Respiratory Lec

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The respiratory membrane consists of an endothelial cell of a capillary and the plasma membrane of an alveolar type ______ cell.

1

The respiratory membrane contains the alveolar epithelium, which is composed of an alveolar type ______ cell.

1

The right lung has ______ tertiary bronchi and the left lung has ______ tertiary bronchi.

10; 8-10

The lungs contain approximately ______ alveoli.

300-400 million

Which characteristics are shared among all the bronchi?

A complete ring of smooth muscle is found between the mucosa and the cartilage. The epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to ciliated columnar as the bronchi get smaller. The amount of cartilage decreases as the bronchi decrease in diameter.

Using the figure of pleural membranes, match the letter with the structure.

A visceral pleura B= pleural cavity C= parietal pleura

Using the picture of the medial surface of the lungs, match the letter with the structure.

A= pulmonary arteries B= hilum C= cardiac impression D= middle lobe E= base

In the figure, the diagram labeled ______ indicates the vertical changes that occur during exhalation.

B

In the figure, the diagram labeled ______ indicates what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during exhalation.

B

True or false: Lobar bronchi further divide into primary bronchi.

False

True or false: Overuse of the voice, as comes from yelling for several hours at a concert, is the number one cause of laryngitis.

False

True or false: Primary bronchi have less cartilage than tertiary bronchi.

False

True or false: The circulation of blood to the alveoli and the walls of the bronchi is part of the same circuit.

False

______ the tension on the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to vibrate ______ when air passes by them and produces a ______ sound.

Increasing; more; higher

If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?

The elastic tissue of the lung.

The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?

The negative intrapleural pressure is relative to intrapulmonary pressure.

The smallest bronchioles contain no cartilage.

True

True or false: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.

True

True or false: Smoking leaves deposits in the lung tissues altering the normal color.

True

True or false: The tracheotomy is one of the oldest surgical procedures in medicine.

True

A collapsed lung remains down until ______ has been removed from the pleural space.

air

The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called

alveolar ducts

Dust cells are also called ______.

alveolar macrophages

The cells that engulf microorganisms or particulate material that have reached the alveoli are called ______.

alveolar macrophages

The small openings in the walls between adjacent alveoli are called

alveolar pores

The distal end of the alveolar duct terminates as a dilated

alveolar sac

The type of alveolar cell that promotes rapid gas diffusion across the alveolar wall is the ______.

alveolar type I cell

Bronchioles and ______ form the terminal ends of the respiratory passageway.

alveoli

The respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts contain small out pockets called

alveoli

The trachea is ______ to the esophagus, ______ to the larynx, and ______ to the primary bronchi.

anterior; inferior; superior

The presence of free air in the pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called ______.

atelectasis

In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gases is between the ______ and the ______.

atmosphere; alveoli

The wide ______ of the lung rests upon the diaphragm.

base

The respiratory membrane is the thin wall between the alveolar lumen and the

blood

The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced

breathing

Which arteries supply blood to the walls of the bronchi?

bronchial arteries

The ______ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi and progressively branch into narrower tubes ending in terminal bronchioles.

bronchial tree

Select all the respiratory system structures innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

bronchial tree trachea lungs

Inflammation of the bronchi caused by a virus or bacterial infection is called

bronchitis

The main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is ______.

bronchodilation

The widening of a bronchiole diameter is

bronchodilation

The alveoli have thin walls specialized to promote the diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the ______.

capillaries

The left lung has a medial surface indentation called the ______ that is formed by the heart.

cardiac impression

The left lung, being smaller than the right, has an anterior indentation called the ______.

cardiac notch

This type of bronchitis results from long-term exposure to irritants.

chronic

The trachea is lined with ______, which will propel mucus laden particles toward the pharynx where they can be swallowed.

cilia

Alveolar pores provide ______.

collateral ventilation

During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and ______.

contracts; flattens

Which are the symptoms of asthma?

coughing shortness of breath wheezing

Contraction of the internal intercostals ______ the ribs.

depresses

Failure of the left ventricle may cause the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. This condition is known as pleural

effusion

During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles ______ the ribs.

elevate

The external oblique is a muscle of forced ______.

expiration

Which events are associated with inhalation?

external intercostals contract diaphragm contracts sternum moves anteriorly

The breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. This is known as ______ breathing.

forced

Alveoli have a unique shape, best described as ______.

hexagonal

On the medial surface of each lung is an indented ____ through which a bronchus enters the lung.

hilum

The _____ of the lung is where the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves pass through.

hilum

The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the ______ of each lung.

hilum

The ______ fissure separates the superior and middle lobe, while the ______ fissure separates the middle from the inferior lobe.

horizontal; oblique

Incomplete rings of _______ cartilage support the wall of the primary bronchi to ensure that they remain open.

hyaline

The type of cartilage found in the trachea is ______.

hyaline cartilage

The scalene muscles help to ______ the thoracic cavity dimensions.

increase

Smoking results in which conditions?

increased risk of asthma increased risk of respiratory infections

When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, ____ occurs

inhalation

Which drugs are useful in treating asthma?

inhaled steroids allergy shots oral steroids

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced ______.

inspiration

Which brings air into the alveoli?

inspiration

Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases

inspiration expiration

Which activities are associated with exhalation?

internal intercostals contract diaphragm relaxes sternum moves posteriorly

The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the _____ pressure.

intrapleural

Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?

intrapulmonary pressure

Inflammation of the larynx is _______.

laryngitis

As air is forced out of the lungs and moves through the ______, the sound is produced.

larynx

In the respiratory system, sympathetic fibers innervate the lungs, bronchial tree, the trachea, and the

larynx

The parietal pleura lines which structures?

lateral surfaces of the mediastinum superior surface of the diaphragm internal thoracic walls

The secondary bronchi that branch off the primary bronchi are also called _________ bronchi.

lobar

Each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into many ______.

lobules

The feature of the voice that depends on the force of air passing across the vocal cords is _______ .

loudness volume

The feature of the voice that depends on the force of air passing across the vocal cords is ________.

loudness volume

Excess fluid is removed from the lungs via _____ vessels.

lymphatic lymph

The trachea descends through the neck into the ______ from the ______ to the main bronchi.

mediastinum; larynx

The fissure that separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung is the _____ fissure.

oblique

The frequency of sound waves is called _________ and is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds.

pitch

Between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the

pleural cavity

Inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as

pleurisy

A condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity is called a

pneumothorax

A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun, or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition a

pneumothorax

Pulmonary surfactant coats the inner alveolar surface to reduce surface tension and ______.

prevent their collapse

The mucosa lining the trachea is made of what type of tissue?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

The left and right lung are partitioned into 8-10 _____ segments.

pulmonary

Alveolar type II cells secrete

pulmonary surfactant

The oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the ______ and returns to the ______.

pulmonary veins; left atrium

The breathing pattern at rest is known as ____ breathing

quiet

Bronchodilation results when the smooth muscle of the bronchioles

relax

The terminal bronchioles conduct air into the ____ bronchioles

respiratory

Which might require a tracheotomy?

respiratory disease difficulty breathing due to severe chest wall injury an upper airway obstruction

Aspirated foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ______ primary bronchus.

right

The ______ primary bronchus enters the lung more vertically and is wider and shorter than the other one.

right

Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the ______ through the pulmonary trunk into ______, which enters the lungs.

right ventricle; pulmonary arteries

When air is forced through the ______, the vocal folds begin to vibrate and this vibration produces sound.

rima glottidis

The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the ______ muscles.

scalenes

Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own ______ bronchus.

segmental

A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is _____ fluid.

serous

Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?

serratus posterior inferior internal intercostals abdominal muscles

The bronchioles are no longer lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium as the bronchi are but are lined with ______ epithelium.

simple columnar

Lobar bronchi are ______ in diameter than main bronchi.

smaller

Which are found in the walls of bronchioles?

smooth muscle

The apex of the lung projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior to the bone called the

sternum

Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous processes of respiration?

systemic gas exchange pulmonary ventilation gas transport alveolar gas exchange

The bronchioles that are the final segment of the conducting pathway in the lungs are the ____ bronchioles

terminal

What prevents small bronchioles from collapsing?

their small diameter

The structure that is also known as the windpipe is the ________.

trachea

There are 15-20 C-shaped ______ cartilages that support the anterior and lateral walls of the trachea.

tracheal

The predominant alveolar cell is an alveolar ______ cell.

type I

The primary nerve that innervates the lungs is the ____ nerve.

vagus

"Breathing" is more formally known as pulmonary

ventilation

Which are included in a lung lobule?

venule arteriole terminal bronchiole

How may dust particles be removed from the airways if they are not swept out by cilia?

via lymph nodes

The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by ______.

visceral pleura

A lot of air forced through the _______ ________ produces a loud sound.

vocal cords rima glottidis

The trachea is more commonly called the Blank______.

windpipe


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