Research Methods Midterm
An excellent design to test treatment options is: a. correlation design b. comparative design c. randomized controlled trial d. repeated cross-sectional design e. none of the above
c. randomized controlled trial
The Framingham Heart Study is an example of a: a. prospective cohort study b. case-control study c. retrospective cohort study d. cross-sectional e. RCT
a. prospective cohort study
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate statistical test. Choose from Chi-Square, t test, Pearson's r, Multiple Regression, and ANOVA. Uses the F statistic
ANOVA
Use the statement below to answer the following questions about hypotheses: "We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would be associated with a decreased risk for cognitive decline." Is this a causal or an associative hypothesis?
Associative
In the Methods section, provide the important features and reliability of the __________ you choose. Select one: a. participants b. instruments c. procedures d. setting e. research articles
B. instruments
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate statistical test. Choose from Chi-Square, t test, Pearson's r, Multiple Regression, and ANOVA. Tests for differences between groups using nonparametric data
Chi-Square
Use the statement below to answer the following questions about hypotheses: "We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would be associated with a decreased risk for cognitive decline." Is the hypothesis directional or non directional?
Directional
Using the title of these research studies, identify whether each study is an example of intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research. "Association between inflammatory potential of diet and mortality among women in the Swedish mammography cohort" (Shivappa et al., 2015).
Epidemiological
A literature review is a summary of the current research. Select one: True False
False
A qualitative study almost always has a hypothesis. Select one: True False
False
A qualitative study is deductive in nature. Select one: True False
False
All statistically significant findings have clinical significance. Select one: True False
False
Narrative reviews use statistical techniques called meta-analysis. True False
False
The search terms "constipation AND fiber" will give you more results than the search terms "constipation OR fiber." True or False
False
To maintain consistency in a series of focus groups, the researchers will use a: Select one: a. GPS b. Tool c. Coding d. Guide
Guide
Using the title of these research studies, identify whether each study is an example of intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research. "Effect of nutrition intervention on food choices of French students in middle school cafeterias, using an interactive educational software program (Nutri-Advice)" (Turnin et al., 2015).
Intervention
Which of the following is NOT a method used in a qualitative study? Select one: a. focus groups b. interviews c. observations d. intervention
Intervention
When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the: Select one: a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Magnitude
Mean
The most frequent data value in a set of data is the: Select one: a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Average
Mode
A study that combines multiple qualitative data collection methods is a: Select one: a. mixed-methods study b. multi-method study c. theoretical study d. thematic study
Multi Method Study
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate statistical test. Choose from Chi-Square, t test, Pearson's r, Multiple Regression, and ANOVA. Tests the significance among 3 or more variables
Multiple Regression
Study summary: "The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research." (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015). Is the study a narrative or systematic review?
Narrative
Using the title of these research studies, identify each study as an example of original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review. "Physical activity at altitude: Challenges for people with diabetes"
Narrative Research
Study summary: "The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research." (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015). Is the study a conference proceeding? Yes or no.
No
A randomized control trial is an example of a research: a. design b. question c. problem d. control
a. design
Using the title of these research studies, identify each study as an example of original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review. "Facilitators and Barriers to the Achievement of Healthy Lifestyle Goals: Findings from the Australian Parents Enrolled in the PEACH Child Weight Management Program"
Original Research
Using the title of these research studies, identify each study as an example of original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review. "Targeted physician education positively affects delivery of nutrition therapy and patient outcomes: Results of a prospective clinical trial"
Original Research
Using the title of these research studies, identify whether each study is an example of intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research. "In-hospital hyperglycemia: Effects of treatment protocol on glycemic control and clinical outcome" (Clinical Trials.gov NCT00302874)
Outcomes
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate statistical test. Choose from Chi-Square, t test, Pearson's r, Multiple Regression, and ANOVA. Tests for the significance of a correlation between 2 variables
Pearson's r
What is another term for the rank?
Percentile
What is the difference between the maximum and minimum values?
Range
Using the title of these research studies, identify each study as an example of original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review. "Are dietary guidelines sensible to consumers?"
Research editorial
In a qualitative study, the number of participants may be determined by: Select one: a. saturation b. maximum variation c. purposive sampling d. snowball sampling
Saturation
Study summary: "The aim of this study was to review the studies on the relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Various types of studies were included in the review. They found gaps in the literature and suggested ideas for further research." (O'Donnell, Mente, & Yusuf, 2015). Is this study primary, secondary, or tertiary?
Secondary
Use the statement below to answer the following questions about hypotheses: "We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would be associated with a decreased risk for cognitive decline." Is the hypothesis simple or complex?
Simple
What is the measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean?
Standard deviation
Using the title of these research studies, identify each study as an example of original research, research editorial, narrative review, or systematic review. "Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: A meta-analysis"
Systematic Review
_________ funds much of the research in the U.S. Select one: a. federal government b. state governments c. foundations d. non-profit organizations e. industry
a. federal government
Using the title of these research studies, identify whether each study is an example of intervention, outcomes, epidemiological, or translational research. "Persistent effects of early infant diet and associated microbiota on the juvenile immune system" (Narayan, Mendez-Lagares, Ardeshir, Lu, Van Rompay, & Hartigan-O'Connor, 2015).
Translational
A Likert scale is an example of an ordinal level of measurement. Select one: True False
True
A qualitative study includes an Introduction (with literature review), Methods, Results, and Discussion (with conclusions). Select one: True False
True
A subject headings search is most useful once you have determined appropriate subject headings for that database. True False
True
In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value. Select one: True False
True
Many of the biomedical and behavioral studies in the U.S. are regulated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and/or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Select one: True False
True
Qualitative researchers may receive training on how to hold interviews and focus groups if used in studies they conduct. Select one: True False
True
Qualitative studies often use inclusion and exclusion criteria. Select one: True False
True
Researchers are a key instrument in a qualitative study. Select one: True False
True
You should summarize your budget in a narrative format known as a budget justification. Select one: True False
True
All of the following are main features of experimental research EXCEPT: a. IRB application b. intervention c. control of extraneous variables (control group) d. randomization of participants into groups
a. IRB application
__________ validity is the extent to which the independent variable actually accounted for the study outcome. Select one: a. internal b. external c. statistical conclusion d. construct
a. internal
A researcher is studying the relationship of amount of time spent in front of a screen and body weight. Which test would the researcher use to analyze these data? Select one: a. chi-square b. Pearson's r c. Phi coefficient d. multiple regression e. T-test
b. Pearson's r
Measurable steps taken to achieve each goal are called __________. Select one: a. procedures b. SMART c. objectives d. methodology e. design
b. SMART
Which of the following is true about obtaining informed consent from research subjects? Select one: a. Subjects must always consult their families before consenting to participate in a study b. The investigator should check for understanding of the material covered in the consent c. Consent is about the paper document so it is acceptable to give someone the form to read and sign d. The IRB always requires that the investigator have a signed copy of the consent document
b. The investigator should check for understanding of the material covered in the consent
The quantity 1 - ß is the probability of avoiding _____________. Select one: a. a type I error b. a type II error c. bias d. a random error e. power
b. a type II error
When you accept the null hypothesis when it is false is: Select one: a. a type I error b. a type II error c. bias d. a random error e. a systematic error
b. a type II error
An experimental study is an example of what type of research? a. qualitative b. analytic c. descriptive d. associative
b. analytic
In an experimental study looking at the effects of a weight loss drug, which is the independent variable? a. weight loss b. drug c. physical activity d. none of the above
b. drug
A prospective cohort study, such as the Nurses' Health Study, is a(n): a. experimental study b. quantitative study c. qualitative study d. exploratory study
b. quantitative study
If a study has an intervention but no randomization, in which group of study designs does it belong? a. experiemntal b. quasi-experimental c. descriptive d. observational e. cross sectional
b. quasi-experimental
Which type of review article is more rigorous? a. narrative review b. systematic review c. primary review article d. A and B
b. systematic review
In linear regression, the higher the level of the beta coefficient: a. the less the independent variable affects the dependent variable b. the more the independent variables affects the dependent variable c. the better the covariates are controlled d. the higher the R-squared
b. the more the independent variables affects the dependent variable
Which of the following is NOT a conflict of interest and does not need to be disclosed/acknowledged? Select one: a. A dietitian who owns stock in a vitamin company and is the study coordinator for a clinical trial of another vitamin b. A dietitian who only writes up results of studies that show what s/he predicted c. A dietitian who covers the oncology unit recruiting patients for a study in the diabetes clinic d. A dietitian who thinks that patients of a lower socioeconomic status will not attend their appointments in which five follow up visits are required
c. A dietitian who covers the oncology unit recruiting patients for a study in the diabetes clinic
Which of the following identified these three ethics principles as relevant to human subjects research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice? Select one: a. Nuremberg Code b. Declaration of Helsinki c. Belmont Report d. HHS regulations Title 45
c. Belmont Report
Which of the following is a source of original research? a. Today's Dietitian b. FoodService Director c. International Journal on Obesity d. Washington Post
c. International Journal on Obesity
Which of the following is an example of research, as defined by the federal regulations? Select one: a. Providing education on a diabetic diet to a patient newly diagnosed with diabetes b. Tracking the number of patients newly diagnosed with diabetes who receive initial diet education each month c. Surveying newly diagnosed patients who receive diet education about what information was helpful to them to design a new program and publish it in a journal d. Assessing the blood sugar levels of a diabetic patient prior to outpatient education e. All of the above
c. Surveying newly diagnosed patients who receive diet education about what information was helpful to them to design a new program and publish it in a journal
Which type of study is more likely to use animals? a. qualitative b. applied c. basic d. action
c. basic
A statement of the problem: a. is the same as a research question b. includes a hypothesis c. explains the context for why research is needed d. includes the research design
c. explains the context for why research is needed
The number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period is: a. point prevalence b. period prevalence c. incidence d. relative risk e. odds ratio
c. incidence
Utilities and telephone are considered __________ costs. Select one: a. local b. direct c. indirect d. non-reimbursable
c. indirect
In an associative hypothesis, one variable: Select one: a. causes the other variable b. confounds the independent variable c. is correlated with another variable d. is multidirectional
c. is correlated with another variable
A study that uses focus groups and in-depth interviews with participants is likely to be a(n): a. experimental study b. quantitative study c. qualitative study d. analytic study
c. qualitative study
The weakest form of sampling is: Select one: a. random sampling network sampling b.random sampling c. convenience sampling d. quota sampling
convenience sampling
The most commonly used alpha level in nutrition research is: Select one: a. 0.001 b. 0.0001 c. 0.005 d. 0.05 e. 0.80
d. 0.05
Inferential statistical tests are used to: Select one: a. make assumptions about the population b. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups c. determine whether results occurred by chance d. All of the above e. None of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following does NOT include a human subject according for federal definitions? a. Teaching a one hour session on MyPlate; then observing individuals eat lunch in the cafeteria and recording their choices b. Asking participants what they like to eat in the cafeteria in order to publish new recommendations on nutritious choices in workplace cafeterias c. Identifying employee weights for insurance applications d. Examine NHANES data to see what nutrients 30-40 year olds consume
d. Examine NHANES data to see what nutrients 30-40 year olds consume
The correlation coefficient tells you about: a. the direction of the relationship b. the strength of the relationship c. whether the independent variable caused the dependent variable to change d. a and b only e. a,b, and c
d. a and b only
Zotero is an example of a: Select one: a. database b. library service c. style manual d. citation management tool e. grant tutorial website
d. citation management tool
A study design that is used to gather information about how much Ca+ Americans are taking in each day would most likely be a: a. clinical trial b. comparative design c. analytic cross sectional design d. descriptive cross-sectional design e. none of the above
d. descriptive cross-sectional design
The best way to find out about federal grants is at: Select one: a. nih.gov b. CDC.gov c. fastlane.gov d. grants.gov
d. grants.gov
A researcher's judgement on a research topic is biased because he/she has a strong attachment to a specific point of view. Which type of conflict is this? Select one: a. financial conflict b. personal conflict c. conflict of commitment d. intellectual conflict
d. intellectual conflict
In regression, the independent variable may also be referred to as the: a. response b. outcome c. disease d. predictor e. case
d. predictor
Which of the following is an example of secondary research? a. original research b. editorial c. commentary d. review articles
d. review articles
Dividing the accessible population into groups and then using simple random sampling for each group is which type of sampling? Select one: a. systematic random sampling b. strategic random sampling c. cluster random sampling d. stratified random sampling
d. stratified random sampling
Qualitative research is most likely to have what type of research purpose? a. explore b. describe c. analyze d. predict e. A and B
e. A and B
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher: Select one: a. committed a type I error b. committed a type II error c. obtained significant results d. obtained nonsignificant results e. A and D
e. A and D
Grant proposals are often rejected when: Select one: a. the proposal was not a good fit for the funder b. the proposal was not complete c. the problem was not that important d. the research design was not appropriate e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The Common Rule states that there are specific kinds of research that do not need oversight by an IRB. Which of the following is an example of research that would be exempt from IRB oversight according to the Common Rule? Select one: a. Research in established educational settings b. Research involving surveys, interviews, or observation of public behavior if subjects cannot be identified c. Analysis of previously collected data in a manner that the subjects cannot be identified d. Consumer acceptance, taste, and food quality studies e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following have policies related to research ethics? a. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services b. Research universities c. Research hospitals d. Professional associations e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following items are required to be covered in the informed consent process? Select one: a. Purpose of research b. Statement that research is voluntary c. Explanation of how confidentiality will be maintained d. Potential for injury or discomfort from testing e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Your research question should be: Select one: a. neither too broad nor too narrow b. based on a problem statement c. relevant d. important e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Extraneous variables that come up often in nutrition research is/are: Select one: a. age b. gender c. education level d. severity of disease e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In epidemiology, the term "exposure" can mean: a. a risk factor b. a dosing of a drug c. a vaccination d. a certain dietary pattern e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following is an example of gray literature? a. dissertations b. books c. technical reports from the CDC d. published abstracts from a scientific meeting e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of these are threats to internal validity? Select one: a. maturation b. selection c. history d. testing e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate statistical test. Choose from Chi-Square, t test, Pearson's r, Multiple Regression, and ANOVA. Has independent and paired variations
t test
