were shown d. the results took the form of verbal descriptions; numbers were not used
B
42. A study using a ________ helps to solve the third variable problem. a. cross-lagged panel correlation b. partial correlation c. multiple regression d. factor analysis
B
42. In an A-B-C-B design, a. contingent reinforcement (B) is compared with no reinforcement (C) b. reinforcement is given but is not contingent on behavior during period C c. drug effects can be evaluated; C is the placebo control condition d. two different reinforcement schedules are compared, one during the first B and a second during the second B
B
44. By using a __________ procedure, Eron and his colleagues were able to rule out several potential third variables that might have affected the relationship they found between preference for TV violence and aggressiveness. a. cross-lagged panel correlation b. partial correlation c. multiple regression d. factor analysis
B
44. The best return rate will be for written surveys that are a. surveying attitudes about sex rather than about politics b. clearly unrelated to a sales pitch c. filled with more open questions than closed questions d. printed on colored paper than on white paper
B
45. In their cross-lagged panel correlational study, Eron and his colleagues found that a. third grade aggressiveness predicted a later preference for viewing violence b. third grade preference for viewing violence predicted later aggressive behavior c. those who were aggressive in the third grade tended not to be aggressive in the i. "thirteenth" grade d. third grade preference for viewing violence was unrelated to third grade i. aggressiveness
B
45. Which of the following is true about return rates for mailed surveys? a. anything less than 100% creates problems for interpretation b. researchers are happy with return rates between 70% and 85% c. as long as the total number of replies is large (>100), the rate is return is irrelevant d. if less than 80%, representativeness is a serious problem
B
47. Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ is a potential third variable. You complete a partial correlation procedure and, with IQ controlled statistically, the high correlation between speed and comprehension remains. What do you conclude? a. IQ is an important third variable affecting the correlation b. IQ can be ruled out as a third variable underlying the correlation c. IQ must be the cause of the correlation d. not enough information to decide
B
49. On surveys, subjects can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as a. experimenter bias b. social desirability bias c. question ambiguity d. good subject bias
B
5. In early small N research like the Dresslar study on facial vision, additional subjects a. were tested until someone provided unambiguous support for the hypothesis b. served the purpose of replication c. had their data averaged to produce group means d. were not needed; these studies never used more than a single
B
5. The study by Fisher et al. on the "cognitive interview" shows that a. applied research can be completed in the laboratory just as well as in the field b. the results of applied research can provide empirical support for basic psychological phenomena (e.g., effect of reinstating context on memory) c. applied research can solve a problem while at the same time providing no information about basic psychological phenomena d. basic research phenomena sometimes fail when tried in the field in an applied research study
B
50. Which of the following has not been a common criticism of small N designs? a. results do not generalize beyond the treatment environment b. behaviors aren't defined very carefully c. inadequate statistical analyses d. unable to identify interactions easily
B
50. Which of the following is true about the presence of a Pearson's r in the results of a study? a. it means that the study could not have been an experimental study b. it means that the relationship between two variables has been determined c. it means that a correlational design has been used d. it means that you won't be seeing an ANOVA in the same results section
B
52. Surveys of existing programs, census data, and surveys of residents all contribute to which phase of program evaluation? a. cost analysis b. needs analysis c. formative evaluation d. summative evaluation
B
53. What is the advantage of doing a formative evaluation? a. it enables the agency to decide whether or not to implement the program b. it allows program changes to be made before it is too late c. it allows the researcher to complete an experimental study instead of a quasi-experimental study d. it allows for a final "formed" evaluation of the success or failure of the program
B
54. Demographic information includes a. how knowledgeable a person is about some topic b. information about the income level of the respondent c. someone's opinion about democracy (or related issues) d. all of the above
B
54. The same interpretation problems found in correlational studies also occur in a. experimental studies b. studies with subject variables c. mixed factorial studies d. repeated-measures studies
B
55. A summative evaluation is designed to answer the question: a. Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work? b. Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c. Should you develop this program? d. Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?
B
57. Comparing K•ABC performance to performance on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills enables a researcher to evaluate a. the split-half reliability of the K•ABC b. the criterion validity of the K•ABC c. the test-retest reliability of the K•ABC d. the amount of measurement error to be found in the K•ABC
B
59. Which type of program evaluation is needed when trying to choose between two programs, both of which seem to be equally effective? a. needs analysis b. cost-effectiveness analysis c. formative analysis d. summative analysis
B
6. Which of the following was true about Thorndike's research on cats in puzzle boxes? a. his explanations were criticized for not being parsimonious b. more than one cat was tested, with the additional cats serving a replication purpose c. his results were a direct contradiction of Skinner's ideas about conditioning d. it shows how all the early researchers had to be highly talented as apparatus builders
B
62. It is sometimes said that program evaluation research is susceptible to Type II errors. What does this mean? a. significant effects are found, which later turn out to be phony effects b. small program effects might truly exist, but the measuring tools aren't sensitive enough to detect them c. program evaluators often use only descriptive statistics and ignore inferential ones d. program evaluators often fail to take costs into account in their analyses
B
62. Multiple regression involves a. one bivariate procedure and two multivariate procedures b. one criterion variable and two or more predictor variables c. one predictor variable and two or more criterion variables d. performing a bivariate regression procedure several times
B
63. Cost-effectiveness analysis occurs at the end of a program, but assessing cost is also an important part of a. program audit b. needs analysis c. summative evaluation d. none of the above
B
66. Informed consent can be a problem in program evaluation research. Why? a. there tends to be a high rate of attrition in this research b. powerless clients might believe that a failure to give consent would have adverse consequences for them c. most subjects in these studies are under the age of 18 d. subjects often cannot be reached before the study begins
B
68. Collectively, persons with a direct interest in a program are known as a. a focus group b. stakeholders c. key informants d. a community forum
B
7. Which of the following correlations shows the weakest relationship? a. +.23 b. +.07 c. -.09 d. -.99
B
8. When psychology first emerged as an independent discipline at the end of the nineteenth century, American psychologists a. were interested in basic but not applied research b. felt it necessary to show that their new science was useful to society c. were initially interested in applied research, but quickly abandoned it for basic research d. were philosophers and generally uninterested in any scientific research
B
9. Research on visual discrimination learning in children has shown that a. small N designs provide misleading data b. averaging the data can produce a result that does not reflect individual performance c. the gradual trial and error learning that typically occurs is well-reflected in graphs showing grouped data d. a gradual increase in habit strength is the best explanation for the observed behavior
B
9. What is illustrated by Goodall's observations of chimps killing each other? a. her observations were hopelessly biased by what she expected to see b. observational research can serve the purpose of falsification c. in naturalistic observation with animals, subject reactivity cannot be avoided d. it's a good thing she didn't try participant observation
B
The following four questions relate to this study: Teachers in a local school district are given a test of computer literacy (0-100, with 100 being perfect). Then during the school year they have monthly in-service programs designed to improve their computer literacy. Their computer knowledge is assessed again at the end of the year. Their average pretest score is 40 and their average posttest score is 80. Teachers in a comparable school district aren't given the training, but they do get the pretest and posttest. 21. This study uses a _________ design. a. mixed factorial design b. nonequivalent control group c. interrupted time series d. time series with a control group
B
10. All of the following have been used as arguments for the use of small N except a. averaging the data from a large N study can produce results that do not reflect individual performance b. some populations are too small to be examined using large N methods c. it is impossible to avoid confounding with large N studies d. some studies (e.g., language learning in apes) require intense study of just a few subjects over a long period of time
C
11. Early psychologists often tried to adapt laboratory methods to solve applied problems. For instance, Stanford psychologist Walter Miles tried to help the football team by adapting which method? a. maze learning b. mental testing c. reaction time d. trend analysis
C
11. Early research on visual discrimination learning, in which data from many subjects were averaged, supported which theory of discrimination learning? a. discrimination learning occurs when children hit upon the correct hypothesis b. discrimination learning occurs in a noncontinuous fashion c. discrimination learning results from a gradual accumulation of habit strength d. discrimination learning is essentially insight learning
C
11. How much information is in a correlation coefficient? a. the strength of a relationship b. the direction of a relationship c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
12. Applied research done in a field setting a. is never able to accomplish random assignment b. will find it impossible to accomplish informed consent c. will be stronger in external than in internal validity d. cannot manipulate independent variables
C
12. What does it mean to say that a study fails the "individual-subject validity" test? a. it means that sample size is too small b. it means that the individuals in the study do not behave as predicted by the hypothesis c. it means that the overall conclusion is not reflected in the behavior of individual participants d. it means that leakage occurred - too many of the individual participants in the study knew the true hypothesis ahead of time
C
13. B. F. Skinner would agree with all of the following except a. control environmental conditions and orderly behavior will follow b. general principles can only be derived from the intensive study of many individual cases c. it is better (i.e., more efficient) to study 100 rats for an hour each than one rat for 100 hours d. psychology should be more of an inductive than a deductive science
C
14. According to Skinner's experimental analysis of behavior, a. the goal is to identify the stimuli that cause each of our behaviors to occur b. it is important to study both how often a behavior occurs and how quickly it occurs c. the consequences of behavior determine the future probability of the behavior occurring again d. behaviors that lead to rewards do not have to be learned — they are innate
C
14. Galton uncovered the basic features of a correlational approach in his efforts to show that genius was inherited. His work included all of the following except a. a scatterplot b. the phenomenon of regression to the mean c. a formula for calculating precise correlations d. a regression line
C
16. A regression line for a correlation of -1.00 would a. be parallel to the X-axis b. be parallel to the Y-axis c. higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis d. higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis
C
16. In the Ferster and Skinner book on schedules of reinforcement, a. the data were presented in the form of cumulative records b. each of the graphs in the book portrays the behavior of a single animal c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
17. The device used to record behaviors in Skinner's operant conditioning experiments is called a(n) a. operant chamber b. schedule of reinforcement c. cumulative recorder d. reinforcement contingency
C
2. Basic research is to applied research as ______ is to _______. a. field; laboratory b. experimental; correlational c. knowledge; problem solving d. between-subjects; within-subjects
C
20. In a study on "identitiy maintenance strategies" in newer versus older homeless individuals, a. the procedure could be described as naturalistic observation with minimal structure imposed by researchers b. researchers used a longitudinal design c. covert participant observation was used d. a large sample size was used
C
21. According to the APA ethics code, a. there are no restrictions on observational research b. naturalistic observation is OK, but participant observation has been deemed unethical c. informed consent is not needed for unobtrusive observations in public environments d. in naturalistic observation, debriefing is only considered important in animal studies
C
21. Every single-subject design includes each of the following elements except a. a time during which a baseline level of behavior is measured b. precise operational definitions of target behaviors c. a withdrawal stage d. a stage during which a treatment program is introduced
C
23. In an A-B design, a. A refers to the baseline period b. B is when the treatment is being given c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
23. Which of the following is true about the history of survey research? a. because research in early psychology used small N, surveys were not used until after World War I b. the first survey research was Kinsey's pioneering sex surveys c. Darwin and his cousin, Francis Galton, created the first surveys d. the method of the "questionary" was vigorously promoted by William James
C
25. Using the system developed by Campbell and Stanley, which design is this? O1 T O2 O1 O2 a. P x E factorial design b. an archival experiment c. nonequivalent control group design d. interrupted time series design
C
26. If a researcher is trying to predict college grades, knowing high school grades, then a. the predictor variable will be college grades b. the criterion variable will be high school grades c. the prediction will be poorer if only the top 20% of high school students are used than if they are all used d. multiple regression rather than bivariate regression must be used
C
27. In order to generalize from the results obtained with a sample to the population as a whole, a. all members of the population must be tested eventually b. each member of the population must have exactly the same probability of being selected, especially if stratified sampling is being used c. the sample must be representative of the population d. the exact values (on the trait being measured) for the population must be known
C
28. Using the system developed by Campbell and Stanley, which of the following designs combines the elements of a nonequivalent control group design and an interrupted time series design? a. O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 b. O1 T O2 c. O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 d. O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 O1 O2 O3 T O4 O5 O6 O7 O8
C
29. In a study examining the relationship between A and B, the coefficient of determination a. indicates how much variability in A can be accounted for by B b. is found by squaring the value of Pearson's r c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
30. A study by Flood et al. was designed to help ADHD school children stay on task. Which of the following was true of their study? a. they used a multiple baseline design b. there were enough children in this study so that average scores could be calculated c. schoolmates of the ADHD children were a critical part of the treatment program d. the study was controversial because it relied more on punishment than reinforcement
C
30. If a researcher decides to insure through matching that two nonequivalent groups start with the same pretest score, results could very likely be affected by a. history b. testing c. regression d. maturation
C
31. If it is not feasible to have a complete listing of the members of the population, which probability sampling method can be used? a. stratified b. convenience c. cluster d. simple random
C
31. Multiple baseline designs are preferred over withdrawal designs when a. more than one subject is being tested b. one treatment is being compared directly with another c. the behavior being altered is self-destructive d. the behavior to be changed must be changed gradually
C
32. All multiple baseline designs a. evaluate the same behavior in more than one individual b. examine the same behavior in an individual, but in two or more settings c. introduce treatment(s) at different times d. include a withdrawal element
C
33. A researcher discovers a correlation of +.87 between study time and GPA. What can be concluded? a. if you study a lot, your GPA will go up b. if you have a high GPA, you will be forced to study more to keep up c. students who study a lot tend to have higher GPAs than those who don't study much d. the underlying cause of the correlation is native intelligence
C
33. To study math achievement in West Virginia's third graders, a researcher randomly selects 5% of the state's school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. What sampling procedure is being used here? a. quota b. stratified c. cluster d. none of the above (all the children in the selected districts are tested - therefore the entire population is being tested, not just a sample
C
36. A researcher discovers a strong correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV and the level of aggression shown at school. What can be concluded? a. watching a lot of TV causes children to become aggressive b. naturally aggressive children are led to watch a lot of TV c. knowing TV-watching patterns enables a prediction of aggressiveness d. because of the distraction of TV, those who watch a lot of it are not very aggressive
C
36. The Kinsey Report of sexual behavior is a classic example of a. case study research b. archival research c. survey research using a face-to-face interview format d. electronic surveying
C
38. A study using a cross-lagged panel correlation helps to solve the _______ problem. a. third variable b. restriction of range c. directionality d. multiple regression
C
38. Compared to other methods found in Chapter 12, survey research a. does not have a problem with reactivity b. is more likely to use convenience sampling c. has a greater need for the sample to be representative d. will tend to have a smaller sample size
C
4. Applied research a. aims to solve specific real world problems b. furthers our knowledge of basic psychological phenomena c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
4. In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach called for a united discipline of psychology, one that would conduct research in the spirit of which of the designs from Chapter 8? a. nonequivalent groups designs b. mixed factorial designs c. P x E factorial designs d. repeated-measures designs
C
40. All of the following characterize interview surveys except a. cost can be a problem b. the interviewer can clarify ambiguous questions c. getting a representative sample is easier than with the other methods d. they might be limited to a small geographical area
C
41. The study by DeLuca and Holborn showed how the physical condition of obese boys could be improved. The study used a __________ design and included __________. a. multiple baseline; a withdrawal of treatment b. A-B-C-B; period of noncontingent reinforcement c. changing criterion; a withdrawal of treatment d. alternating treatments; multiple baseline
C
41. Which of the following is a problem for written surveys? a. question ambiguity b. survey return rate c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
C
42. Which of the following is a problem with archival research? a. it is not possible to include an independent variable b. there is no way to control any extraneous factors c. the researcher is limited by the manner is which data were originally collected d. there is a very limited amount of archival data available to researchers
C
43. All of the following are closed questions except a. Is this a closed question? b. Is this an open question? c. How is a closed question different from an open question? d. Is this a poor multiple choice question?
C
43. Archival research has to deal with all of the following problems except a. experimenter bias b. nonrepresentative information c. subject reactivity d. missing data
C
48. There were a record 324 automobile fatalities in Connecticut in 1955, which prompted a statewide crackdown on speeding. The next year there were 284 fatalities. What did Campbell conclude from his evaluation of the state's program? a. regression to the mean occurred and it accounted for the reduction from 324 to 284 b. because the program was so highly publicized, it accounted for the drop from 324 to 284 c. the drop from 324 to 284 was partly due to regression, but the program was also successful to a degree d. the results could be attributed partly to regression and partly to instrumentation (they defined "traffic fatality" different in 1956)
C
49. Single-subject designs have been criticized for all of the following reasons except a. results do not generalize beyond the treatment environment b. too much reliance on visual inspection and not enough statistical analysis c. replication does not seem to be important to small N advocates d. the designs do not test interactions effectively
C
50. As part of a program to inform clients about how to manage credit card expenses, they are counseled, and at the end of an opening session, given an expense log to fill out over the next six months. Examining these logs after a month would constitute part of a a. cost analysis b. needs analysis c. formative evaluation d. summative evaluation
C
51. A research design with the same interpretation problem as a correlational study is a. a repeated-measures design b. a mixed design c. a P x E factorial design d. an independent groups design
C
51. Nonresponse bias occurs when a. the population from which the sample is taken is too small b. response rate is lower than anticipated c. those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample d. those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey
C
52. What is being attempted with this design: A-B-BC-B-A-B-BC-B? a. this is a type of alternating treatments design b. the researcher is trying to examine the effects of the two treatments designated by A and C c. this is an attempt to evaluate the interactive effect of two treatments (B and C) d. this is a study combining a multiple baseline approach with a withdrawal design
C
52. When is correlational research preferred over experimental research? a. whenever the researcher wishes to determine cause and effect relationships b. whenever the researcher prefers to do field rather than laboratory research c. whenever the study includes factors that cannot possibly be controlled d. never — experimental studies are always preferred
C
52. When survey items are all worded favorably , the result can be a response bias called a. the Hawthorne effect b. a social desirability bias c. response acquiescence d. nonresponse bias
C
55. What was the lesson derived from the example of the marketing campaigns for the Whopper and the Big Mac? a. some surveys have self selection problems b. be careful of writing survey items that have double-barreled questions c. beware of leading questions d. some items use words that are linguistically ambiguous
C
56. Luria's mnemonist ("S.") was studied through the use of which procedure? a. interview survey method b. single-subject withdrawal procedures c. case study procedures d. archival research
C
56. Researchers evaluating the K•ABC intelligence test calculated a split-half reliability. What does this mean? a. they correlated performance at time 1 with a repeat performance at time 2 b. they looked to see if performance was correlated with the California Achievement i. Test c. they correlated subsets of items within the same subtest of the K•ABC d. they determined that K•ABC scores correlated with scores on the Stanford-Binet IQ i. test
C
57. A needs analysis is designed to answer the question: a. Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work? b. Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c. Should we develop this program? d. Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?
C
57. In the box describing the case of the female journalist who was fired on the basis of a survey, which of the following occurred? a. the survey was not actually completed; the data were manufactured b. even though an elaborate (and appropriate) statistical analysis was done, the survey itself was hopelessly biased c. there was an inappropriate statistical analysis d. it a well-designed and fair survey, but used a biased sample
C
59. Luria's case study of S., the mnemonist, a. is an example of archival research b. demonstrates the limited value of case studies (who else is like this?) c. demonstrates that case studies of unusual people can shed light on normal phenomena (e.g., the value of a limited short-term memory) d. illustrates the problem of experimenter bias in case study research (S.'s memorywould not have been so exceptional if Luria had not paid so much attention to him)
C
62. Which of the following is true about case study research? a. the personality theorist Gordon Allport believed that case studies were only useful if they supplemented more valid methods b. they are of limited value because they normally concern extremely unusual persons c. the data from the subjects of case studies can be limited by memory failures d. an advantage is the lack of experimenter bias
C
63. A researcher administers several tests, correlates each test with every other test, and looks for tests that cluster together. The researcher is probably performing the preliminary steps of what procedure? a. multiple regression b. partial correlation c. factor analysis d. criterion validity
C
63. Which of the following is true about case study research? a. the personality theorist Gordon Allport believed that case studies were only useful if they supplemented more valid methods b. they are of limited value because they normally concern extremely unusual persons c. the data from the subjects of case studies can be limited by memory failures d. an advantage is the lack of experimenter bias
C
64. The needs analysis done at the Du Pont Company included all of the following except a. a survey of existing company programs for enhancing health b. an analysis of employee health records c. census data on the proportion of people who were overweight d. worker surveys (on their knowledge of healthy behavior)
C
8. In a negative correlation, a. high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable b. low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable c. high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable d. both alternatives a. and b.
C
8. Thorndike's puzzle box studies a. demonstrate the failure of large N designs in some situations b. demonstrate that early experimentalists could not succeed unless they were talented creators of apparatus c. illustrate the effective application of parsimonious explanations d. provide strong evidence that cats had reasoning powers
C
8. ________ occurs when the behavior of subjects is affected by their knowledge that they are being observed. a. naturalistic observation b. experimenter bias c. reactivity d. unobtrusive observation
C
9. Which of the following is true about the Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study? a. their research outcome was damaging enough to cause the company to remove caffeine from the drink b. they used just a few subjects, and each subject was tested repeatedly, but they failed to use counterbalancing procedures c. they used placebo controls and a double blind procedure d. they were not allowed to publish their results unless they were favorable to Coca-Cola
C
CH . 10 1. Applied research a. examines the basic laws of human behavior b. is just as likely to occur in the laboratory as in the field c. focuses on a specific real world problem d. has no connection with theory
C
CH 11 1. Small N research designs a. are a recent development, originating with Skinner's work b. began in the 1930s when Fisher developed ANOVA c. characterized most of the early research in psychology d. have never been popular with the majority of research psychologists
C
CH. 9 1. In his 1957 APA presidential address, Cronbach identified what he called psychology's two disciplines: a. personality psychology and social psychology b. experimental psychology and clinical psychology c. experimental psychology and correlational psychology d. clinical psychology and experimental psychology
C
10. Which of the following is true of observational research? a. if done carefully, cause and effect conclusions can be drawn b. subject reactivity is seldom a problem c. results can support a theory, but cannot serve to raise questions about a theory d. the descriptive information can provide hypotheses for more controlled studies
D
13. All of the following are designed to reduce observer bias except a. interobserver reliability b. event sampling c. behavior checklists d. unobtrusive measures
D
17. A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would a. be parallel to the X-axis b. be parallel to the Y-axis c. higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis d. higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis
D
17. In a nonequivalent control group study, a. before the study begins, the two groups are different from each other in some systematic way b. one group is treated while the second group is not treated c. the major comparison between the groups is in terms of the amount of change from pretest to posttest d. all of the above
D
18. Picture a regression line as a diagonal line running from the lower left to the top right on a scatterplot. For which of the following correlations would the points be closest to this regression line? a. -.90 b. -.30 c. +.40 d. +.70
D
18. Random assignment is used in a. a nonequivalent control group design b. an interrupted time series design c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
D
2. In the early years of experimental psychology (approximately 1880-1920), each of the following was true except a. experimenters often participated as subjects in their own studies b. studies were more likely to have small N than large N c. subjects were often referred to as 'observers' d. replication was a problem because means were based on just two or three subjects
D
20. In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true? a. the relationship must be nonlinear b. the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale c. the range of scores must be restricted on at least one of the variables d. the variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale
D
22. One of psychology's better known findings is that performance is good at moderate levels of arousal and poor at both high and low levels of arousal (Yerkes-Dodson). Which of the following is true? a. the strength of this relationship can best be assessed with Pearson's r b. this is an example of a positive linear correlation c. this is an example of a negative linear correlation d. a Pearson's r for this relationship would be close to zero
D
22. Which of the following is true about the A-B design, a. A refers to the treatment being tested b. B is when the treatment is withdrawn c. it allows for causal conclusions to be drawn d. it lacks a period when the treatment is withdrawn
D
23. The correlation between verbal SAT scores (maximum score = 800) and freshman GPA will be lowest at a school a. with an open enrollment policy b. that only accepts students with a minimum of 400 on the verbal SAT c. that only accepts students with a minimum of 500 on the verbal SAT d. that only accepts students with a minimum of 600 on the verbal SAT
D
23. What pretest-posttest combination for the second group would make you suspect that regression produced at least some of the change in the first group? a. 50 - 50 b. 30 - 70 c. 40 - 80 d. 80 - 80
D
24. For which of the following designs is it most likely that changes could be attributed to the confound of maturation rather than to the experimental treatment? a. multiple baseline b. A-B-C-B c. A-B-A d. A-B
D
26. Using the system developed by Campbell and Stanley, which design is this? O1 O2 O3 O4 T O5 O6 O7 O8 a. P x E factorial design b. a multiple case study c. nonequivalent control group design d. interrupted time series design
D
27. Which design is better, an A-B-A design or an A-B-A-B design? a. A-B-A; it is more parsimonious b. A-B-A; it has the ethical advantage of leaving subjects exactly where they started c. A-B-A-B; it compares two different treatments d. A-B-A-B; the treatment is evaluated twice
D
28. The basic definition of ____________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants. a. cluster sampling b. nonprobability sampling c. convenience sampling d. simple random sampling
D
29. Each of the following studies illustrates a nonequivalent control group design except a. the study on the effects of flextime on two manufacturing plants, one in Cleveland and one in Pittsburgh b. the study evaluating a training program for coaches c. the study examining the influence of the California earthquake on nightmares d. the study examining the effects of introducing an incentive plan on productivity in an iron foundry
D
3. Naturalistic observation is to participant observation as ______ is to _____. a. highly structured; unstructured b. habituation; unobtrusive observation c. objective; subjective d. lower probability of reactivity; higher probability of reactivity
D
30. A researcher notes a positive correlation between smoking and heart disease. Assuming the main interest is predicting what happens to people if they are smokers, a. smoking is the criterion variable b. heart disease is the predictor variable c. both alternatives a. and b. d. none of the above
D
32. In Wood and Bootzin's study of nightmares following earthquakes, what design was used? a. interrupted time series b. time series with a control group c. formative evaluation d. nonequivalent control group design
D
34. A study by Kay and colleagues used a multiple baseline design to help an individual reduce drooling behavior. Their study included a. a combination of training and reinforcement b. multiple baselines in three different settings c. calculation of interobserver agreement d. all of the above
D
34. If there is a strong correlation between variables A and B, what is the most likely explanation? a. A is causing B b. B is causing B c. A and B are caused by C d. could be any of the above — the correlation by itself does not allow one to decide
D
35. To see if a flextime program improved worker absenteeism, records were examined for six months prior to and six months following the program's institution. What design is this? a. time series with control group b. nonequivalent control group c. multiple pretest-posttest d. interrupted time series
D
36. In the above item, if worker absenteeism improved after flextime was installed and was generally lower after than before the program, what could be concluded? a. the program worked b. some uncontrolled historical event might have brought about the change c. a regression to the mean could have occurred d. all of the above are possibilities
D
36. One of the multiple baseline designs in the chapter was illustrated by a study on improving linebacker performance. Which type of multiple baseline was used? a. two or more different treatment programs b. two or more different individuals c. two or more different settings d. two or more different behaviors
D
37. Wagner et al. examined worker productivity as the result of the institution of a worker incentive plan. They used a(n) ________ design. a. interrupted time series with a control group b. nonequivalent control group c. needs analysis d. interrupted time series
D
38. Wagner et al. used an interrupted times series design to examine changes in worker productivity after the institution of a worker incentive plan. In addition to measuring productivity, they also examined other information in order to rule out alternative explanations of their results. They were able to rule out _______ because _______. a. history; no significant event occurred around the time of the program's start b. instrumentation; the manner of measuring productivity didn't change c. selection; of an absence of significant worker turnover d. all of the above
D
39. What is the best design to use when trying to develop a consistent exercise program? a. alternating treatments b. multiple baseline c. withdrawal d. changing criterion
D
40. The time series study on California's "three strikes and you're out" program to reduce crime used which of the following variations on the basic time series design? a. the researchers added an "interruption" to the sequence of events b. the researchers added a switching replication, comparing California with another state that implemented the program 6 months after California c. the researchers added a control group, comparing California with Texas d. the researchers added a second dependent variable, comparing fel
D
41. Ulrich's "room with a view" study includes all of the following except a. archival data b. an independent variable c. limits on the type of patients studied d. random room assignment
D
43. Which of the following designs compares the effects of contingent with noncontingent reinforcement? a. A-A1-B-A1-B b. changing criterion c. alternating treatment d. A-B-C-B
D
46. A major problem with phone surveying is a. sampling; too many people have unlisted numbers b. cost; face-to-face interviews are much cheaper c. logistics; it is difficult to collect a lot of data per unit of time d. selling disguised as surveying (sugging)
D
46. Campbell's "reforms as experiments" article includes a description of an evaluation of a state police crackdown on speeding in Connecticut. There were 324 fatalities in the year before the crackdown and 284 in the year after. According to Campbell, the program was partially the cause of the drop, but ______ also occurred. a. selection b. maturation c. instrumentation d. regression to the mean
D
46. Galton believed that the high correlation between the intelligence levels of parents and children proved that intelligence was inherited. This conclusion illustrates a failure to understand a. how correlations are calculated b. the difference between statistically significant correlations and insignificant ones c. the directionality problem d. the third variable problem
D
47. Someone might argue that it is n0t important that the reinforcement be made contingent on a specific behavior; all that matters in order to change the behavior is that reinforcement be given. A(n) _______ design can be used to test this claim. a. multiple contingency b. changing criterion c. alternating treatment d. A-B-C-B
D
48. In an A-B-C-B design, what is the "C?" a. it means that reinforcement is given, but it is not contingent on the target behavior being performed b. it means that reinforcement is given, and it is made contingent on the target behavior being performed c. this is the point in a changing criterion design where a change (C) occurs d. this is an alternating treatment (C is one treatment, B is another, and A is the third type of treatment)
D
5. John Stuart Mill's method of ________ is essentially the same as the correlational method. a. agreement and difference (combined) b. difference c. agreement d. concomitant variation
D
50. Zezima reported that while nearly 100% of people reported that they wash their hands after using public restrooms, however actual observations of public hand washing behavior demonstrated much lower percentages. This illustrates a. invasion of privacy b. question ambiguity c. biased sampling d. a social desirability bias
D
51. Formative evaluation is to summative evaluation as ________ is to ________ . a. before; after b. before; during c. during; before d. during; after
D
53. When should DK ("don't know") alternatives be used? a. when collecting demographic information b. never—they will be overused by respondents c. whenever you are surveying people with moderate to low IQs d. when there is good reason to believe that some respondents will genuinely not know an answer
D
55. A study by Foxx and Rubinoff showed how small N designs can be useful in reducing the amount of caffeine people ingest daily. They used which design? a. A-B-C-B b. A-B-A-B c. alternating treatment d. changing criterion
D
57. Case studies investigate a. individual lives of those who exemplify some particular attribute (e.g., exceptional memory) b. the circumstances involved with some rare and unusual event (e.g., a nuclear accident) c. empirical questions that require the use of data that has already been collected for some other purpose d. both alternatives a. and b.
D
58. A cost-effectiveness analysis is designed to answer the question: a. Is this program working the way it is supposed to work? b. Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce? c. Should you develop this program? d. Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?
D
58. Children who score high on the K•ABC also score high on both the California Achievement Test and the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. This indicates that the K•ABC has a. split-half reliability b. test-retest reliability c. content validity d. criterion validiy
D
58. Which of the following was true about the survey by Plous on attitudes toward animal research? a. he used a simple random sample b. his return rate was very high—over 90% c. he found large differences in attitude between students and psychologists d. the male-female proportion in his sample was very close to the population proportion
D
6. The "strange situation" was used to investigate parent-child attachments and is an example of a. participant observation b. unstructured naturalistic observation c. archival study d. laboratory observation
D
60. Nonequivalent control group designs and interrupted time series designs are most likely to be a part of a a. cost analysis b. needs analysis c. formative evaluation d. summative evaluation
D
60. The case study of former boxer "AB" illustrates the importance of case studies to a. use inferential statistics to make claims about groups of individuals. b. describe groups of individuals similar to a single case. c. rely on anecdotal evidence. d. guide individualized treatment and/or rehabilitation for the patient.
D
61. To predict college success from a combination of high school grades, weighted letters of recommendation, and SAT scores, an admissions department would probably use what procedure? a. bivariate analysis b. partial correlation c. factor analysis d. multiple regression
D
61. Which of the following is true about case study research? a. it might be the only way to study some rare individual b. experimenter bias can affect what the researcher records about the case c. the data from the subjects of case studies can be limited by memory failures d. all of the above are true
D
65. Program audits are most likely to be associated with which type of program evaluation? a. needs analysis b. cost analysis c. summative evaluations d. formative evaluations
D
9. In a positive correlation, a. high scores on one variable are accompanied by high scores on the second variable b. low scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable c. high scores on one variable are accompanied by low scores on the second variable d. both alternatives a. and b.
D