Respiratory Lec
The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.
1
The respiratory membrane contains the alveolar epithelium, which is composed of an alveolar type ______ cell.
1
The right lung has ______ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi.
10; 8-10
The lungs contain approximately ______ alveoli.
300-400 million
Which characteristics are shared among all the bronchi?
A complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage. The epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller. The amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter.
Using the figure of pleural membranes, match the letter with the structure.
A visceral pleura B= pleural cavity C= parietal pleura
Using the picture of the medial surface of the lungs, match the letter with the structure.
A= pulmonary arteries B= hilum C= cardiac impression D= middle lobe E= base
In the figure, the diagram labeled ______ indicates the vertical changes that occur during exhalation.
B
In the figure, the diagram labeled ______ indicates what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during exhalation.
B
True or false: Lobar bronchi further divide into primary bronchi.
False
True or false: Overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis.
False
True or false: Primary bronchi have less cartilage than tertiary bronchi.
False
True or false: The circulation of blood to the alveoli and the walls of the bronchi is part of the same circuit.
False
______ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ______ when air passes by them and produces a ______ sound.
Increasing; more; higher
If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?
The elastic tissue of the lung.
The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?
The negative intrapleural pressure is relative to intrapulmonary pressure.
The smallest bronchioles contain no cartilage.
True
True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.
True
True or false: Smoking leaves deposits in the lung tissues altering the normal color.
True
True or false: The tracheotomy is one of the oldest surgical procedures in medicine.
True
A collapsed lung remains down until ______ has been removed from the pleural space.
air
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called
alveolar ducts
Dust cells are also called ______.
alveolar macrophages
The cells that engulf microorganisms or particulate material that have reached the alveoli are called ______.
alveolar macrophages
The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called
alveolar pores
The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated
alveolar sac
The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the ______.
alveolar type I cell
Bronchioles and ______ form the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway.
alveoli
The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called
alveoli
The trachea is ______ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and ______ to the primary bronchi.
anterior; inferior; superior
The presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called ______.
atelectasis
In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.
atmosphere; alveoli
The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm.
base
The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the
blood
The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced
breathing
Which arteries supply blood to the walls of the bronchi?
bronchial arteries
The ______ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.
bronchial tree
Select all the respiratory system structures innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
bronchial tree trachea lungs
Inflammation of the bronchi caused by a virus or bacterial infection is called
bronchitis
The main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is ______.
bronchodilation
The widening of a bronchiole diameter is
bronchodilation
The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote the diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the ______.
capillaries
The left lung has a medial surface indentation called the ______ that is formed by the heart.
cardiac impression
The left lung, being smaller than the right, has an anterior indentation called the ______.
cardiac notch
This type of bronchitis results from long-term exposure to irritants.
chronic
The trachea is lined with ______, which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed.
cilia
Alveolar pores provide ______.
collateral ventilation
During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and ______.
contracts; flattens
Which are the symptoms of asthma?
coughing shortness of breath wheezing
Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs.
depresses
Failure of the left ventricle may cause the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. This condition is known as pleural
effusion
During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs.
elevate
The external oblique is a muscle of forced ______.
expiration
Which events are associated with inhalation?
external intercostals contract diaphragm contracts sternum moves anteriorly
The breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. This is known as ______ breathing.
forced
Alveoli have a unique shape, best described as ______.
hexagonal
On the medial surface of each lung is an indented ____ through which a bronchus enters the lung.
hilum
The _____ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves pass through.
hilum
The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the ______ of each lung.
hilum
The ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.
horizontal; oblique
Incomplete rings of _______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.
hyaline
The type of cartilage found in the trachea is ______.
hyaline cartilage
The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions.
increase
Smoking results in which conditions?
increased risk of asthma increased risk of respiratory infections
When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, ____ occurs
inhalation
Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?
inhaled steroids allergy shots oral steroids
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.
inspiration
Which brings air into the alveoli?
inspiration
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases
inspiration expiration
Which activities are associated with exhalation?
internal intercostals contract diaphragm relaxes sternum moves posteriorly
The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the _____ pressure.
intrapleural
Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?
intrapulmonary pressure
Inflammation of the larynx is _______.
laryngitis
As air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the ______, the sound is produced.
larynx
In the respiratory system, sympathetic fibers innervate the lungs, bronchial tree, the trachea, and the
larynx
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm internal thoracic walls
The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _________ bronchi.
lobar
Each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many ______.
lobules
The feature of the voice that depends on the force of air passing across the vocal cords is _______ .
loudness volume
The feature of the voice that depends on the force of air passing across the vocal cords is ________.
loudness volume
Excess fluid is removed from the lungs via _____ vessels.
lymphatic lymph
The trachea descends through the neck into the ______ from the ______ to the main bronchi.
mediastinum; larynx
The fissure that separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung is the _____ fissure.
oblique
The frequency of sound waves is called _________ and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds.
pitch
Between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the
pleural cavity
Inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as
pleurisy
A condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity is called a
pneumothorax
A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun, or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition a
pneumothorax
Pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and ______.
prevent their collapse
The mucosa lining the trachea is made of what type of tissue?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 _____ segments.
pulmonary
Alveolar type II cells secrete
pulmonary surfactant
The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ______ and returns to the ______.
pulmonary veins; left atrium
The breathing pattern at rest is known as ____ breathing
quiet
Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles
relax
The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ____ bronchioles
respiratory
Which might require a tracheotomy?
respiratory disease difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury an upper airway obstruction
Aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ______ primary bronchus.
right
The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one.
right
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs.
right ventricle; pulmonary arteries
When air is forced through the ______, the vocal folds begin to vibrate and this vibration produces sound.
rima glottidis
The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the ______ muscles.
scalenes
Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own ______ bronchus.
segmental
A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is _____ fluid.
serous
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
serratus posterior inferior internal intercostals abdominal muscles
The bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are but are lined with ______ epithelium.
simple columnar
Lobar bronchi are ______ in diameter than main bronchi.
smaller
Which are found in the walls of bronchioles?
smooth muscle
The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the
sternum
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?
systemic gas exchange pulmonary ventilation gas transport alveolar gas exchange
The bronchioles that are the final segment of the conducting pathway in the lungs are the ____ bronchioles
terminal
What prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?
their small diameter
The structure that is also known as the windpipe is the ________.
trachea
There are 15-20 C-shaped ______ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.
tracheal
The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ______ cell.
type I
The primary nerve that innervates the lungs is the ____ nerve.
vagus
"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary
ventilation
Which are included in a lung lobule?
venule arteriole terminal bronchiole
How may dust particles be removed from the airways if they are not swept out by cilia?
via lymph nodes
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.
visceral pleura
A lot of air forced through the _______ ________ produces a loud sound.
vocal cords rima glottidis
The trachea is more commonly called the Blank______.
windpipe
