Research Pscyh Exam 3

Dr. Copeland noted the following results in her manuscript: F(3, 116) = .80, p = .01, eta2 = .27. Which of the following numbers represents the significance level in this result write-up?

.01

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the significant level?

.03

Dr. Nixon noted the following results: χ2(6, N= 422) = 10.72, p = .001, = .20. Which of the following numbers represents the effect size in this results write-up?

.20

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions (e.g., tree nut allergy, gluten allergy, peanut allergy, no food allergies) and whether the participants liked the taste of vegan/tree nut-free/wheat-free carrot cake, sunflower butter wheat-free cookies, or fudge wheat-free brownies. As expected, participants liked the sunflower butter wheat-free cookies more in some conditions than others (χ2(3, N= 60) = 10.72, p = .002). Those in the gluten allergy condition were more likely to endorse the sunflower butter wheat-free cookies than those in the other conditions, (χ2(3, N= 60) = 10.09, p = <.001). = .30). Based on this information, what is the chi-square score for those in the gluten allergy condition compared with others for this study?

10.09

Dr. McGee plans to use a between-subjects design for examining specific phobias. Dr. McGee's study has three different phobia conditions. Dr. McGee would ideally need a minimum of _____ to attain appropriate statistical power for his study.

90 participants total

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the standard deviation for the spider fear condition?

4.20

Dr. Warren just completed a study examining specific phobias experienced by adults. One measure Dr. Warren used was a self-report measure of experienced phobias. Dr. Warren should calculate the _____ of this measure before completing any statistical analyses to test his hypothesis.

Cronbach's alpha

Which of the following would be helpful in reducing the chance of hypothesis-guessing on a measure?

Include distractor questions to help divert attention from the true purpose of the study.

Which of the following is an advantage of within-subjects designs? Maturation cannot occur. Mortality does not occur. Individual differences remain constant across comparison groups. There are no testing effects.

Individual differences remain constant across comparison groups.

Why is a repeated-measures design considered a within-subjects design?

Participants are measured on the dependent variable after exposure to each level of the independent variable.

Why is a longitudinal design considered a within-subjects design?

Participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding repeated-measures research designs? Repeated-measures designs are considered within-subjects designs. Repeated-measures designs are considered between-subjects designs. Repeated-measures designs are considered counterbalanced designs. Repeated-measures designs are considered mixed factorial designs.

Repeated-measures designs are considered within-subjects designs.

_____ is a German word meaning "enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others."

Schadenfreude

Freda just purchased a new horse named "Lightning" to use in rodeo competition. Freda needs to gather information regarding Lightning's initial skills and speed prior to implementing training strategies. Freda is gathering information for a:

baseline measurements

Dr. Kline emphasized to his research methods class that when conducting a pretest-posttest design it is very important to obtain baseline measurements:

before any intervention or experimental manipulation has been implemented.

Sabrina has been experiencing frequent migraines. Both Sabrina and her doctor are unable to determine potential triggers for her migraines. Sabrina's doctor suggests that she collect a variety of data points including mood, physical activity, environment, and time, among others. Sabrina was also asked to record in real time whether or not she experiences a migraine each day and describe the related symptoms. Sabrina's doctor is requesting the use of a:

behavioral diary.

Kyle is examining the allergy effects of different brands of women's perfume. He has collected 40 people for each of the perfume conditions and has approximately 300 participants among the conditions. Kyle has set up his study to use a:

between-subjects design

Extra credit for participation in research studies on college campuses is very common. Dr. Lawrence carried out several studies earlier in the year that helped develop the current studies she is conducting. Many of the participants in her current study were a part of the studies earlier in the year. She was very surprised to see how enthusiastic participants were in current assessment. It appears that exposure to the previous assessment changed the participants reaction to the current assessment. This is most likely due to:

carryover effects

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by instrumentation?

changes in how a variable is measured during the course of the study

Dr. Wadsworth used census data to estimate the number of individuals who would meet criteria for participation in his study. Dr. Wadsworth is examining both single-parent and two-parent families receiving federal assistance. One group includes single-parents currently seeking higher education and the other group includes two-parent households receiving federal assistance with either parent currently seeking higher education. Dr. Wadsworth expects 54 males and 72 females in his single-parent family group and 32 males and 44 females in his two-parent family group. After data collection is complete Dr. Wadsworth wants to make sure the distribution is not significantly different among the groups. Dr. Wadsworth needs to conduct a(n):

chi-square test of independence.

_____ is a statistic that is computed in an effort to provide insight regarding the internal consistency reliability of a scale for a given sample.

chronbach's alpha

Dr. Gibson has developed an electronic watch that syncs to your smartphone. One of the watch's capabilities is the ability for individuals to log information relative to their behavioral diaries. This allows individuals to record their behaviors:

concurrently as the behavior or event occurs.

Dr. Primrose is studying sleep disturbances among young adults and conducts experiments at different times during the night for each patient and monitors their sleep patterns at different points in their sleep cycles. Without realizing it, Dr. Primrose has introduced:

confounds

Dr. Henries decided that it would be too difficult and costly to assess all bilingual students among three states receiving federal funding for bilingual studies. Dr. Henries serves as an advisor to the bilingual club on campus as well as advisor to the foreign-language students. Dr. Henries's most cost efficient and timely option for sampling would be:

convenience sampling

Dr. Tran has 15 participants start with condition B, 15 participants start with condition A, and 15 participants start with condition C. All participants are eventually exposed to all conditions. This is an example of:

counterbalancing

One possible solution to order effects is to expose participants to all possible treatment conditions and then randomly assign participants to each one of these different sequences. This is referred to as:

counterbalancing

Typically, following the completion of a study, participants are _____ regarding the true purpose of the study.

debriefed

Professor Alvarado is reviewing with students for an upcoming exam. He is testing them on the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement designs. All of the following would be noted as advantages for behavioral diaries, EXCEPT: real-time data collection. concurrent data collection. demand characteristics. the reduction of retrospective bias.

demand characteristics.

What can be gained from examining pretest and posttest data?

determining the impact of the treatment or manipulation on participants

Unlike within-subjects designs, between-subjects designs use:

different participants

It is very common for manipulation check questions to be embedded within the _____ on a questionnaire.

distractor items

Monique and Ramon were both randomly assigned to a group as part of an extra credit research study for their sociology class. Monique had to drink 5 cups of coffee before completing a brief knowledge quiz. Ramon was asked to only complete the brief knowledge quiz. Ramon was likely assigned to the:

empty control group

Participants reported at 6:00 AM to the research lab for extra credit participation in a research study. Participants stayed in the research lab until 10:00 PM with only two 15-minute breaks. The researchers should be most concerned with:

fatigue effects

Physical activity research has become more popular over the years. One researcher wanted to examine cognitive abilities at different points in a triathlon competition. He had 10 different participants that he and his assistants monitored during the swimming, biking, and running portions of the triathlon. The total time to completion was approximately 12 hours. The researcher should be most concerned with _____ when reviewing his data.

fatigue effects

Dr. Harmon is interested in examining the association between footwear preferences and socioeconomic status among young children, older children, adolescents, young adults, and older adults. The identified footwear preferences are categorized as: sneakers, flip-fops, slip-ons, high-heels, and boots. Dr. Harmon is likely to find which type of relationship when examining her data?

functional relationship

Dr. Al-Jamil studies the relations among political affiliations, personality traits, educational attainment, and financial wealth. She recruited participants in the local area between the ages of 25 years and 55 years. During Dr. Al-Jamil's study the United States economy crashed and the dollar lost most of its value. This created a huge economic change for the entire country. What should Dr. Al-Jamil be most concerned with when reviewing her data prior to the crash and after the crash?

history

Dr. Yukihara conducted an attention task study on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday this week. The same participants attended each of the study workshops. During the Wednesday workshop the fire alarm was set off and all occupants had to vacate the building for 30 minutes. What should Dr. Yukihara be most concerned with?

history

Which would be the most likely threat to internal validity for adults' anxiety and depression scores during the decade of 1929-1939, known for the Great Depression?

history

Which would be the most likely threat to internal validity for children's depression scores on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day?

history

The sensitization effect increases the likelihood of:

hypothesis guessing

When inputting data into statistical software it is important to ensure that the appropriate data is being placed in the correct cells. Dr. Lure's research assistant is unsure of where to place the following value notations: 1 = control group, 2 = stimulant medication, 3 = depressant medication. How should the research assistant include this information?

in a column representing the independent variable

The key difference between the use of behavioral diaries and naturalistic observations in research is that:

in naturalistic observations the observer is recording the target person's behavior.

Ricardo develops a research study to help answer his research question: Do individuals in the northeast part of the United States have a different dialect than individuals in the southern part of the United States? He randomly assigns participants into groups from Louisiana and Mississippi as well as from Maine and New Hampshire. He is interested in studying their dialects. Half of the participants are randomly assigned to the personal interview condition and the other half is randomly assigned to the pre-recorded message condition. Participants in the pre-recorded message condition read and record a preselected passage three times. Ricardo then codes their dialects based on a coding system and has two other researchers code the dialects as well. Based on this information which of the following would be considered the independent variable (IV)?

interview condition

Sophie's thesis study is focused on participants' retrospective accounts about happy and sad events in their lives, as well as current events identified as happy and sad. One way in which Sophie plans to control for retrospective bias in the participants' current experiences is to have these participants:

keep a behavior diary

Which of the following is NOT a solution to the threat of fatigue?

lengthening time between treatments

In a _____ participants are repeatedly measured on the dependent variable over time.

longitudinal design

Forty 9-year-olds were studied for 3 years and their attention to tasks and reading comprehension were assessed every month. The researchers implemented an academic program and detail-to-task program for each child over the course of the 3 years. The researchers published a paper noting that there were tremendous increases in attention to detail and reading comprehension from when the child was 9 years old to when the child was 12 years old. Researchers need to be careful claiming credit for this change because _____ may also account for the change.

maturation

Dr. Pullman had an overwhelming number of freshmen sign up for his study once he offered extra credit. He was asking students to be hooked up to an EEG machine as well as to experience a low-voltage shock when they answered questions incorrectly. The participants had to return to the lab on three occasions in order to gain enough data to answer Dr. Pullman's hypotheses. After the first full round of participation, Dr. Pullman was told by the administration that he could not offer extra credit for participation in his experiment, so he had to remove the offer of extra credit. What should Dr. Pullman be concerned with?

mortality

Families signed up to have their child be a part of a new social skills group that was starting up at the local community center. These families all have a child with an autism spectrum disorder and that child has difficulty initiating and maintaining social interaction with peers. The families are told by the clinician that the program is 6 weeks long and has helped many children improve their social skills. The group meets four times a week for 2-hour sessions. After the first week some of the families did not see improvement and the families got together to discuss whether this program was worth the effort and time. What should the program developers be more concerned with?

mortality

Mr. McGrew is interested in the various types of butterflies throughout the United States. He is most interested in the differences in flying patterns among butterflies with origins in New England, the gulf states, the midwestern states, and the western states. Mr. McGrew randomly selects butterflies from each area and introduces small temperature changes to their habitat. Mr. McGrew is using a:

multigroup design

The process of using behavioral diaries is similar to which other type of research design?

naturalistic observation

The variable must be _____ in order to conduct a chi-square test of independence.

nominal

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence of steps in carrying out a study? complete dependent measures, obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation, complete dependent measures proceed with manipulation, obtain informed consent, complete dependent measures complete dependent measures, proceed with manipulation, obtain informed consent

obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation, complete dependent measures

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence of steps in carrying out a study? proceed with manipulation, obtain informed consent, complete dependent measures complete dependent measures, obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation, complete dependent measures complete dependent measures, proceed with manipulation, obtain informed consent

obtain informed consent, proceed with manipulation, complete dependent measures

Beck randomly assigned 60 participants to describe a positive childhood memory, a negative childhood memory, or a neutral childhood memory and then complete a mood questionnaire. Beck wants the overall differences between groups. Which statistic is appropriate to use?

one way ANOVA test

A 2011 study examined the relationship between daily temperature changes and belief in global warming across participants in the United States and Australia. The study found that:

participants across the United States and Australia reported greater concern of global warming on days that were warmer.

In the "bug-killing paradigm" researchers found that:

participants were more likely to kill the bugs after they had killed one.

In a 2010 study examining mediated voyeurism and the guilty pleasure of consuming reality television, researchers found that:

participants who gained more pleasure from voyeurism preferred watching reality TV compared with those who did not gain pleasure from voyeurism.

Which of the following best addresses the nature of the threat to internal validity that is caused by testing effects?

participants' scores changing on subsequent measurements simply because of their increased familiarity

Carmina was developing a study for her introduction to research course and wanted to use a multigroup design. Based on her research question she needs to include a group in which participants believe they are getting some treatment, but in fact are not receiving any treatment. Carmina is considering using a:

placebo group

Dr. Crouse made specific predictions in the development phase of his study regarding which comparisons between conditions would yield significant results. Dr. Crouse conducted _____ to produce such data.

planned contrasts

Dr. Castillo is interested in examining all possible combinations of conditions in his study examining obedience to authority for different generations. His initial analyses yielded significant results. Dr. Castillo is interested in:

post-hoc analysis

Dr. Hsu conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining digestive reaction to the smell of food and watching food preparation. Dr. Hsu had multiple experimental conditions. Dr. Hsu's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results, but the analysis was not able to tell him where the specific differences existed. Dr. Hsu will need to follow-up with which analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions?

post-hoc analysis

Dr. Bauer is concerned that the changes in his participants' responses are due to their exposure to the sleep induction instrument and have nothing to do with their actual sleep disorder. Dr. Bauer is concerned about:

practice effects

Dr. Okete wants to collect baseline data from her sociology students regarding knowledge of local cultures and then assess the students at multiple points throughout the academic year after each academic module has been completed. Dr. Okete is conducting a:

pretest-posttest design.

Which of the following is noted as a key to minimizing systematic differences between multigroup design conditions before a study begins?

random assignment

Which of the following is noted as a key to minimizing systematic differences between multigroup design conditions before a study begins? cluster sampling removal of covariates random assignment repeated measure design

random assignment

Dr. Klein implemented a study examining sleep patterns and mood in various environments. Participants in his study were asked to sleep in six distinct conditions: room temperature between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 61 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 71 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 81 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit; room temperature between 91 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and room temperature between 101 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit. Dr. Klein immediately began collecting data during the first experimental condition and continued to assess participants' sleep patterns and subsequent mood for each temperature condition. Dr. Klein is conducting a:

repeated measures design

Coach Hardy tracks his swimmers' speed and distance after using various coaching techniques. Coach Hardy records how fast each swimmer is and how far they swam after he provides praise, after he provides negative feedback, and after he provides a "prize." Coach Hardy has set up the framework for a research study with which type of design?

repeated-measures design

Dr. Gustaf is known for his research in romantic partnerships and physical attractiveness. He recently decided to develop a new research study in which he has couples in different stages of their relationships (just met, recently dating, long-term relationship, newly engaged, newly married, married for more than five years, married for more than 10 years) monitor how physically attracted they are to their partner after implementation of different relationship assignments. Each participant couple is studied through these relationship levels. Dr. Gustaf's research would best be addressed by using which type of design?

repeated-measures design

Rochelle wants to survey patients who were seen at the Emergency Room within the last five years to determine their level of satisfaction with services provided. However, Rochelle is hesitant to include patients from so long ago as their recollections may not be accurate. Rochelle is mainly concerned about:

retrospective bias

Abel is conducting a study examining the prevalence of skin cancer and decides to sample residents in Hollywood, California who frequent the "Tan a Day" tanning salon. Abel randomly selects participants from this sample, but Abel's study likely suffers from:

sample bias

Dr. Matthis was conducting a lecture on design methodology and was describing the type of data obtained from the use of behavioral diaries. Behavioral diaries' main use is for:

self-report data

Dr. Corely was studying individuals' ability to use available resources to solve various puzzles as a means to test cognitive flexibility. Dr. Corely realized that after participants had been exposed to the third experimental condition they were starting to catch on to the study's purpose. This is an example of:

sensitization effects

Dr. Rappaport is studying short-term memory and attention in relation to a simple and repetitive cognitive task. However, starting in the fifth hour of the 10-hour study he noticed that the participants were starting to yawn and take coffee breaks. Not only were the participants fatigued, but they also were jumpy due to the increased caffeine intake. What should Dr. Rappaport be concerned with?

testing effects and maturation

In a 2006 study examining cross-national comparisons of image associations among residents of the United States and the United Kingdom regarding images related to climate change and global warming found:

that global warming produced negative associations for both United Kingdom and United States residents.

The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used in the research study described in the chapter. The scale used 0 to 4 to range from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the scoring of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale?

the higher the score, the higher the self-esteem

Researchers are inclined to use multigroup designs because there are a number of advantages to such a paradigm. Each of the following is considered an advantage of multigroup design, EXCEPT:

the requirement to use collateral information and multiple methodological strategies.

Hasan reminds his research methods students that in all within-subjects research studies, _____ assessed at different times and in different experimental conditions.

the same participants are

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding pretest-posttest research designs?

they are considered within subject designs

Placebo groups are often used in multigroup designs because:

they help determine how much the participants' responses are due to their expectation rather than the treatment itself.

Dr. Lugo is lecturing on various statistical analyses in class. He notes the definition for a one-way analysis of variance as:

a statistical test that determines whether responses from the different conditions are essentially the same or whether the responses from at least one of the conditions differ from the others.

Which of the following best represents a study using methodological pluralism?

a study examining depressive symptoms through both self-report and behavioral observations

The results of a one-way ANOVA suggest that the participants' fear response was differentially impacted depending on their respective fear condition: spiders (M = 44; SD = 4.20), snakes (M = 62; SD = 7.1), and dogs (M = 21; SD = 2.20). There was a significant difference: F (2, 92) = .67, p = .03. Based on this information, what was the between-subjects degrees of freedom?

2

To determine if food allergies influence participants' taste palate, researchers conducted a chi-square test of independence between conditions (e.g., tree nut allergy, gluten allergy, peanut allergy, no food allergies) and whether the participants liked the taste of vegan/tree nut-free/wheat-free carrot cake, sunflower butter wheat-free cookies, or fudge wheat-free brownies. As expected, participants liked the sunflower butter wheat-free cookies more in some conditions than others (χ2(3, N= 60) = 10.72, p = .002). Those in the gluten allergy condition were more likely to endorse the sunflower butter wheat-free cookies than those in the other conditions, (χ2(3, N= 60) = 10.09, p = <.001). = .30). Based on this information, what was the number of participants in this study?

60

Benedict is interested in evaluating whether participants' anxiety scores significantly differ across the seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer). Benedict would use _____ to test this research question.

a repeated-measures analysis of variance

Which type of scale was used for the schadenfreude scale used in the study described throughout the chapter?

a scale from 1-5

Unlike pretest-posttest designs, repeated-measures designs do NOT include:

a baseline measurement

According to researchers, voyeurism refers to:

a desire to see what one is not supposed to.

Which of the following is a possible solution to a threat of internal validity?

using a comparison group not exposed to the treatment

Which of the following is the most accurate description of random assignment?

using a numbers table to generate a string of digits in order to determine which participants will be selected for each experimental condition

Leon has been struggling with the onset of early dementia. He is having a very hard time remembering his address, his grandchildren's names, and his daily routine. Leon was accepted into a clinical trial for a new drug to test its effectiveness compared with other medications on the market in slowing down the symptoms of dementia. Leon would transition to each medication group every 3 months. In each group Leon was initially assessed with periodic neurocognitive assessments to monitor any change. Leon was part of which type of research design?

within-subjects design

Which of the following is a results write-up for a chi-square test of independence?

χ2(3, N= 347) = 10.72, p = .001, = .30