Research methods test 2
A p value < .05 indicates that the probability that the difference is due to chance alone is less than: a. 1 in 5 b. 1 in 20 c. 1 in 100 d 1 in 1000
1 in 20
The incidence of stroke with statin therapy is 4% and with placebo is 6%. The absolute risk reduction with statin therapy is: a. 2% b. 4% c. 6% d. 10%
2 %
Which is a statistically significant finding? The risk of GI bleed associated with aspirin therapy is reported as: a. 1.5 [95%CI 0.91 - 1.90] b. 1.9 [95%CI 0.85 - 2.55] c. 2.2 [95% CI 1.95 - 2.50] d. 2.3 [95% CI 0.99 - 3.50]
2.2 (95% CI 1.955-2.50)
Beta is usually set at: a. 5% (.05) b. 20% (.2) c. 80% (.8) d. 95% (.95)
20%
Adequate study power is usually set at: a. 5% (.05) b. 20% (.2) c. 80% (.8) d. 95% (.95
80%
Which statement regarding relative risk ratio is true? A relative risk < 1 indicates a positive association between treatment and outcome. A relative risk > 1 indicates a negative association between treatment and outcome. A relative risk ratio of 1 indicates no association between treatment and outcome.
A relative risk ratio of 1 indicates no association between treatment and outcome.
A survey researcher reports her Likert scale data (ordinal data) as means. Which type of statistical test makes most sense to use? a. A Spearman's correlational test b. A two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc analysis c. A Wilcoxon Rank Sum (Man Whitney U) test d. An independent samples, two-tailed Student's t-test
A wilcoxon rank sum (man whitney U) test
Data reported as means from 4 different study arms must be compared. Which type of statistical test should be used to determine if a statistically significant difference between these means exists? ANOVA Chi square Pearson's correlation Simple linear regression analysis t-test
ANOVA
We wish to evaluate sutdents' progress relevant to statistical knowledge by comparing scores on three different assessments, a pre-test, a mid-term test and a post-course test. Which statistical test is best to use to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
ANOVA
Which type of study requires post-hoc analysis to determine where differences between multiple means lie? Fisher's exact test Mann Whitney U test Wilcoxon matched pairs test ANOVA
ANOVA
A new drug study is funded by a pharmaceutical manufacturer (drug company). Which of the following are potential sources of bias in funded research? a. analysis bias - if the researchers are not blind to group allocation b. interpretation bias - if the researchers are paid by the manufacturer c. publishing bias - if the results are not favorable and the manufacturer decides not to pursue publication d. all of the above
All of the above
The probability of a type 1 error is the same thing as:
Alpha
"Pharmacists who were Catholic were less likely to feel comfortable selling emergency contraception type birth control, r = 0.781." Which statistical test was most likely used to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
Correlation test
Taller, heavier individuals tend to ingest more calories than smaller, thinner individuals. Which statistical test was most likely used to analyze these data? analysis of variance (ANOVA) Chi-square test (X2 test) Correlation test Regressional analysis t-test (student's t-test)
Correlation test
We wish to determine if having grammar errors and typos on applicant's resumes and cover letters are associated with getting an interview and being hired. Which statistical test is best to use to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
Correlation test
Which of the following curves will have a greater variance? Curve A, SD = 1 Curve B, SD = 2 Curve C, SD = 3
Curve C, SD = 3
Which statement best explains the purpose of ANOVA post-hoc analysis? a. Detect statistically significant differences that the ANOVA missed. b. Determine between which groups the statistically significant differences occur. c. Determine if the data are normally distributed or not. d. Improve the power of the study (beta).
Determine between which groups the statistically significant differences occur
In addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data, it is also important to know about the strength of the relationship between your variables, which is called: Effect size Power Probability NOT Significance
Effect size
You wish to identify factors associated with student clinical performance. You decide to assess GPA and past healthcare experience as possible influencing factors. In this scenario: NOT clinical performance is an independent variable and past healthcare experience is the dependent variable. GPA is an independent variable and clinical performance is the dependent variable. past healthcare experience is an independent variable and GPA is the dependent variable.
GPA is an independent variable and clinical performance is the dependent variable
The variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is the: a. constant variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. random variable
Independent variable
A researcher reports his quality of life data as means. What type of statistical test makes most sense to analyize these ordinal data? ANOVA Independent samples t-test Mann-Whitney U / Wilcoxon Rank Sum NOT Pearson's correlation coefficient
Mann Whitney U/ Wilcoxon rank sum
A t-test attempts to detect differences between two groups when data are presented as: a. Percentanges b. Means c. Ranges d. Mode
Means
An ANOVA compares differences between: NOT percentages (%) means ranges modes
Means
The middle observation when observed values are ranked from smallest to largest a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard deviation e. t-test (student's t-test)
Median
The point at which half the scores fall above this number and half the scores below this number: a. mean b. median c. mode d. quartiles e. standard deviation
Median
The point at which half the scores fall above this number and half the scores below this number: a. mean b. median c. mode d. quartiles e. standard deviation
Median
Most commonly occurring observed value: mean median mode standard deviation
Mode
Most commonly occurring observed value: a. Mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation
Mode
The most frequent score in a distribution is called the: mean median mode quartiles standard deviation
Mode
The most frequent score in a distribution is called the: a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Quartiles e. Standard deviation
Mode
If the distribution of exam scores has a negative skew, most likely it means that a. most people did well b. most people did poorly
Most people did well
The most independent predictive factors of heart attack were prior heart attack, ischemic stroke, family history of heart attack before age 50 and smoking. Which type of statistical test did the researchers most likely use to support this study conclusion? ANOVA Multiple regression analysis Pearson's correlation NOT Simple linear regression analysis Spearman's correlation
Multiple regression analysis
Numeric value is used simply for identification and does not indicate amount. nominal ordinal interval ratio
Nominal
Select the type of data: political affiliation a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio/interval
Nominal
Select the type of data: race a. nominal b. ordinal c. ratio / interval
Nominal
Select the type of data: whether or not patients have a history of diabetes nominal ordinal ratio / interval
Nominal
Select the type of data: whether or not patients have a history of diabetes: a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio/interval
Nominal
Non-parametric data include: Interval and ratio data Nominal and ordinal data
Nominal and ordinal data
Select the type of data: Likert scale data a. Nominal (NO) b. ordinal c. ratio / interval
Ordinal
Select the type of data: pain scale a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio/interval
Ordinal
Select the type of data: quartile (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) a. nominal b. ordinal c. ratio / interval
Ordinal
The alpha is most closely related to: a. p value b. beta c. power d. r value
P value
The probability of rolling a 6 with a single die is: P = 1/2 P = 1/6 P = 2/6 P = 6/6
P= 1/6
The Bonferonni test is used to: Compare Likert scale data Perform post-hoc analysis following an ANOVA measure correlations between two data points determine the line of best fit in a regression analysis
Perform post hoc analysis following an ANOVA
Students who do the practice questions will have higher test scores than those who do not. Practice questions are the independent variable and students are the dependent variable. Practice questions are the independent variable and test scores are the dependent variable. Students are the independent variable and practice questions are the dependent variable. Test scores are the independent variable and practice questions are the dependent variable.
Practice questions are the independent variable and test scores are the dependent variable.
Students who do the practice questions will have higher test scores than those who do not. a. Practice questions are the independent variable and students are the dependent variable. b. Practice questions are the independent variable and test scores are the dependent variable. c. Students are the independent variable and practice questions are the dependent variable. d. Test scores are the independent variable and practice questions are the dependent variable.
Practice questions re the independent variable and test scores are the dependent variable
The alpha is best defined as: a. Probability of concluding there is a difference when there really is no difference (making a type I error). b. Probability of concluding there is NO difference when a difference actually exists (making a type II error).
Probability of concluding there is a difference when there really is no difference (making a type one error)
When data are divided into four equal parts: a. mean b. median c. mode d. quartiles e. standard deviation
Quartiles
Which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest positive relationship? a. r = .233 b. r = .331 c. r = .512 d. r = .789
R= .789
Each data point indicates an actual amount, there is an equal unit of measurement, and there is a true zero. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio
Ratio
Select the type of data: age a. Nominal b. ordinal c. ratio / interval
Ratio/interval
Select the type of data: cost of therapy a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio/interval
Ratio/interval
BNP levels (a lab blood indicator) can be used to predict length of a hospital say due to severe CHF. Which statistical test is likely used to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
Regression analysis
The staging of one's cancer (Grade I, II, III, and IV) predicts long-term survival. Which statistical test was most likely used to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
Regression analysis
This type of statistical test can be used to predict the dependent variable: a. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis b. Odds ratio c. Pearson's correlation d. Regression analysis e. Wilcoxon matched pairs rank test
Regression analysis
What type of statistical test must be used in order to draw the conclusion that one variable can predict another variable? a. Chi square b. correlational tests c. regression analysis d. ANOVA
Regression analysis
If your results are statistically significant, you will... a. Accept the null hypothesis b. Reject the null hypothesis
Reject the null hypothesis
A distribution has a positive skew if data are skewed to the ________; in other words the tail to the ________ is longer. a. right b. left
Right
This type of statistical test can detect the presence of statistically significant correlations and direction of change only. Absolute risk Fixed-effects model one-way ANOVA Regression analysis Spearman's correlation
Spearmans correlation
The ______________ test was used to examine the correlation between the quality of life questionnaire and level of physical activity a. Multiple regression analysis b. Student t-test c. Simple logistic regression analysis d. Spearman's rank correlation e. Risk ratio
Spearmans rank correlation
The distribution around the mean is the: a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard deviation
Standard deviation
It is well established that people who stop smoking have lower rates of lung cancer than smokers. A study measures the effectiveness of hypnosis in helping people to stop smoking. The researchers conclude that this hypnosis reduces the rate of lung cancer. In this scenario, smoking cessation would bea a. confounding variable b. independent variable (NO) c. source of bias d. surrogate marker
Surrogate marker
"There was a statistically significant increase in the average number of medications prescribed before admission to the hospital as compared to after admission." Which statistical test was most likely used to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
T test
A long-term care facility director wishes to determine whether the mean times to complete a task varies between four levels of training. Which statistical test is best to use to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
T test
We wish to compare mean salaries among nurse practitioners trained at the master's vs. doctoral level. Which statistical test is best to use to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
T tests
You are reviewing data reported as risk ratios followed by a 95% confidence interval. How can you tell if the data are statistically significant? a. The 95% confidence interval is reported, so data are statistically significant. b. The reported risk ratio falls within the 95% confidence interval. c. The 95% confidence interval does not contain 1. d. The 95% confidence interval does not contain 0.
The 95% confidence interval does NOT contain 1
You are measuring the effectiveness of a medication in treating diabetes as measured through HgA1c. Which statement is true? a. The medication is the dependent variable and HgA1c is the independent variable b. The medication is the independent variable and HgA1c is the dependent variable
The medication is the IV and HgA1c is the dependent variable
A good meta-analysis always starts with a thorough, systematic review of the published literature: true False
True
A pre/post test would be considered a within subjects design or related samples: true false
True
Ideally, subgroup analysis should be defined before a study starts. True False
True
Ideally, subgroup analysis should be defined before a study starts: true False
True
Independent samples of two unrelated groups are also called between subjects design. True False
True
It is considered scientifically acceptable to remove data outliers. a. True b. False
True
Which of these is a commonly used post-hoc comparison test used with the ANOVA a. Kruskal Wallis b. Lavene's test for equality c. McNemar d. Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test
Turkey's honestly significant difference test
This test would be used instead of a t-test to compare means between two independent groups when those data are ordinal or non-parametric? a. Chi-square (NO) b. Wilcoxon Rank Sum (Mann Whitney U) c. Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Rank d. ANOVA
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann whitney U)
"Probability refers to the likelihood that a certain event" a. could be a type II error b. could have arisen by chance (NO) c. was fully controlled d. will or will not occur relative to all possible related events
Will or will not occur relative to all possible related events
A researcher wants to compare the scores of two tests. The scores are for two different tests but the same participant took both Test A and Test B. The researcher wants to compare how the participant changed (or stayed the same) between the tests; thus, the participant would be his/her own control. Which of the following tests would be most appropriate to evaluate scores between the two tests? a. Between subjects t-test b. Within subjects t-test c. Without subjects t-test d. None of the above
Within subjects T test
A researcher wants to compare the scores of two tests. The scores are for two different tests but the same participant took both Test A and Test B. The researcher wants to compare how the participant changed (or stayed the same) between the tests; thus, the participant would be his/her own control. Which of the following tests would be most appropriate to evaluate scores between the two tests? Between subjects t-test Within subjects t-test Without subjects t-test None of the above
Within subjects t-test
The NNT for primary prevention of coronary disease for aspirin is 500. This means:
for every 500 people treated with aspirin, 1 heart attack will be prevented.
The power of a study can be increased by: increasing the quantity of patient characteristics collected increasing the number of dependent variables increasing the number of researchers analyzing the data increasing the sample size
increasing the sample size
A distribution has a negative skew if data are skewed to the _______; if the tail to the __________ is longer. a. Right b. Left
left
Calculated by taking the sum of the data divided by the total number of data points: mean median mode quartiles standard deviation
mean
The sum of all scores in a sample of a population divided by the number of scores is known as the: a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard deviation
mean
The midpoint or midscore in a set of numbers is called the: a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Quartiles e. Standard deviation
median
In general, which is or which indicates greater precision of the reported results? a. Narrow confidence interval b. Wide confidence interval
narrow confidence interval
Select the type of data: pain scale NOT nominal ordinal ratio / interval
ordinal
The beta is most closely related to: a. p value b. r value c. degrees of freedom d. power
power
You are measuring changes in knowledge scores before and after viewing of an educational module. Your samples can be described as: a. Independent samples b. Related samples
related samples
A researcher wants to compare the percentage of male and female nurse survey respondents to the actual percentage of male and female nurses in the population. Which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate to evaluate ratios of gender distribution? a. ANOVA b. chi-square test c. correlation d. t-test
Chi squared test
Which statistical test is most likely to used to compare the percentage of patients who died vs did not die in a study? a. ANOVA b. Chi-square test c. Pearson's correlation d. Regression analysis e. Student's t-test
Chi squared test
Which test should be used to compare mean exam score between two different groups of students? a. A Spearman's correlational test b. A two-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc analysis c. A Wilcoxon Rank Sum (Man Whitney U) test d. An independent samples, two-tailed Student's t-test
An independent samples, two tailed students t test
We wish to compare salaries among physician assistants working in surgery, cardiology, orthopedics, dermatology, and trauma care. Which statistical test is best to use to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Correlation test d. Regressional analysis e. t-test (student's t-test)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Several data comparisons are reported in a table. Assuming the typical critical alpha is used, which of the following would be considered statistically significant? a. p < .001 b. p = .023 c. p = .049 d. p = .501 e. p = .620 f. answers A & B are statistically significant g. answers A, B, & C are statistically significant h. answers A, B, C, D, & E are statistically significant
Answers A B and C are statistically significiant
The probability of a type 2 error is the same thing as:
Beta
We wish to determine if differences between male and female voting preference exist. Which statistical test is best to use to analyze these data? a. analysis of variance (ANOVA) b. Chi-square test (X2 test) c. Regressional analysis d. t-test (student's t-test)
Chi square test
Which statistical test is most likely used to compare the percentage of patietns who died vs. did not die in a study? a. ANOVA b. Chi-square test c. Pearson's correlation d. Regression analysis e. Student's t-test
Chi squared test
Which best describes he meaning of a 95% confidence interval? a. The true population value is within 95% of the calculated value. b. We are 95% confident that the calculated odds ratio is accurate. c. We are 95% confident that the true population value lies within interval. d. We are 95% confident we will not make a type I error. e. We are 95% confident we will not make a type II error.
We are 95% confident that the true population value lies within interval
This test would be used instead of a dependent or related samples t-test when you are comparing two means for ordinal or non-parametric data: a. Wilcoxon Rank Sum (Mann Whitney U) b. Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Rank c. Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test d. Multiple regression analysis
Wilcoxon matched pairs rank
