Review 2

T/F In England, the wars with France in the early eighteenth century created a huge national debt and a standing army, thus encouraging opposition to centralized government.

True

T/F Mercantilism involved colonies supplying raw materials to the mother country.

True

T/F The Continental Congress in 1775 still professed loyalty to George III, sending him the Olive Branch Petition, which sought a cease-fire while negotiations took place.

True

T/F The argument the colonists made against the Stamp Act was that the British had no right to impose internal taxes on the colonies.

True

The British controlled New York throughout the war.

True

The most influential figure in the Confederation government was financier Robert Morris.

True

The work of farmers' wives and daughters often spelled the difference between a family's self-sufficiency and poverty.

True

When purchasing Louisiana, Jefferson worried that the Constitution did not include the power to buy territory.

True

Most migrants to America were Select one: a. males under twenty-five years old. b. indentured servants. c. slaves. d. wealthy.

a. males under twenty-five years old.

King Phillip, or Metacomet (Ch.2)

chief of the Wampanoags, he resented English efforts to convert NA's to Christianity. In the fall of 1674, John Sassamon, a Christian NA who'd graduated from Harvard College, warned the English that Metacomet and the Wampanoags were preparing for war. A few months later, Sassy was in a frozen lake.

Which of the following lists of events is presented in the correct chronological order? Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Bunker Hill, adoption of the Articles of Confederation Battle of Kings Mountain, Battle of Yorktown, Battle of Saratoga winter at Valley Forge, adoption of Articles of Confederation, Battle of Saratoga Battle of Saratoga, capture of Charleston, Battle of Yorktown

Battle of Saratoga, capture of Charleston, Battle of Yorktown

Alexander Hamilton's "Report on Manufacturers" (Ch.7)

Didn't want US to be dependent on imports, so he made a system of federal aid to help manufacturing development.

Lewis and Clark explored the source of the Mississippi River.

False

Who were the primary Euro nations that colonized "the New World"?

French, Spanish, and the English

What are the 3 G's

God, Glory, and Gold

Nonseparating Congregationalists settled in

Massachusetts Bay

Treaty of Ghent (Ch.8)

signed on December 24, 1814 to end the War of 1812. Between the US and UK

Which man was once a slave, only to be freed and own slaves himself? a. William Penn b. Anthony Johnson c. Olaudah Equiano d. Robert Carter e. Nathaniel Bacon

b. Anthony Johnson

The witchcraft hysteria in the 1690s was probably caused by Select one: a. the Great Awakening. b. social strains in the Massachusetts colony. c. dietary insufficiencies among young boys. d. the horrors of the Middle Passage.

b. social strains in the Massachusetts colony.

Where in the Americas did the Pilgrims originally plan to go? a. New Netherland b. Plymouth Rock c. Boston d. Virginia e. Pennsylvania

d. Virginia

Slaves who became baptized as Christians were set free.

False

The English Civil War was a bloodless war that restored Catholicism to England.

False

Virginia Company (Ch.2)

In 1606, King James I chartered this joint-stock enterprise with two divisions, the First Colony of London and the Second Colony of Plymouth. KJ assigned an explicitly religious mission: all settlers would bring the "Christian religion" to the NA's who "live in darkness and miserable ignorance of the true knowledge and worship of God."

On the night of April 18, 1775, British soldiers marched towards Concord to arrest American Revolutionary leaders and seize their depot of supplies. Paul Revere famously rode through the night and raised the alarm about the approaching British troops. (page 195)

Paul Revere (1735-1818)

All Native American nations allied themselves with the Patriots in the Revolutionary War.

False

By the 1750s, the Great Awakening had resulted in the consolidation of all American Protestant churches into three denominations: Anglican, Congregationalist, and Quaker

False

Disease killed many Indians, but European settlers were not affected by disease.

False

General "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne led American forces at Saratoga.

False

George Washington led the Newburgh Conspiracy until he realized it would fail.

False

Growing connections with Europeans lessened warfare between Indian tribes.

False

One part of the "triangular trade" involved shipping rum to England.

False

Ratification of the Constitution required approval by all thirteen states.

False

Roger Williams imagined Rhode Island as a feudal domain.

False

Thanks to Martin Luther, the movable type printing press is one of the most important inventions in modern times, helping to rapidly disseminate information around the world.

False

The Spanish and French North American empires were densely populated areas.

False

Under English law, women held many legal rights and privileges.

False

Anne Hutchinson angered Massachusetts's leaders by claiming that most ministers were preaching salvation by good works rather than by God's grace.

true

The "lost colony" of the 1850s was sponsored by

Sir Walter Raleigh

The Scotch-Irish usually settled in colonial cities.

False

Colonists hold Second Continental Congress

1775

Indentured servants (Ch.3)

" a middle rank between slaves and fee men." They could own property but could not engage in trade.

What role did Native Americans play in British imperial wars during the eighteenth century? a. They avoided all involvement. b. They did much of the fighting in the wars. c. They fought only in Canada and in the Ohio Valley. d. They caused some of them, because the French resented British treatment of Indians. e. They uniformly sided with the French against the British.

. They did much of the fighting in the wars.

Glorious Revolution

1688

Albany Congress adopts Plan of Union

1754

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763

John Adams (Ch.5)

Signer of the Dec of Ind, delegate to the 1st and 2nd Continental Congress, and second president of the US. During the war he was a FR diplomat in Holland and negotiated the peace treaty with BR. Passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.. also XYZ (basically everything that went horribly with the FR)

Revolution of 1800 (Ch.7)

Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System.

Another name for revolutionary Patriots. (page 182)

Whigs

Europeans generally believed all of the following about Indians EXCEPT that: a. Indians lacked genuine religion. b. Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways. c. Indian males were weak and they mistreated women. d. Indians did not use the land and thus had no claim to it. e. Indians were not much better than slaves.

b. Indians had enormous potential to assimilate European ways.

The Pueblo Indians were led by

a charismatic leader named Pop`e

The Puritans believed that male authority in the household was: a. an outdated idea. b. to be unquestioned. c. so absolute that a husband could order the murder of his wife. d. not supposed to resemble God's authority in any way, because that would be blasphemous. e. limited only by the number of children—the more, the better.

b. to be unquestioned.

The first French explorations of the New World: a. brought great riches to France. b. were intended to locate the Northwest Passage. c. led to successful colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. d. were in response to an intense rivalry with the Netherlands. e. created no permanent settlements until the eighteenth century.

b. were intended to locate the Northwest Passage.

The Black Legend described: a. the Aztecs' view of Cortés. b. English pirates along the African coast. c. Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer. d. Portugal as a vast trading empire. e. Indians as savages.

c. Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer.

To Quakers, liberty was: a. limited to white, landowning men. b. strictly defined. c. a universal entitlement. d. extended to women but not to blacks. e. limited to the spiritually inclined.

c. a universal entitlement.

Henry Hudson: a. set sail into the bay that bears his name as a representative of the British empire. b. was searching for the Pacific Coast. c. hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia. d. set up a Dutch colony based on the idea of consent of the governed. e. was the architect of the Dutch overseas empire.

c. hoped to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.

Under English law in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, women: a. enjoyed far greater rights than they did in Spain and Spanish America. b. who outlived their husbands were entitled to one-half of the husband's property. c. surrendered their legal identities when they married. d. were expected to submit to their husbands in public, but not in private. e. gained a great deal of personal and political power during the reigns of Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.

c. surrendered their legal identities when they married.

St. Augustine (Ch.1)

created on the southern end of FL to protect Spanish settlements from FR huguenots (protestants) who had established colonies in the New World in present-day California

"Enumerated" goods were ones that

had to be shipped to England or her colonies.

When Congress outlawed the international slave trade, only one state, South Carolina, still allowed the importation of slaves. the Essex Junto responded by trying to emancipate all slaves. President Jefferson, a slaveholder, vetoed the bill. the law did not apply to the area in the Louisiana Purchase.

only one state, South Carolina, still allowed the importation of slaves.

Enlightenment (Ch.3)

originated in Europe and soon spread to the colonies. It celebrated rational inquiry, scientific research, and individual freedom. Curious people wanted to dissect the workings of nature by close observation, scientific experimentation, and precise calculation.

Tenochtitlan was

the capital of the Aztec empire

The Dutch colony of New Netherlands accepted the first Jewish settlers to North America.

true by employers at the Dutch West India company, (ordered Stuyvesant, who hated Jews)

Tenochtitlan (Ch.1)

The Capital of the Aztec Empire

Staple crop, or cash crop (Ch.3)

Things that are sold in exchange for English goods

Father Junípero Serra established the first mission in California and converted many Indians to Christianity, but his missions also relied on forced Indian labor and brought devastating diseases.

True

Henry Care believed that the English system of government was the best in the world.

True

The protests developed by the committees of the Continental Association used

economic boycotts.

Bacon's Rebellion was a response to: a. worsening economic conditions in Virginia. b. increased slavery in the Carolinas. c. Indian attacks in New England. d. the Glorious Revolution in England. e. the Salem witch trials.

a. worsening economic conditions in Virginia.

True or False. The Protestant Church played a major role in colonizing the Spanish borderlands

False, it was Catholicism

True or false. The Spanish did not need to use black slaves in the West Indies, as they had a plentiful labor supply in the local native americans.

False, the NA's were dying out bc of disease, so they brought slaves around 1503. The NA population went from 50 to about 4 million in the 17 century

In what ways did the emergence of nation-states aid in the growth of global exploration?

???

In the early eighteenth century, only one-quarter of the urban elite owned at least one slave.

False

General William Howe (Ch.5)

At his disposal, he had the largest single force mustered by the BR in the 18th century. The BR recruited mercenaries in Europe to assist them in putting down the American revolt. Eventually almost 30,000 Germans served in America.

Most American Tories left the colonies during the Revolution.

False

Most Britons believed that the king was above the law.

False

Most of the slaves carried to the New World were destined for mainland North America.

False

Most slaves in eighteenth century British America had been born in the colonies.

False

T/F The British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre were defended in court by Samuel Adams.

False

Peace of Paris, 1763 (Ch.4)

Brought an end to both the French and Indian War and the FR empire in North America. In turn, FR had to give up its North American territories (ending any threat to British colonies there).

The Articles of Confederation created a strong federal union.

False

Roger Williams (Ch.2)

Came here in 1631, he was the purest of Puritans. He said the failure of his Mass. brethren was because of the "whorish" Church of England. He wanted separation of church and state.

The Battle of Tippecanoe ended Tecumseh's dream of a strong Indian confederacy to the west of the Mississippi.

False

The Glorious Revolution in England was tragically bloody.

False

The Salem witch trials revealed a serious problem of witchcraft in Massachusetts that spread throughout the colonies, until there were witch trials in all but three of the colonies.

False

The Scots-Irish were Presbyterians who immigrated directly from Scotland.

False

T/F The heavy losses at the Battle of Bunker Hill made British generals more cautious.

True

The "Great Compromise" at the Constitutional Convention was over representation in the new Congress.

True

Agriculture did not come to the American continents, around Mexico and Peru, until around 1000 C.E.

False

Andrew Jackson defeated the Cherokee Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

False

Anglicization meant that the colonial elites rejected all things British.

False

As a result of the Revolution, the Americans instituted universal male suffrage.

False

As in the Spanish empire, British North America developed a distinctive mulatto, or mixed-race, class.

False

The British governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, offered freedom to slaves who fought against the Americans.

True

Bill of Rights (Ch.6)

First ten amendments to the US Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

Battle of Saratoga (Ch.5)

Gates's reinforced US army surrounded the outnumbered, stranded, and starving BR army. On 17/10/1777, Burgoyne and Gates leave to North America. This win prompted BR leader, William Pitt the prime minister, to engineer the BR triumph over FR in 1763 and tell Parliament to faq off.

One of the first laws of the colony of Georgia banned the importation of African slaves.

true

Chief Powhatan of the Powhatan Confederacy in Virginia

was a leader of over 10,000 Indians.

General Charles Cornwallis (Ch.5)

He was in charge of BR troops in the South during the Revolutionary war. His surrendering to GW at the Battle of Yorktown ended the Revolutionary War.

Tecumseh (Ch.8)

He was the leader of the Shawnee tribe and tried to unite all NA's into a confederation. His beliefs and leadership made him seem dangerous to the American government and they waged war on him and his tribe. He was killed at the Battle of Thames. And the whole tribe fell apart

The Indians, although diverse, all seemed to observe religious ceremonies centered around hunting or farming.

True

The Mennonites were one immigrant group among many from Germany who became known as "Pennsylvania Dutch."

True

The Middle Passage, the voyage from Africa to the Americas, led to the deaths of one out of every six slaves.

True

The Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention called for three separate branches of government.

True

A religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola. They sought to counter the spread of Protestantism during the Protestant Reformation and spread the Catholic faith through work as missionaries. Roughly 3,500 served in New Spain and New France. (page 167)

Jesuits

The southern colonies were believed by the British to be full of Loyalists.

True

True or False. Cahokia was a mighty metropolis in the center of North American built by the Mississippian people

True

Franscisco Pizzaro (Ch. 1)

Led groups of conquistadors from Panama to Peru, where they took over the Inca Empire in 1531. They took Incan palaces and country estates and looted the empire of its gold and silver.

True or False. The Spanish conquistadores took their pay in the form of the plunder, including any slaves that they could seize

True

The first minister of King George III's cabinet whose efforts to subdue the colonies only brought them closer to revolution. He helped bring about the Tea Act of 1773, which led to the Boston Tea Party. In an effort to discipline Boston, he wrote, and Parliament passed, four acts that galvanized colonial resistance. (page 187)

Lord North (1732-1792)

The greatest single achievement of Jefferson's presidency was the revolution of 1800. crushing of the Barbary pirates. Louisiana Purchase. victory in the War of 1812.

Louisiana Purchase.

Women provided many examples of individual heroism during the Revolutionary War, but their overall legal status did not improve greatly with independence.

True

Squatters (Ch.3)

NA's who sit and stay on a particular patch of land, usually following the buffalo. They are nomads by nature and hunter/gatherers

Middle Passage (Ch.3)

Otherwise known as the "slave trade" moved Africans from Africa all through the West Indies. Then to South America and North America and stuff. It went from 1500-1800

Barbary pirates (Ch.8)

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President TJ's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations, 1801-1805

William Penn was a member of which religious group? a. Puritans b. Anglicans c. Quakers d. Roman Catholics e. Presbyterians

c. Quakers

Federalists (Ch.6)

Proponents of a centralized federal system and the ratification of the Constitution. Like Al Ham and John Jay

North American crops and products: a. played only a small role in the British empire. b. were consumed entirely overseas. c. were part of a commercial trade network that knitted together a far-flung empire. d. compared unfavorably with those throughout the rest of the empire. e. led to numerous complaints to the parliamentary consumer advocate.

c. were part of a commercial trade network that knitted together a far-flung empire.

Organized by Samuel Adams, they were colonialists with a militant view against the British government's control of the colonies. (page 183)

Sons of Liberty

Jefferson's Embargo (Ch.8)

TJ's ban on all imported goods

The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT: a. believing that their culture was superior to that of the Indians. b. violence. c. a missionary zeal. d. a decree from the Pope. e. defeating the English fleet in 1588.

e. defeating the English fleet in 1588.

At the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh's attempt to achieve Indian unity was defeated. Andrew Jackson won the major battle in the War of 1812. Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British. Jefferson finally secured possession of Louisiana.

Tecumseh's attempt to achieve Indian unity was defeated.

What were the English's reasons for establishing colonies in America?

The English wanted to establish a community and stay in the new world permanently. They brought women (unlike the French and Spanish who brought soldiers, traders and priests) for the intent to repopulate.

Leading nationalists at Philadelphia in 1787 included James Madison, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton.

True

Nathaniel Bacon, who led Bacon's Rebellion against the Virginia elite, was himself a wealthy planter.

True

The Loyalists were also known as Patriots. Hessians. Tories. mercenaries.

Tories.

Oliver Cromwell's Parliament passed the first Navigation Act, aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch.

True

Captain John Smith's firm leadership helped establish the colony of

Virginia

Georgia was established as a philanthropic venture to aid the poor of Britain.

true

The first Englishmen who established a fort at Jamestown expected to find gold and make profits for the Virginia company through trade; they did not expect to plant crops.

true

Maryland, the first proprietary colony, was unusual because it

was a refugee for Catholics

Recent scholarship has suggested that Olaudah Equiano may have been born in the New World rather than Africa.

True

Treatment of the Indians by members of the Virginia colony was influenced in part by Las Casas's condemnation of Spanish behavior.

True

Jefferson's embargo revived the Federalist party. was developed because of the strength of the U.S. Navy, which would enforce it. hurt the South more than any other region. was repealed before Madison took office.

revived the Federalist party.

The most significant attraction that prompted Europeans to sail toward the New World was the

riches of Asia

True or False. The Spanish founded New Orleans early in the seventeenth century

False, the French did

True or False. The Portuguese had a monopoly on colonies in the New World throughout the 1500s

False, they only had one city and it was after the Treaty of Tordesillas

Alien and Sedition Acts (Ch.7)

Four measures passed during the undeclared war with FR that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of non-citizens.

Passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists. (page 160)

Navigation Acts

The fight for ratification was fierce and close in the state of Delaware. Georgia. New Jersey. New York.

New York.

Benjamin Franklin epitomized the Great Awakening in America.

False

The Federalist (Ch.6)

Collection of 85 essays that appeared in the NY press in 1787-1788 in support of the Constitution; written by Ham, Madison, and Jay but published under a pseudonym

Headright policy (Ch.2)

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists

Jamestown was originally settled only by men.

True

In British America, unlike other New World empires, Indians performed most of the labor in the colonies.

False

Puritans believed that the Church of England was not in need of reform.

False

Pennsylvania had the most powerful assembly of all the colonies.

True

Benedict Arnold (Ch.5)

a traitor, and in 1780 was a BR general, he had been engaged in a war of maneuver against the American forces. He was the American commander that September and switched sides.

Samuel Adams (Ch.4)

emerging as the supreme genius of revolutionary agitation, he became an agitator, whipping up the Sons of Liberty and organizing protests at the Boston town meeting and in the provincial assembly.

The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the war because it: encouraged the French to help the colonists. demonstrated American naval superiority. brought the Indians into the war on the Patriots' side. all of the above

encouraged the French to help the colonists.

T/F The war for American independence started after the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.

False

Most, although not all, Indian societies were matrilineal.

True

Alarmed by the destructiveness of the conquistadores, the Spanish crown replaced them with a more stable system of government headed by: a. lawyers and bureaucrats. b. bishops of the Catholic Church. c. landed wealthy elite. d. elected local officials. e. entrepreneurs.

a. lawyers and bureaucrats.

For most New Englanders, Indians represented: a. savagery. b. teachers. c. curiosities. d. culture. e. survival.

a. savagery.

The most profitable slave holding area of the British Empire by 1675 was: Select one: a. the middle colonies. b. the West Indies. c. New England. d. the southern colonies.

b. The west Indies.

Women in the English colonies: Select one: a. were entirely restricted to domestic work. b. could gain a divorce in some colonies on the grounds of cruelty. c. dominated the clergy in the Great Awakening. d. voted and held public offices.

b. could gain divorce in some colonies on the grounds of cruelty.

The Pueblo Indian uprising of 1680: a. followed their leader Popé's arrest for engaging in sexual relations with a non-Native American woman. b. helped lead to the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans. c. was based entirely on economic factors. d. was the work of one Native American tribe. e. began a long tradition of cooperation between New Mexico's tribes.

b. helped lead to the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans.

Amerigo Vespucci: a. named the New World after himself. b. helped to correct Columbus's theory that he had found a route to Asia. c. agreed with Columbus that Native Americans were East Indians. d. was funded by the English. e. actually named the continent Vespucci, but it was changed.

b. helped to correct Columbus's theory that he had found a route to Asia.

In Puritan New England: a. it was illegal for a woman to have children after the age of twentyeight, so child-bearing began earlier than it did elsewhere. b. infant mortality rates were lower than in the Chesapeake colonies, because the environment was healthier. c. women married at an older age than their English counterparts. d. most women gave birth at least ten times. e. men were required by law to become fathers.

b. infant mortality rates were lower than in the Chesapeake colonies, because the environment was healthier.

When England took over the Dutch colony that became New York: a. the English eliminated all of the religious freedoms that the Dutch had allowed. b. the English ended the Dutch tradition of allowing married women to conduct business in their own names. c. the English respected Dutch antislavery laws, so that New York became a center for free African-Americans in North America. d. the local population declined because of England's new and repressive rule. e. England tried to maintain Dutch culture but ordered residents to learn English.

b. the English ended the Dutch tradition of allowing married women to conduct business in their own names.

The Walking Purchase of 1737: a. sparked King Philip's War. b. was a fraudulent deal for the Lenni Lenape Indians. c. was part of the West Jersey Concessions. d. was led by Nathaniel Bacon. e. was rescinded by the governor of Pennsylvania the following year.

b. was a fraudulent deal for the Lenni Lenape Indians.

Unlike slavery in America, slavery in Africa: a. declined in importance during the 1600s. b. was more likely to be based in the household than on an agricultural plantation. c. led to much higher death rates. d. was entirely race-based. e. existed only for women.

b. was more likely to be based in the household than on an agricultural plantation.

Which one of the following is an accurate statement regarding the impact on Maryland of seventeenth-century England's Protestant-Catholic conflict? a. The conflict had no effect on far-off Maryland. b. To win the favor of Protestant kings, Maryland gave all authority to Protestants. c. The English government temporarily repealed Calvert's ownership of Maryland and the colony's policies of religious toleration. d. Maryland's Catholic leaders banned Protestant worship in 1671. e. The conflict eventually led to the Puritan government of the 1640s taking refuge in Maryland.

c. The English government temporarily repealed Calvert's ownership of Maryland and the colony's policies of religious toleration.

How did French involvement in the fur trade change life for Native Americans? a. It didn't; Native Americans were already hunting beaver and buffalo for their skins. b. Native Americans benefited economically but were able to avoid getting caught in European conflicts and rivalries. c. The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society. d. The English and French quests for beaver pelts virtually destroyed the Native American population. e. It forced Native Americans to learn new trapping techniques that were far superior to their old ways.

c. The French were willing to accept Native Americans into colonial society.

Which statement about gender relations is FALSE for most Native American societies? a. Men and women engaged in premarital sex. b. It was acceptable for a woman to seek a divorce. c. Tribal leaders were almost always women. d. Women owned dwellings and tools. e. Societies were matrilineal.

c. Tribal leaders were almost always women.

During the eighteenth century, British patriotism: a. reflected the rise of Spain as Great Britain's traditional enemy, in place of France. b. emphasized England's freedom of religion. c. celebrated individual freedom and the rule of law. d. included the admission that slavery and freedom were wholly contradictory. e. was the subject of numerous satires by Benjamin Franklin.

c. celebrated individual freedom and the rule of law.

In the seventeenth century, New England's economy: a. grew at a very slow rate because few settlers moved to the region. b. suffered because most early settlers were poor and could not gain access to land. c. centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber. d. boasted a significant manufacturing component that employed close to one-third of all men. e. relied heavily on indentured servants in the labor force.

c. centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber.

French Canada: a. was a very democratic colony. b. was founded by Jesuit priests who were working as fur traders as a way to meet and convert Native Americans. c. consisted mainly of male colonists. d. had, by 1700, twice as many colonists as all the English North American colonies combined. e. gave the French a world monopoly on fur production.

c. consisted mainly of male colonists.

The ritual sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs: a. occurred one at a time and therefore were minimal. b. prompted most Aztecs to oppose their leaders, who opposed the sacrifices. c. disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake. d. were always held at an arena in Tenochtitlán that resembled the Roman Colosseum. e. cost the Spanish several hundred men before Cortés conquered the Aztecs.

c. disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake.

English and Dutch merchants created a well-organized system for "redemptioners." What was this system for? a. for New Englanders to trade molasses for rum with the West Indies b. for bringing Protestant refugees to North America for a hefty fee c. for carrying indentured German families to America where they would work off their transportation debt d. for unloading the unwanted convicts of London and Amsterdam to ports such as Boston and New York e. for pirating against Spain and France, their Catholic archenemies

c. for carrying indentured German families to America where they would work off their transportation debt

The government of the Spanish empire in America: a. established the principle of the separation of church and state by keeping the Catholic Church out of civic affairs. b. was dominated by the conquistadores, who had conquered lands and retained control over them. c. included local officials who held a great deal of control. d. was troubled due to constant turmoil and local divisions back in Spain. e. operated out of Monterey, California.

c. included local officials who held a great deal of control.

The participants in South Carolina's Stono Rebellion: a. surrendered without any bloodshed and agreed to pledge loyalty to the colony. b. were mostly former indentured servants upset over the colony's Indian policy. c. included some who apparently had been soldiers in Africa. d. laid siege to Charleston but had to retreat when the Royal Navy brought reinforcements. e. were unsuccessful because of divisions over language and ethnicity.

c. included some who apparently had been soldiers in Africa.

In the portrait of Olaudah Equiano in his book, Equiano holds a: a. globe. b. piece of sugar cane. c. compass. d. Bible. e. gun.

d. Bible.

Which statement about New Netherland is FALSE? a. Some slaves possessed half-freedom. b. No elected assembly was established. c. The Dutch enjoyed good commercial and diplomatic relations with the Five Iroquois Nations. d. Women had many liberties, but could not retain their legal identity after marriage. e. Religious toleration was extended to Catholics and Jews.

d. Women had many liberties, but could not retain their legal identity after marriage.

English colonization of America was spurred by

the defeat of the Spanish Armada

True/False. The Franciscans and the Jesuits often established isolated missions to covert the "heathen" NA's to Catholiscm in the Spanish colonies

True

Many Enlightenment figures in America, as in Europe, have been termed "Deists" as they used science in an attempt to prove the miracles of Christ.

False

Under English law, married women held many legal rights and privileges.

False

What factors contributed to the collapse of the complex Mayan empire around 900 A.D.?

The arrival of the Toltecs, a war-crazy group who annihilated most of the area (central america east of Guatemala, near Belize)

The word "slavery" does not appear anywhere in the Constitution of 1787.

True

During the Pueblo Revolt, the Indians destroyed symbols of Catholic culture, like crosses and statues of the Virgin Mary.

True

In March 1770, Crispus Attucks became

the first martyr of the colonial resistance.

King Philip's War

was led by the chief of the Wampanoags, Metacomet.

True or False. Florida was first explored by Hernando de Soto in 1947.

False

Hernando de Soto (Ch.1)

In 1539, him and 600 men landed on Florida's west coast, hiked up as far as western NC and moved westward destroying indigenous villages along the way.

Increasingly in the eighteenth century, liberty was being used to express a right to rebel.

True

General John Burgoyne (Ch.5)

Commander of BR's northern forces in Canada. He and most of his troops surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga on 17/10/1777.

3/5ths Compromise (Ch.6)

Instead of having population count and not pay taxes, for every 5 slaves, 3 counted.

Many perceived Pennsylvania to be "the best poor man's country."

True

Sons of Liberty (Ch.4)

Through the spring and summer of 1765, resentment boiled over at meetings, parades, bonfires, and other demonstrations. The protesters called themselves this and met underneath "liberty trees".

"Christian liberty" was the basis for religious toleration.

False

Henry Clay was a leading "war hawk" who demanded war against Spain in 1812.

False

The Hessians were Europeans who fought with the Americans during the Revolution.

False

The cities were the most rapidly growing region in North America by the mid-eighteenth century.

False

Why did European merchants seek alternative routes to Asia?

They wanted to trade for the vast amount of spices and silk in Asia

True or False. In 1492, Columbus believed that he had reached Asia

True

One result of the Revolution was a general extension of the right to vote to women. an expansion of the importation of slaves. a strengthening of patterns of deference. increased emancipation of northern slaves.

increased emancipation of northern slaves.

The most important part of the "Great Biological Exchange" was the transfer of

infectious diseases to America

T/F Pontiac's Rebellion helped eliminate French influence in the Ohio River.

False

T/F The Albany Plan of Union was chiefly beneficial in creating a pattern of government that was repeated in the U.S. Constitution.

False

Indians mostly traded furs and animal skins for European goods.

True

Some contemporaries spoke of British America as a "rising empire" that would one day eclipse the mother country in population and wealth.

True

True or False. Europeans brought pigs, cattle and sheep to the New World

True

John Winthrop, in his 1630 speech on the Arbella to fellow Puritans, expressed the belief that they were on a divine mission to show what a godly community could achieve.

true

William Penn believed in equality and liberty, but not for Indians or blacks.

False

The Battle of New Orleans, perhaps the greatest victory of the war, occurred after the peace treaty had been signed.

True

The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain independence.

True

The Indians entered into the Walking Purchase in good faith, but they were taken advantage of by the Pennsylvania governor.

True

The Spanish reconquista required that all Muslims and Jews convert to Catholicism or leave Spain immediately.

True

The catalyst of the Great Awakening in America was the English preacher George Whitefield.

True

The catastrophic decline in the native populations of Spanish America was mostly due to the fact that they were not immune to European diseases.

True

Whiskey Rebellion (Ch.7)

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey, 1794

The American Revolution led to the following change(s) in religion: greater separation of church and state. the creation of national church organizations. complete freedom of religion. all of the above

all of the above

How did Native Americans conceive of property? a. Native Americans believed that land should never be claimed. b. Families might use a specific plot of land for a season. c. Individuals could own land outright and pass it on to family members. d. A family could claim land forever, but an individual could not. e. Native Americans and Europeans conceived of property in the same way, though Europeans claimed otherwise as an excuse to take Indian land.

b. Families might use a specific plot of land for a season.

The Virginia Company accomplished its goals for the company and for its settlers.

False

Roger Williams

-established Rode Island -bought land justly from the Indians. -Believed in complete separation of church and state.

The mound builders were a sophisticated ancient peoples living in the American Southwest.

False

The transatlantic slave trade was not a vital part of world commerce.

False

Chief Justice John Marshall (Ch.8)

During his long tenure as chief justice of the supreme court (1801-1835), he established the foundations for American jurisprudence, the authority of the Supreme Court, and the constitutional supremacy of the national government over states.

The French played a vital role in the colonists' victory at Yorktown. Saratoga. Kings Mountain. all of the above

Yorktown.

Boston Massacre

1770

Members of the Society of Friends

-Regarded everyone, including women and Indians as =. -Established the colony of Pennsylvania. -Were also known as Quakers.

African society did not practice slavery before Europeans came.

False

Deists concluded that the best form of religious devotion was to devoutly worship in organized churches.

False

Jeffersonian reforms included cutbacks in the army and the navy.

True

One of the first English explorers of America was

Humphrey Gilbert

Mercantile system (Ch.4)

A nationalistic program that assumed that the total amount of the world's gold and silver remained essentially fixed with only a nation's share of that wealth subject to change.

Portugal's only South American colony was

Brazil

The Americans suffered their greatest loss of soldiers with the surrender at Saratoga. New York. Princeton. Charleston.

Charleston.

True or False. With less than a thousand men, Hernan Cortes managed to topple the vast Inca Empire

FALSE! He toppled the AZTECS with his small army. Rather peacefully, Cortes ran right up to the gates and asked for a cup of sugar. Montezuma II thought he was a god and said, "HAIL YEAH!" Turns out, the sugar was code for GTFO and find us s'more gold and silver.

Anti-Federalists (Ch.6)

Forerunners of TJ's DEM-REPs; opposed the Constitution as a limitation on individual and states' rights, which led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the doc

In 1688, the Protestant Queen Mary and her husband, William of Orange, took the British throne from King James II in a bloodless coup. Afterward, Parliament greatly expanded its power and passed the Bill of Rights and the Act of Toleration, both of which would influence attitudes and events in the colonies. (page 162)

Glorious Revolution

Eastern Woodlands people included all the following except the Seneca, Hopi, Chickasaw, Cherokee

Hopi

King Phillip's War (Ch.2)

In 1674 the leader of the Wampanoags, resenting the colonists' attempts to convert NA's to Christianity, prepared for war. He then began to attack the settlements. Eventually, the colonists won and the NA's in NE stopped being a threat.

Glorious Revolution (Ch.4)

In 1688, news reached Boston that James II had fled to FR and that William was the new king of England. This was a bloodless revolution. Governor Andros was arrested and a royal ship in the Boston harbor was seized, but other than that things switched over pretty easily.

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts, 1775 (Ch.4)

In 1774 Parliament enacted harsh measures intended to punish rebellious Boston. The Boston Port Act closed the harbor from June 1, 1774 until they paid for the lost tea. There was another Quartering act, and the Mass. gov act made all of the colony's civic officers appointive rather than elective, declared that sheriffs would select jurors, and stipulated that no town meeting could be held w/o the royal governor's consent.

War hawks (Ch.8)

In 1811, congressional members from the southern and western districts who clamored for a war to seize Canada and Florida were dubbed ...

Christopher Columbus (Ch.1)

Italian but sailed for Portugal and persuaded Queen Izzy and King Ferdie to sail across the Atlantic to look for Asia. He had 3 ships and landed in the Bahamas and was too dumb to realize he wasn't in India. Either way, he ransacked the place and forced the NA's/Bohemians into slavery and took their gold and silver.

Tories (Ch.5)

Local Loyalists that welcomed the BR occupation of NYC. They didn't want to "dissolve the political bands" with BR like the Dec of Ind said.

The Peace Treaty of 1763 gave the British all French land east of the Mississippi River. This area included the territory of France's Indian allies who were not consulted about the transfer of their lands to British control. In an effort to recover their autonomy, Indians captured British forts around the Great Lakes and in the Ohio Valley as well as attacked settlements in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. (page 179)

Pontiac's Rebellion

Anne Hutchinson (Ch.2)

She was articulate, strong-willed, intelligent wife of a prominent merchant. She raised 13 children, served as a healer and midwife, and hosted meetings in her Boston home to discuss sermons. She claimed to have experienced direct revelations from the Holy Spirit that revealed which of her neighbors had been saved and which were damned, including ministers.

What effect did the Protestant Reformation have on the colonization of the "New World"?

The Reformation gave way to a "new branch" of Christianity, a 35 year religious uproar from the German states broke out and ultimately shattered unity of Catholic Europe.

Aztec Empire (Ch.1)

The Spanish invaded it in 1519. It was connected by a network of roads with rest stops every ten miles or so. 5 million people or so lived in it. The people were a confederation of city-states renowned for their military prowess. When Cortes invaded, they were one of the most powerful nations in the world. They practiced human sacrifice and the Mayan culture collapsed and was replaced by them.

Captain John Smith (Ch.2)

The VA Co appointed him a member of the council to manage the new colony in America. One of the 7 directors chosen to rule the new world (reduces chaos). He becomes a dictator during the "starving times" and enacted a policy where people don't eat if they don't work.

What European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain? a. Amsterdam b. Geneva c. Marseilles d. London e. Brussels

a. Amsterdam

The Constitutional Convention dealt with slavery by agreeing to: abolish slavery in the southern states. count each slave as three fifths of a person in apportioning taxes and representatives. ignore the issue entirely. allow slavery in the territories, but not in the original thirteen states.

count each slave as three fifths of a person in apportioning taxes and representatives.

Admiralty Courts (Ch.4)

courts that have to do with sea and the jurisdiction in the water

What motivated the Portuguese to begin exploration to find a water route to India, China, and the East Indies? a. To prove that the world was round b. To spread the Protestant faith c. To establish land empires in India and China d. To eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade e. To find markets for Portugal's surplus manufactured goods

d. To eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade

Most of the early Spanish settlements and explorations in North America were made

in the Southwest

Jefferson believed that a large national debt would help finance economic growth. lead to high taxes and corruption. favor the Federalist sections of the nation. strengthen the Republicans' hold on political power.

lead to high taxes and corruption

Navigation Acts (Ch.4)

passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and aid the mercantile system. In 1660, this act ordered that all trade between the colonies must be with English ships. It specified that certain products from the colonies were only allowed to go to England or to other English colonies.

Aaron Burr's trial for treason established the constitutional precedent that treason covered a broad range of offenses. the Supreme Court could review the decisions of lower courts. the executive branch was independent of the courts. the Bill of Rights did not apply to criminal trials.

the executive branch was independent of the courts.

A major diplomatic problem with Spain was disputes about the right of the United States to trade with Spanish territories in South America. the right of the United States to navigate to the mouth of the Mississippi River. the Spanish refusal to retreat from lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. none of the above

the right of the United States to navigate to the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Revenue or Sugar Act, 1764 (Ch.4)

this cut the duty on molasses in half. Doing this would reduce the temptation to smuggle or to bribe customs officers (he hoped). But it also levied new duties on imports into US of textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, and sugar. The new revenues generated by this act would help defray "the necessary expenses of defending, protecting, and securing, the said colonies and plantations."

Patrick Henry led the fight against ratification in Virginia on the grounds that the Constitution would extend slavery. threaten individual and state liberty. weaken the economy. give too much power to New Jersey.

threaten individual and state liberty.

Early settlers in South Carolina raised capital most quickly by

trading with the Indians

At the Constitutional Convention, the New Jersey Plan proposed a legislature with equal representation for each state. of two houses, one based on population. with fewer powers than under the Confederation. that would also serve as the nation's highest court.

with equal representation for each state

The Mayflower brought nonseparating Puritans, who established a colony at Plymouth.

false (seperating puritans)

Which one of the following is true about Native Americans and material wealth? a. Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them. b. Eastern Native Americans were more materialistic than those who lived west of the Mississippi. c. Wealth mattered less to them than to Europeans, but inherited social status was equally important to both peoples. d. Native Americans actually suffered more social inequality than Europeans did. e. Native Americans had no material wealth.

a. Chiefs were expected to share some of their goods rather than hoard them.

In the American colonies, Select one: a. land was cheap and labor was scarce. b. land was cheap and labor was plentiful. c. land was expensive and labor was scarce. d. land was expensive and labor was plentiful.

a. land was cheap and labor was scarce.

What was William Penn's most fundamental principle? a. voting rights for all adult men b. religious freedom c. communally owned property d. economic liberty e. support for women's suffrage

b. religious freedom

Proprietary colonies (Ch.2)

colonies owned by an individual, not by a joint-stock company. Maryland was the first.

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the: a. Jews. b. British. c. Protestants. d. Moors. e. Aztecs.

d. Moors.

One effect of the Hartford Convention was the death of the Federalist party. nomination of James Monroe for president in 1816. abolition of the Three-Fifths Compromise on slavery. Burr conspiracy to have New England secede from the Union.

death of the Federalist party.

Edward Burke's description of Robert Walpole's relaxed policy towards the American colonies, which gave them greater independence in pursuing both their economic and political interests. (page 163)

"salutary neglect"

Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec

1608

The French explore the Mississippi River valley from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico

1673

Dominion of New England was established

1684

French and Indian War

1754-1763

Parliament passes the Revenue (sugar) Act

1764

Parliament repeals the stamp act and passes the Declaratory Act

1766

Colonists stage the Boston Tea Party

1773

Parliament passes the Coercive Acts; colonists hold First continental congress

1774

Battles of Lexington and Concord

1775

Thomas Pane's Common Sense is published; Declaration of Independence is signed

1776

Gen. John Sullivan (Ch.5)

1779, he carried out GW's instruction to destroy the Iroquois country. He fought at the Battle of Trenton and Princeton.

Hernán Cortes (Ch.1)

A Spanish conquistador who led the first assault on the Aztec Empire. At first, they defeated the Aztecs, then persuaded them to join the conquistadores as they marched on Tenochtitlan. He befriended the Emperor Montezuma and gained control of the Aztecs' gold and silver mines.

Colombian Exchange (Ch.1)

Animals, Plants, devices, and diseases

Conquistadores (Ch.1)

Cortez's soldier-adventurers

Spain joined the war as an ally of the colonies. Britain. France. the Dutch.

France.

John Locke's political philosophies (Ch.4)

He argued that humanity is largely the production of the environment, the mind being a blank tablet on which experience is written. He refuted the "divine right" of kings to govern with absolute power. He insisted that people are endowed with "natural rights" to life, liberty and property. The need to protect those rights led to establishing governments.

Patrick Henry (Ch.4)

He decided that the war was imminent. He urged the Patriots to prepare for combat. "Give me liberty of give me death". Opposed the Stamp Act and the US Constitution.

Chief Powhatan (Ch.2)

He developed a lucrative trade with the English colonists, exchanging corn and hides for hatchets, swords and muskets; he realized too late that the English wanted to seize his lands and subjugate his people. He was the father of Pocahontas

Pequot War (Ch.2)

In 1637, the colonists killed hundreds of these people in their village new West Mystic, in the CT River valley. Under the terms of the Treaty of Hartford (1638), this nation was dissolved.

Bacon's Rebellion (Ch.2)

In 1676, a wealthy man defied Governor Berkley's authority by assuming command of a group of frontier vigilantes. Later historians would praise him as a leader of the first struggle of common folk versus aristocrats. The rebellion was largely a battle of servants, small farmers, and even slaves against VA's wealthiest planters and political leaders.

Lord North (Ch.4)

In 1769 new elections for Parliament finally produced a majority of the "king's friends." George III found and promoted to chief this person. In 1770 the king installed a cabinet of the "king's friends" with him as first minister.

General George Washington (Ch.5)

In 1775, the Continental Congress named him the commander in chief of the Continental Army. He was an officer in the F and I war, but his continental army was undisciplined at first and causing a problem.

Special units organized by the militia to be ready for quick mobilization. (page 196)

Minutemen

He inspired the Virginia Resolves, which declared that Englishmen could only be taxed by their elected representatives. In March of 1775, he met with other colonial leaders to discuss the goals of the upcoming Continental Congress and famously declared "Give me liberty or give me death." During the ratification process of the U.S. Constitution, he became one of the leaders of the anti-federalists. (page 194)

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

Proclamation of 1763 (Ch.4)

Royal directive issued after the FR and Indian War prohibiting settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains; although it was soon over-ridden by treaties, colonists continued to harbor resentment.

Pontiac's Rebellion (Ch.4)

The 1763 attacks came to be called this because of the prominent role played by the charismatic Ottawa chieftain. They convinced most colonists that all NA's should be killed or removed. The BR gov, however, negotiated an agreement with the NA's that allowed BR to set up forts in exchange for trade.

How did contact between the Western Hemisphere and Europe change through the exchange of plants, animals, and pathogens?

The Europeans brought great things such as corn, potatoes, beans to feed and ultimately trade with the Native Americans, also bringing horses and pigs to be proved very useful. Not all of the "gifts" were positive, however. The Europeans brought diseases such as smallpox, bubonic plague, and other pathogens that the Native Americans had not been exposed nor had immunity to.

What is the legacy of the Spanish presence in North America?

The Spanish left a pretty brutal legacy. Their intent was very clear from the beginning; they wanted gold and silver and they would stop at nothing to seize it. They took from Native Americans who had it, and enslaved ones who didn't, forcing them to mine. In the eyes of the Native Americans, the Spanish were a force not to be reckoned with.

Robert Morris (Ch.6)

The closest thing to an executive leader of the Confederation was him, who was superintendent of finance in the final years of the war and became the most influential figure in the government. He developed a program of taxation and debt management to make the national government financially stable.

New Jersey Plan (Ch.6)

The delegations to the Constitutional Convention were divided between two plans on how to structure the government: NJ wanted one legislative body with equal representation for each state.

Virginia Plan (Ch.6)

The delegations to the Constitutional Convention were divided between two plans on how to structure the government: VA called for a strong central government and a two house legislature apportioned by population.

Carolina grew slowly until: a. rice as a staple crop was discovered to be extremely profitable. b. slaves were brought into the colony. c. an alliance with the Indians was signed. d. cotton was introduced into the colony. e. the king forced the English poor to settle the area.

a. rice as a staple crop was discovered to be extremely profitable.

What form of behavior did William Penn ban in his Pennsylvania colony? a. swearing b. alcohol consumption c. dancing in public or in private d. laughing during religious services e. singing outside of church

a. swearing

Who finally ended the Salem Witch trials? a. the Massachusetts governor b. the local pastor c. Salem's judge d. Tituba e. Increase Mather

a. the Massachusetts governor

Pueblos (Ch.1)

adobe cliff dwellings

The Treaty of Tordesillas

divided the new territories discovered by Europeans between Spain and Portugal

A major goal of the Navigation Acts was to

keep the shipping trade with the colonies under English control.

Jaques Cartier (Ch.1)

led to the first FR effort at colonization in North America. During 3 voyages - He got as far as Montreal. Tried to colonize in Quebec, but it only lasted a year. By then FR kings lost interest in Canada for over half a century.

The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution involved the national government's purchase of land. the Supreme Court. presidential elections. slavery.

presidential elections.

The Revenue Act of 1767 posed a major threat to the colonists because it

relieved colonial officials of financial dependence on colonial assemblies.

The Declaration of Independence

restated John Locke's ideas.

Corn and potatoes both _________ the European diet

revolutionized

Colonial taverns (Ch.3)

they weren't just saloons, but eateries and hotels for soldiers who needed them.

Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts represented a revolt against the lax government of the Articles of Confederation. was largely triggered by a currency shortage among farmers and high state taxes. led to the governor being captured and held for five days. is correctly represented by all of the above.

was largely triggered by a currency shortage among farmers and high state taxes.

Reformation (Ch.1)

when "protestant" dissidents challenged the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church, Catholics and Protestants persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and killed each other in large numbers

Raleigh's Roanoke Island Colony (Ch.1)

where the soil seemed fruitful and the Native Americans friendly. Raleigh decided to name the area Virginia, in honor of childless Queen Liz. After several false starts, Raleigh in 1587 sponsored another expedition of about one hundred colonists, including women and children, under Governor John White. White spent a month there and returned to England for supplies, leaving behind his daughter Elinor and his granddaughter Virginia Dare (the first child to be born in "the New World"). White returned in 1590 to discover that it had been abandoned and pillaged.

Restoration of the Stuart monarchy- King Charles II

1660

In a duel, Aaron Burr killed Albert Gallatin. John Marshall. John Randolph. Alexander Hamilton.

Alexander Hamilton.

Republicans (Ch.7)

Also called the Democratic Republicans or Jeffersonian. They worried about the threats to individual freedoms and states' rights posed by a strong central government, REP also questioned the legitimacy of a national bank, arguing that the Constitution did not empower the government to create such a bank.

New Netherlands (Ch.2)

Although it was older than the settlements of NE, the Dutch were slowly losing their grip on their empire. King James II realized that the Dutch were too weak to stop a takeover, ordered it captured, and added it to his colonies.

Those who opposed ratification of the Constitution were known as Federalists. Loyalists. Tories. Anti-Federalists.

Anti-Federalists.

Citizen Genet (Ch.7)

As the ambassador to the US from the new French Republic, he engaged American privateers to attack BR ships and conspired with frontiersmen and land speculators to organize an attack on Spanish FL and LA. His actions and the FR radicals excessive actions against their enemies in the new FR republic caused the FR Rev to lose American support.

Abigail Adams (Ch.5)

As the wife of John Adams, she endured long periods of separation from him while he served in many political roles. During these times apart, she wrote often to him; and their correspondence has provided a detailed portrait of life during the Revolutionary War.

Quakers (Ch.2)

Became the most influential of many radical religious groups that emerged from the turbulence of the English Civil War. Founded by George Fox in about 1647, they discarded all formal sacraments and even a formal ministry and embraced pacifism. They were intensely persecuted.

Northwest Ordinance (Ch.6)

Because of the squatter problem, this required a period of preparation for statehood. This created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio and west of PA), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

At the outset of the Revolution, Washington and his army escaped New York because of General Washington's astute strategy. British General Howe's caution. the intervention of the French. Benedict Arnold's secret information.

British General Howe's caution.

Iroquois League (Ch.2)

By the early 1600s some fifty sachems (chiefs) governed the 12,000 members of the league. They force the colonists to work with them in the beaver trade. It was by far the largest NA organization.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense (Ch.4)

During the Revolutionary War, Thomas Paine provided the Patriot cause with this stirring pamphlet. Until it was published, colonial grievances had been mainly directed at Parliament; few colonists realized independence was an option. He directly attacked allegiance to the monarchy, which had remained the last frayed connection to BR.

Francis Scott Key (Ch.8)

During the War of 1812, he watched BR forces bombard Fort McHenry, but fail to take it. Seeing the American flag still flying over the fort at dawn inspired him to write "The Star-Spangled Banner", which became the American national anthem.

Salutary neglect policy (Ch.4)

Edward Burke's description of Robert Walpole's relaxed policy towards the American colonies, which gave them greater independence in pursuing both their economic and political interests.

Deism (Ch.3)

Enlightenment thought applied to religion; emphasized reason, morality, and natural law. Believing in God that had created a universe animated by natural laws, laws that inquisitive people could discern through the use of reason.

What were the fundamental beliefs and myths shared by the societies of North America in the pre-Columbian era?

Especially concerning the sacredness of nature, they agreed that communal living was good and respecting elders was a must.

Aaron Burr (Ch.8)

Even though he was TJ's VP, he lost favor w/ TJ's supporters (REP). He wanted to work with Federalists and run as their candidate for the governor of NY. Ham opposed Burr's candidacy and his stinging remarks on the subject led to Burr challenging him to duel (Ham died)

Treaty of Amity and Commerce, 1778 (Ch.5)

FR recognized the new US and offered trade, including shipping rights. Both parties agreed: if FR entered the war, both countries would fight until American independence was won; then, that neither would call a truce without consent; and third, that each guaranteed the other's possessions in US

A higher percentage of the population in Britain enjoyed the suffrage as compared to the American colonies.

False

Attitudes toward poverty in colonial America were much more progressive than in Britain.

False

Bacon's Rebellion was caused by a conflict between blacks and whites in Virginia.

False

Benjamin Franklin wrote an influential essay criticizing George Whitefield's preaching tour of the colonies.

False

Blacks were not permitted to serve in the American armed forces during the Revolution.

False

By 1750, about half of the colonists lived in cities.

False

Columbus established the first permanent settlement on Hispaniola in 1502.

False

XYZ affair (Ch.7)

Foreign French minister Talleyrand's 3 anonymous agents demanded payments to stop FR plundering of US ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to 2 years of sea war with FR

George Greenville's colonial policy (Ch.4)

He ordered colonial officials to actually enforce the Navigation Acts and he dispatched warships to capture American smugglers. He also set up a new court in the Canadian port of Halifax, ensuring that there would be no juries of colonists sympathetic to smugglers. "salutary neglect" came to an end.

Dutch claims to New Netherland came from the voyage of

Henry Hudson

Surrender at Yorktown (Ch.5)

It was the last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Lord Charles Cornwallis along with over 7000 British troops surrendered on 17/10/1781

"I have not yet begun to fight," said George Washington at Valley Forge. John Paul Jones after winning a sea battle with the British. Thomas Paine in The American Crisis. General William Howe before Saratoga.

John Paul Jones after winning a sea battle with the British.

Most of the early English colonies were organized by

Joint-stock companies

Shay's Rebellion (Ch.6)

Mass farmer and 1200 compatriots wanted paper currency and lower taxes to get them out of debt. They stormed the federal arsenal at Springfield in the winter of 1787 but were quickly stopped.

Great Compromise (CT Compromise) (Ch.6)

Mediated the differences between the NJ and VA delegations to the Constitutional Convention by providing for a bicameral leg, the upper house of which would have equal representation and the lower house of which would be apportioned by population.

Hartford Convention (Ch.8)

Meeting of NE Federalists on 15/12/1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Critical Period (Ch.6)

Often used to label the period during which the US was governed under the Articles of Confederation (1781-87), fear of a powerful national government dominated the period and the result was fragmentation and stagnation.

"other persons" (Ch.6)

The can not specifically say the word slavery in the Constitution because of how the South will react, but they do mention "other persons" cannot be owned, so that it is left up to interpretation (which is always the way to go)

Where did they get the Gold and silver?

They used the NA's to mine the area

Homespun (Ch.4)

This Movement, as a form of protest, promoted American industry, simplicity, and democracy as opposed to British luxury and corruption. In 1767, after Parliament passed the Townshend Act increasing taxes on manufactured goods, instead of buying cloth from BR, Patriot women relied on their own resources, like a plain-weave cloth made at home. In addition to the boycott of British textiles, this movement served the Continental Army by producing clothing and blankets for the soldiers.

He was a plantation owner, author, the drafter of the Declaration Independence, ambassador to France, leader of the Republican party, secretary of state, and the third president of the United States. As president, he purchased the Louisiana territory from France, withheld appointments made by President Adams leading to Marybury v. Madison, outlawed foreign slave trade, and was committed to a "wise and frugal" government. (page 192)

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

This pamphlet refocused the blame for the colonies' problems on King George III rather than on Parliament and advocated a declaration of independence, which few colonialists had considered prior to its appearance. (page 200)

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Jay's Treaty (Ch.7)

Treaty with BR negotiated in 1794; BR agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.

Africans had experience cultivating rice in Africa and helped the English settlers grow it in the South.

True

After the English Civil War, it was generally believed that freedom was the common heritage of all Englishmen.

True

After the Revolution, problems with Spain included navigation of the Mississippi River.

True

After the battle of Yorktown, the British House of Commons voted against continuing the war.

True

As a result of the War of 1812, President Madison embraced nationalism and broad construction of the Constitution, thus moving close to the old Federalist position.

True

Great Awakening (Ch.3)

Unlike the Enlightenment, which affected primarily the intellectual elite, this appealed to the masses and started Protestant evangelicalism. It was the first popular movement before the American Revolution that spanned all thirteen colonies.

James Madison (Ch.6)

Was in the Constitutional Convention during and he proposed the VA plan. Believed in strong central government and was a leader of the Federalists and a contributor to the Federalist Papers. He also presented the Bill of Rights to Congress and drafted the VA Resolutions. Sued in a famous case

Washington's Continental Army (Ch.5)

Washington was pleased to see that the soldiers from the different colonies were as one in their "continental" viewpoint. He whipped them into shape and they became tough enough to win our independence.

Paul Revere (Ch.4)

Went on a famous ride to warn the rebels when the Patriots got wind of the plan Gage had to seize the militia at Concord.

A central element in the definition of English liberty was: a. the right to a trial by jury. b. the right to self-incrimination. c. that each English citizen owned a copy of the English Constitution. d. freedom of expression. e. what an individual king or queen said it was.

a. the right to a trial by jury.

Around 7000 B.C.E., agriculture developed in the Americas around: a. the Mississippi Valley. b. Mexico and Peru. c. the Yucatan. d. Chesapeake Bay. e. Brazil.

b. Mexico and Peru.

Puritan women: a. could not legally divorce. b. were not allowed full church membership. c. were said to achieve freedom by embracing subjection to their husbands' authority. d. could become ministers if they were widows of ministers. e. married late in life.

c. were said to achieve freedom by embracing subjection to their husbands' authority.

The language (with mixed African roots) spoken by African-American slaves on the rice plantations of South Carolina and Georgia during the eighteenth century was known as: a. Ashanti. b. Yoruba. c. Creole. d. Gullah. e. Ibo.

d. Gullah.

Under the Confederation, Americans disagreed with the British over: control of navigation on the Mississippi River. forts along the Canadian border. free trade with China. restrictions on immigration.

forts along the Canadian border.

The Northwest Ordinance was significant in part because it gave free land to former slaves. barred disloyal Tories from the western territories. set the procedure for territories to become states. established a precedent for protecting the rights of Native Americans.

set the procedure for territories to become states.

More than he feared the British, by 1777 George Washington worried about: the effects of brutal winter weather. mercenaries hired by the British. smallpox. slave rebellions in the South.

smallpox

From the point of view of the United States, all but which of the following were positive results of the War of 1812? the stirring stanzas of "The Star-Spangled Banner" the victory of Andrew Jackson at New Orleans encouragement of the growth of manufacturing in the United States and a greater sense of economic independence from Britain the favorable settlement of most issues that caused the war

the favorable settlement of most issues that caused the war

Bank of the United States (Ch.7)

would have 3 primary responsibilities: 1. to serve as a secure repository for government funds and facilitate the transfer of monies to other nations 2. to provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to facilitate economic development 3. to manage the nation's money supply by regulating the money-issuing activities of state-chartered banks. By holding government bonds and using them for collateral, the national bank could issue banknotes (paper money), thereby providing a national currency that would address the chronic shortage of gold and silver coins.

Pueblo Revolt, 1680 (Ch.1)

Juan Onate was given a land grant (to New Mexico) but had a run-in with the NA's. He brutally put down a rebellion, cutting off a foot of each male to send a message.

Explain the importance that bison came to claim in the lives of Plains Indians societies.

The bison provided a food source for the plains NA's but since they competed for food with the horses and helped deplete the soil, the land became less and less fertile along the river valleys during the winter

The English

They wanted to establish a self-sustaining community. They had women, unlike the other two groups and they prospered and flourished far longer than the other communities

The French

They wanted to recruit the NA's for trading allies. Beaver hats were profitable (they sent far fewer people) They didn't want to coerce, they just wanted to trade. They sent fur traders

Mestizos (Ch.1)

the offspring of Spanish fathers and indigenous mothers

The city situated along the Mississippi River with between 10,000 and 30,000 residents in the year 1200 is today known as: a. Poverty Point. b. Cahokia. c. Pueblo Bonita. d. Iroquois. e. Tenochtitlan.

b. Cahokia.

Spanish came to America for what?

the 3 G's (Gold and Silver, Catholicism, Bragging rights)

What were the primary motivations for the Spanish conquest of the Americas?

"planting Christianity in the Western Hemisphere", taking over and colonizing the NA's to convert and enslave

There were few problems with the Indians in New England because of the Puritan missionary impulse.

false english wanted to subordination with indians than collaboration

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

directly attacked King George III and demanded independence.

The Peace of Paris in 1763

ended French power in North America.

True or False. The Adena-Hopewell culture followed the Mississippian in pre-Contact North America

False

When the Edict of Nantes, which had granted religious toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots), was revoked in 1685, 100,000 Huguenots fled France for New France.

False

The owners of large estates in New York were known as Select one: a. Mennonites. b. Patroons. c. Finns. d. Moravians.

b. Patroons

Whigs (Ch.4)

Americans opposed to English policies began to call themselves true "this" and label the king and his "corrupt" ministers as "Tories".

What civilization existed in America before the arrival of Europeans?

Ancient Indian tribes such as the mayas, aztecs, chinches, and incas existed before the arrival of europeans. Although that is not a complete list, there were numerous inhabitants before Columbus and Cortes and Coronado discovered "The New World".

Alexander Hamilton (Ch.6)

Believed in a strong federal government. Federalist. As the first sec of Tres, he laid the foundation for American capitalism. Made a federal budget, funded debt, a federal tax system, a national bank, a customs service, and a coast guard.

The issue in Shays's Rebellion in western Massachusetts was protection for farmers against Indian attacks.

False

Thomas Jefferson's "midnight appointments" led to Marbury v. Madison.

False

The authors of The Federalist Papers were all the following except Alexander Hamilton. James Madison. James Monroe. John Jay.

James Monroe.

Twenty-seven delegates from nine of the colonies met from October 7 to 25, 1765 and wrote a Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies, a petition to the King and a petition to Parliament for the repeal of the Stamp Act. (page 184)

Stamp Act Congress

Publius (Ch.6)

The name that 'The Federalist' was published under to keep it anonymous

A Discourse Concerning Western Planting argued that English settlement of North America would strike a blow against Spain.

True

Believing that tobacco was harmful to one's health, King James I warned against its use.

True

By 1550, the Spanish empire in the New World exceeded the ancient Roman Empire in size.

True

By 1786, all state support for religion had ended.

True

By 1840, 40 percent of Americans lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.

True

Celebration of Independence Day on July 4, rather than the July 2, came about by accident.

True

J. P. Zenger's Case (Ch.3)

Zenger was convicted for publishing criticisms of NY's governor in his newspaper, the New York weekly journal. It was libel. Freedom of the press- was that he had told the truth and was therefore not guilty of fostering an ill opinion of the government.

The British Surrender occurred at Saratoga. Newport, Rhode Island. Charleston, South Carolina. Yorktown, VA.

Yorktown, VA.

Jesuits (Ch.4)

a religious order founded in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola. They sought to counter the spread of Protestantism during the Protestant Reformation and spread the Catholic faith through work as missionaries.

During the English political upheaval between 1640 and 1660: a. new religious sects began demanding the end of public financing and special privileges for the Anglican Church. b. groups began calling for the elimination of a written English constitution, on the grounds that kings merely abused its privileges. c. writer John Milton called for an end to freedom of speech and press, because it caused too much controversy. d. the execution of King Charles II led to new debates about crime and punishment. e. thousands of American colonists returned to England to participate in the Civil War.

a. new religious sects began demanding the end of public financing and special privileges for the Anglican Church.

In Puritan marriages: a. reciprocal affection and companionship were the ideal. b. divorce was not allowed. c. husbands could beat their wives without interference from the authorities. d. wives were banned from attending church because they might end up disagreeing with how their husbands interpreted the sermon. e. women could speak only when spoken to.

a. reciprocal affection and companionship were the ideal.

Governor William Berkeley's regime: a. corrupted Penn's plans for the Pennsylvania colony, but the democratic system that Penn created made it impossible for him to do anything about it. b. was a corrupt alliance of the Virginia colony's wealthiest tobacco planters. c. offended tobacco planters, who felt that he allowed Nathaniel Bacon to exert too much influence in the House of Burgesses. d. greatly affected Virginia during its four years in power. e. extended Virginia's claims to California, thus leading to the naming of the northern California city of Berkeley.

b. was a corrupt alliance of the Virginia colony's wealthiest tobacco planters.

The first center of the Spanish empire in America: a. was a prosperous settlement that Columbus created. b. was the island of Hispaniola c. fell to Dutch raiders in 1506. d. resulted from Columbus's last voyage to the New World in 1502. e. was Cuba.

b. was the island of Hispaniola

Native American religious ceremonies: a. had nothing to do with farming or hunting. b. were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things. c. were designed to show that supernatural forces must control man. d. were the same in every community. e. did not exist until arriving Europeans insisted on knowing about Native American customs.

b. were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things.

Many of the first Africans in America Select one: a. did not experience racism. b. were treated as indentured servants. c. came from Brazil. d. were encouraged to become Christians by their owners.

b. were treated as indentured servants.

The largest city in British North America was Select one: a. Boston. b. New York. c. Philadelphia. d. Charleston.

c. Philadelphia

Spanish Florida: a. attracted large numbers of settlers. b. became a British colony in 1607. c. was little more than an isolated military settlement. d. was the site of Juan Oñate's attack on the inhabitants of Acoma. e. attracted mostly elderly Spaniards.

c. was little more than an isolated military settlement.

In 1519, who became the first European explorer to encounter the Aztec empire? a. Vasco da Gama b. Ferdinand Magellan c. John Cabot d. Hernán Cortés e. Francisco Pizzaro

d. Hernán Cortés

The British Country Party: a. declined in popularity as England became an increasingly urbanized country. b. underwrote the expenses of a large number of the migrants to the American colonies. c. opposed the power of the landed gentry in British politics. d. sought to stop corruption in British politics. e. required its leaders to dress in work clothes to promote the idea of being "of the people."

d. sought to stop corruption in British politics.

Which of the following was not a factor that made African slavery appealing to English planters in the New World? a. Since slaves' terms of service never expired, unlike those of indentured servants, Africans could create a permanent labor force. b. Europeans believed that Africans were more accustomed to hard agricultural labor than were Native Americans, and thus would be better workers. c. Africans had long since developed a resistance to European diseases, making epidemics less likely than among Native American laborers. d. Africans could not claim the protection of English common law. e. A long English legal tradition of discriminating against dark-skinned peoples eased the legalization of slavery.

e. A long English legal tradition of discriminating against dark-skinned peoples eased the legalization of slavery.

As early as 1615, the _________ people of present-day southern Ontario and upper New York State forged a trading alliance with the French, and many of them converted to Catholicism. a. Pequot b. Lenni Lenape c. Iroquois d. Cherokee e. Huron

e. Huron

What commodity drove the African slave trade in Brazil and the West Indies during the seventeenth century? a. tobacco b. indigo c. silver d. cotton e. sugar

e. sugar

Winthrop's "City upon a Hill" (Ch.2)

in his 1630 speech on the Arbella to fellow Puritans, expressed the belief that they were on a divine mission to show what a godly community could achieve.

The Revolution of 1800 involved the wholesale ouster of Federalists from the government. shooting death of Alexander Hamilton. peaceful transfer of power. defeat of the Tertium Quid by Jefferson.

peaceful transfer of power.

In America, one significant effect of the Glorious Revolution was to

set a precedent for overthrowing a king.

Paine's "American Crisis" (Ch.5)

"These are the times that try men's souls:..." This pamphlet bolstered the shaken morale of the Patriots. Congress's decision to offer recruits cash, land, clothing, and blankets proved more important than Paine's inspiring words in lifting the spirits of the revolutionaries.

Parliament levies the Townshed duties

1767

Two essential elements of the colonial New England economy were: Select one: a. fishing and shipping. b. slavery and plantations. c. staple crops for export and ships to carry them. d. hard money to invest and manufacturing.

A. fishing and shipping.

The colonies' main economic problem involved Select one: a. paying for imported goods. b. clearing enough land for farming. c. finding a reliable source of raw materials. d. creating urban markets for manufactured products.

A. paying for imported goods.

Andrew Jackson (Ch.8)

As a major general in the TN militia, he defeated the Creek Indians, invaded the panhandle of Spanish FL and won the Battle of New Orleans. Soon after became president of the US.

The oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention was George Washington. Elbridge Gerry. Roger Sherman. Benjamin Franklin.

Benjamin Franklin.

New Netherland (Ch.2)

Dutch colony older than New England. The Dutch East India Co (1602) hired an English captain, Henry Hudson, to explore America in hopes of finding a northwest passage to the spice-rich Indies.

Encomienda (Ch.1)

Established to maintain the North and South American settlements across the southern portion of North America. As conquistadores started making bank, it replaced the hacienda system.

Columbus first sailed to what is now Venezuela.

False

Columbus was Spanish.

False

Cortés conquered the capital city of the Aztec empire with an army of over 1,000 men.

False

Even Jewish people enjoyed religious freedom under Maryland's Act Concerning Religion.

False

In the 1700s, the militarily-strong West African nations of Ashanti and Dahomey refused to participate in the slave trade.

False

Like the first Jamestown settlers, the settlers of Massachusetts were mostly families.

False

Most of those accused of witchcraft in Salem were young children.

False

Rice was the leading crop in North Carolina.

False

Slavery flourished in Brazil and the West Indies in the seventeenth century because of tobacco.

False

T/F "Salutary neglect" described British policy toward French and Spanish colonial efforts in America before the wars for empire.

False

T/F The Paxton Boys were convinced by Benjamin Franklin not to march on Philadelphia and demand independence in the 1760s.

False

T/F The Boston Tea Party resulted when the British authorities greatly increased the tax on tea.

False

The Constitution set a provision that allowed the American government to end its involvement in the international slave trade in 1800.

False

The Federalist supported the Articles of Confederation and opposed the new Constitution.

False

The Northwest Ordinance treated the western lands the same way imperial nations treated colonies.

False

The Pilgrims intended to set sail for Cape Cod in 1620.

False

The Spanish aim was to exterminate or remove the Indians from the New World.

False

The Spanish were the first to sail down the western coast of Africa, establishing trading posts, called factories.

False

The Toleration Act passed by Parliament in 1690 was widely praised by the Puritans in Massachusetts.

False

The Virginia Declaration of Rights gave married women the vote.

False

The birthrate was lower in the colonies than in England.

False

The central figure at the Constitutional Convention was Thomas Jefferson

False

The religious emotionalism of the Great Awakening was confined to the American colonies in the mid-eighteenth century.

False

The strongest support for the War of 1812 came from New England.

False

Marbury v. Madison (Ch.8)

First US Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law- the judiciary act of 1801- unconstitutional; President Adams's midnight appointment of Federalist judges prompted the suit. Marbury was supposed to get appointed (under Adams) and Madison said, "naw bish".

General Nathanael Greene (Ch.5)

He was chosen to command the southern theater in 1780 by the late Congress. He was called "the fighting Quaker" of Rhode Island. He was skilled at managing men and saving supplies, so they thought he'd be well equipped to handle this job.

Joseph Brant (Ch.5)

He was the Mohawk leader who led the Iroquois against the Americans in the Revolutionary War.

George Whitefield (Ch.3)

His reputation as a spellbinding evangelist preceded him to the colonies. He helped spread the Great Awakening.

Triangular Trade (Ch.3)

New Englanders shipped rum to the west coast of Africa, where they bartered for slaves; took the enslaved Africans to the West Indies; and returned home with various commodities, including molasses, from which they manufactured rum. In another version they shipped provisions to the West Indies, carried sugar and molasses to England, and returned with goods manufactured in Europe.

Olive Branch Petition (Ch.4)

On July 6 and 8, 1775, the Continental Congress issued this appeal to the king. It was written by Pennsylvanian John Dickinson. It professed loyalty to George III and urged him to make nice with us. When it reached London, Georgie wouldn't even look at it.

A genius of revolutionary agitation, he believed that English Parliament had no right to legislate for the colonies. He organized the Sons of Liberty as well as protests in Boston against the British. (page 187)

Samuel Adams (1722-1803)

Among the colonists, the leading innovator of revolutionary protests was

Samuel Adams.

Minutemen (Ch.4)

Special units organized by the militia to be ready for quick mobilization.

Impressment (Ch.8)

The BR navy used press-gangs to kidnap men in BR and colonial ports who were then forced to serve in the BR navy

Separation of powers (Ch.6)

The powers of government are split between three separate branches (exec, jud, and leg) who check and balance each other

Richard Henry Lee's resolution, June 7th, 1776 (Ch.4)

This Virginian moved "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." It passed on July 2.

Corps of Discovery (Ch.8)

This was a specially-established unit of the United States Army which formed the nucleus of the Lewis and Clark expedition that took place between May 1804 and September 1806.

"These are the times that try men's souls," declared George Washington at Valley Forge. Thomas Paine in The American Crisis. Benedict Arnold after the Battle of Saratoga. the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Paine in The American Crisis.

Patriots (Ch.5)

Those who formed the Continental army an fought in state militias

A consequence of Bacon's Rebellion was a consolidation of power among Virginia's elite.

True

A gentry class, distinguished by its lavish living style, developed in the South by 1700.

True

Colonial governments generally viewed freedom of the press as dangerous.

True

Creek Indians sold war captives and their families to South Carolina planters as slaves.

True

During the War of 1812, the British captured and burned Washington, D.C.

True

Each year, the Congress of the Confederation ran a deficit in its operating expenses.

True

Early settlers of Jamestown preferred gold to farming.

True

English settlers believed land was the basis of liberty.

True

English settlers in New York demanded their rights over their former Dutch rulers through the Charter of Liberties.

True

Enslaved Africans came from diverse ethnic backgrounds, speaking as many as fifty different languages.

True

Following the Glorious Revolution, the Massachusetts colony had to abide by the Toleration Act.

True

German immigrants greatly enhanced the ethnic and religious diversity of Britain's colonies.

True

In eighteenth-century Chesapeake, race took on greater importance over time, and whites increasingly considered free blacks dangerous and undesirable.

True

In the eighteenth century, efforts began to stop emigration from England, except that convicts were still sent to bolster the Chesapeake labor force.

True

In the northern colonies the law did not prohibit blacks from voting but local custom did.

True

Initially, the proprietors of Georgia banned the introduction of both liquor and slaves.

True

Jefferson's solution to the harassment of U.S. ships by European powers was to cut off trade with all of them.

True

John Locke believed that slaves could not be considered as part of civil society.

True

Like the Spanish, the French often intermarried with the Indians, resulting in mixed race children.

True

Nearly two-thirds of English settlers arrived as indentured servants.

True

New Netherland never became an important or sizable colony in the Dutch empire.

True

Parliament enacted a bill of rights on the completion of the Glorious Revolution.

True

Peninsulares stood atop the social hierarchy in Spanish America.

True

Pontiac's Rebellion was an Indian revolt against British rule.

True

Portuguese seafarers initially hoped to locate African gold.

True

President Madison's wife, Dolley, managed to save many national treasures as the British approached Washington, DC and burnt the capital city.

True

Probably the greatest economic need during the Confederation period was for greater amounts of currency to be in circulation.

True

Puritans relied on and deeply valued education.

True

Race and racism are modern concepts and had not been fully developed by the seventeenth century.

True

Religious toleration violated the Puritan understanding of moral liberty.

True

Spain insisted that the primary goal of colonization was to save the Indians from heathenism.

True

T/F American forces suffered from smallpox at the time they attacked Quebec.

True

T/F As a result of the French and Indian War, Spain received Louisiana.

True

T/F Backcountry dissent in the colonies was primarily aimed at the lack of services that the coastal areas were providing for people living on the frontier.

True

The Indians of North America believed that land was a common resource and the basis of economic life.

True

The law of slavery in English North America became far more repressive than in the Spanish empire.

True

The middle ranks of colonial America were those who lived between extreme wealth and poverty.

True

The verdict in the John Peter Zenger trial, a landmark case about freedom of the press, was that Zenger had told the truth and was therefore not guilty of fostering an ill opinion of the government.

True

Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated in Washington, D.C.

True

Virginia Resolution (Ch.7)

Written by James Madison; passed in 1789; said the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. Declared that states "have the right and are in duty bound to interpose (the states are going to protect you from the law).

Kentucky Resolution (Ch.7)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; passed in 1789; said the Alien and Sedition Acts were being unconstitutional. Also added, "that a nullification" (the states have a right to nullify laws to further protect you from the law) should be possible.

Gaspee Incident (Ch.4)

a British warship that ran aground while chasing smugglers, and its hungry crew proceeded to commandeer local sheep, hogs, and poultry. An angry crowd from the town boarded the ship, shot the captain, removed the crew, and set fire to the vessel. This reignited tensions between the colonies and the mother country

Jonathan Edwards (Ch.3)

a Protestant minister in Northampton, western Mass. One of America's most brilliant philosophers and theologians. He was claimed that the young people of Northampton were indulged in "lewd practices" that exceedingly corrupted others." Helped with the Great Awakening

John Winthrop (Ch.2)

a lawyer turned minister. Wanted to use Mass Bay as a refuge for persecuted Puritans. To do so, he took advantage of an omission in the royal charter (that the joint-stock company maintain its home office in England). So now it is possible for this Co to be self-governing

In Number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison argued that: the Constitution gave the courts too much power. a presidency was unnecessary under the new government. a republic would work especially well in the large, diverse country. tyranny was likely under the strong central government proposed by the Constitution.

a republic would work especially well in the large, diverse country.

Thomas Jefferson (Ch.4)

a young member of the Committee of Correspondence, and he proposed to set aside June 1, the effective date of the Boston Port Act, as a day of fasting and prayer in VA. The royal government shut that shit down and it became the Continental Congress meeting.

How did English rule affect the Iroquois Confederacy? a. After a series of complex negotiations, both groups aided each other's imperial ambitions. b. The English destroyed the Iroquois Confederacy temporarily but revived it under Sir Edmund Andros's rule after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. c. English oppression drove the Iroquois to the side of the French, who eagerly sought their support. d. It enabled the Iroquois to build alliances with other tribes against a common enemy. e. The Iroquois adopted the English constitutional system.

a. After a series of complex negotiations, both groups aided each other's imperial ambitions.

All of the following statements are true of the Atlantic trade in the eighteenth century EXCEPT: a. Although important, slave-grown crops actually accounted for only a small portion of the value of the trade. b. The profits from the slave trade in particular stimulated the rise of key English ports. c. New England and the Middle Colonies exported fish, grain, and lumber to the West Indies. d. Profits from the Atlantic trade helped finance the early industrial revolution. e. Europe was the primary market for colonial-grown products such as rice and indigo.

a. Although important, slave-grown crops actually accounted for only a small portion of the value of the trade.

Which one of the following is true of the English West Indies in the seventeenth century? a. By the end of the century, the African population far outnumbered the European population on most islands. b. Mixed economies with small farms worked by indentured servants dominated islands such as Barbados throughout the century. c. Frequent uprisings by African slaves caused the English to abandon the West Indies by the 1680s and to relocate staple crop production to mainland North America. d. The free labor system of the West Indies stood in stark contrast to the slave labor system of the Chesapeake. e. Indentured servants replaced African slaves in the West Indies once the demand for slaves in Carolina drained away the African population of the islands.

a. By the end of the century, the African population far outnumbered the European population on most islands.

Which of the following was true of Georgia? a. Colonists sought self-government to gain the right to introduce slavery. b. It was the only colony to maintain a ban on liquor until independence. c. The philanthropists who founded it expected slavery to help the lower class Englishmen they brought to the colony. d. Its residents invaded Florida and took it from Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. e. It was named for the most important British queen of the eighteenth century.

a. Colonists sought self-government to gain the right to introduce slavery.

Exploring the North American interior in the 1500s, _____________ was the first European to encounter the immense herds of buffalo that roamed the Great Plains. a. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado b. Hernando deSoto c. Jacques Marquette d. Juan Ponce de León e. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

a. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Why did European exploration of the New World proceed so rapidly after Columbus's discoveries? a. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information. b. England, France, and Spain united to fund exploration, eliminating one of the problems that Columbus had faced. c. Spain was determined to protect the Native Americans against Protestant missionaries from rival European states, inspiring the government to fund numerous expeditions. d. The amount of gold that Columbus brought back to Spain was so inspiring that other countries inevitably followed suit. e. The Dutch became involved and had more money than other countries to finance expeditions, so those other countries worked together and raced against the Dutch for control.

a. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information.

What geographic error did Columbus make? a. He grossly underestimated the size of the Earth. b. He thought the Earth was not round, but flat. c. He was certain that India was east of the Americas. d. He expected the weather in India to be the same as in the North Atlantic. e. He confused the Atlantic Ocean with the Indian Ocean.

a. He grossly underestimated the size of the Earth.

What was Puritan leader and Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop's attitude toward liberty? a. He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good. b. He saw two kinds of liberty: negative liberty, the restricting of freedoms for the sake of others, and positive liberty, the assuring of rights through a constitution. c. He believed that individual rights took precedence over the rights of the community. d. He believed in a dictatorship, with only himself in charge of it. e. He believed "liberty" had a religious but not a political meaning.

a. He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good.

Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán? a. It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center. b. It was located in the dense jungle of the Yucatan Peninsula. c. Its defeat was due to its leader surrendering too soon to Hernán Cortés, who was in fact outnumbered and outgunned. d. Technologically and architecturally, it was so far behind European capitals that its defeat was certain. e. It had the New World's first mass transit system.

a. It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center.

Puritans followed the religious ideas of the French-born theologian: a. John Calvin b. Martin Guerre c. Jacques Baptiste d. Charles LeGrand e. Ulrich Zwingli

a. John Calvin

Which one of the following is true of Spanish emigrants to the New World? a. Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor. b. From the beginning, they arrived as families. c. They were all at the bottom of the social hierarchy. d. They soon outnumbered Native Americans. e. Only the residents of the Malaga province migrated.

a. Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor.

Acoma was an Indian city in present-day ____________ that the Spanish destroyed. a. New Mexico b. Florida c. Cuba d. California e. Puerto Rico

a. New Mexico

John Cabot sailed to: a. Newfoundland. b. New York. c. Jamestown. d. Hispaniola. e. Quebec.

a. Newfoundland.

Which one of the following statements about Spanish America is true? a. Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture—part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African. b. Mestizos enjoyed much political freedom and held most of the high government positions. c. Spaniards outnumbered the Indian inhabitants after fifty years of settlement. d. The Catholic Church played only a minor role in Spanish America. e. Spanish America was very rural and had few urban centers.

a. Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture—part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African.

What historical evidence demonstrates that blacks were being held as slaves for life by the 1640s? a. Property registers list white servants with the number of years they were to work, but blacks (with higher valuations) had no terms of service associated with their names. b. Transcripts from legislative debates in the House of Burgesses show that Virginia lawmakers were debating whether permanent slave status was a good idea. c. Records of declining tobacco prices show that it had become harder to keep labor, which would have forced planters to turn increasingly to Africans and away from white servants. d. There is none, because slavery did not fully exist in Virginia until after Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. e. Advertisements for slaves began appearing in newspapers regularly by 1642.

a. Property registers list white servants with the number of years they were to work, but blacks (with higher valuations) had no terms of service associated with their names.

Great Britain sought to attract which of the following to its American colonies in the eighteenth century? a. Protestants from non-English and less prosperous parts of the British Isles b. Catholics from France and Spain, thereby weakening England's enemies c. professionals and skilled craftsmen from England d. members of nonmainstream religions, particularly Quakers and Anabaptists e. wealthy merchants who could spur economic growth in the colonies

a. Protestants from non-English and less prosperous parts of the British Isles

The Spanish set up outposts from Florida to South Carolina in part because: a. Spanish missionaries hoped to convert local Native Americans to Christianity. b. English colonists from Virginia were attacking Spanish settlements. c. they sought to prevent the escape of African slaves to English colonies located north and east of the Savannah River. d. the discovery of gold mines in central Florida meant that other powers were likely to encroach on Spanish territories. e. they needed to protect St. Augustine, which became capital of New Spain in 1542.

a. Spanish missionaries hoped to convert local Native Americans to Christianity.

Which one of the following is true of slavery? a. The English word "slavery" derives from "Slav," reflecting the slave trade in Slavic peoples until the fifteenth century. b. Christians never were enslaved. c. The Roman Empire outlawed it, but it revived, thanks to Columbus. d. It was nonexistent in Africa until the arrival of European slave traders. e. In every culture in which it existed, it was based on the needs of large-scale agriculture.

a. The English word "slavery" derives from "Slav," reflecting the slave trade in Slavic peoples until the fifteenth century.

How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans? a. The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization. b. Pope Alexander VI had approved Spanish slavery but banned slavery in Portuguese holdings in the New World. c. The writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas explained that the Bible approved slavery and that therefore it was acceptable. d. If England and France were to be defeated in the quest for empire, Spain needed to take a step they had avoided, imposing slavery upon the native population. e. The Spanish actually never enslaved Native Americans; the charge that they did was simply part of the "Black Legend" spread by the English and other enemies.

a. The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization.

Why did the accusations of witchcraft in Salem suddenly snowball in 1692? a. The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others. b. When Tituba testified, the issue became racial and divided the town. c. All of the accused were children, and Puritans were determined to force their young to accept their religious traditions or face death. d. The colonial capital had just been moved to Salem, upsetting the normally staid town. e. They did not; actually, the number of accusations was average and Salem was highly overrated as a place for charges of witchcraft.

a. The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others.

Which of the following is true of the Puritans' dealings with Quakers? a. Their officials in Massachusetts punished Quakers financially and physically, even hanging several of them. b. They welcomed the Quakers and thus were happy to help them set up the Pennsylvania colony. c. They fought Charles II's efforts to oppress and suppress Quakers. d. They passed a law ordering all Quakers to leave Massachusetts or face imminent death. e. They resented the Quakers for their shrewd business practices.

a. Their officials in Massachusetts punished Quakers financially and physically, even hanging several of them.

What ironic consequence did William Penn's generous policies, such as religious toleration and inexpensive land, have? a. They contributed to the increasing reliance of Virginia and Maryland on African slave labor. b. Now that Pennsylvania attracted so many settlers, Carolina was desperate for laborers and began a vast Indian slave trade. c. They actually discouraged suspicious Europeans from choosing Pennsylvania as a place to settle. d. They led the Puritan authorities in Massachusetts to adopt religious toleration in order to compete with Pennsylvania for colonists. e. They encouraged poor residents of New York and New Jersey to move to Pennsylvania in such numbers that Penn repealed his policies within a decade.

a. They contributed to the increasing reliance of Virginia and Maryland on African slave labor.

How did the Dutch manifest their devotion to liberty? a. They supported freedom of religion in their colony. b. Their colony was the first in the Americas to have a bill of rights. c. They allowed freedom of speech. d. They issued the Edict of New Netherland, declaring the Puritans to be heathens because they refused to allow religious freedom. e. They gave men ownership of their wives, which gave married men the property ownership and independence they needed to participate in political activities.

a. They supported freedom of religion in their colony.

John Locke's political philosophy stressed: a. a contract system between the people and the government. b. the necessity to good government of the monarch having absolute power. c. that mercantilism was necessary for a strong nation. d. religious toleration for all. e. that strong government prevented a "war of all against all."

a. a contract system between the people and the government.

In the 1640s, leaders of the House of Commons: a. accused the king of imposing taxes without parliamentary consent. b. supported efforts to move England back to Catholicism. c. aided Charles I in overthrowing his father, James I. d. opposed Oliver Cromwell's "Commonwealth" government. e. refused to allow new colonists to emigrate to America.

a. accused the king of imposing taxes without parliamentary consent.

Nathaniel Bacon: a. actually was socially closer to the elite than to the indentured servants who supported him. b. had no connection to Virginia's wealthiest planters. c. won unanimous support for his effort to reduce taxes, but his effort to remove all Native Americans from the colony doomed his rebellion. d. burned down Jamestown but never succeeded in taking over the colony or driving out Governor Berkeley. e. was the first colonist to open his own slaughterhouse.

a. actually was socially closer to the elite than to the indentured servants who supported him.

A consequence of the English Civil War of the 1640s was: a. an English belief that England was the world's guardian of liberty. b. an increase in the power of the Stuart kings. c. the establishment of Plymouth Colony. d. the signing of the Magna Carta. e. the outbreak of war between Spain and England.

a. an English belief that England was the world's guardian of liberty.

During the colonial era, Philadelphia: a. became home to a varied population of artisans and craftsmen. b. was one of the empire's least successful seaports. c. was large by European standards. d. was populated almost entirely by wealthy citizens. e. came under the almost dictatorial control of Benjamin Franklin.

a. became home to a varied population of artisans and craftsmen.

Boston merchants: a. challenged the subordination of economic activity to Puritan control. b. refused to trade with anyone outside of the Puritan faith. c. paid for Anne Hutchinson's prosecution. d. had enjoyed widespread freedom to trade since the establishment of the colony. e. controlled John Winthrop.

a. challenged the subordination of economic activity to Puritan control.

Roger Williams argued that: a. church and state must be totally separated. b. Puritans must stay in the Church of England and reform it. c. religious wars were necessary to protect not only religion, but also freedom. d. Puritans were on a divine mission to spread the true faith. e. only John Winthrop was capable of explaining the word of God.

a. church and state must be totally separated.

"Anglicization" meant all of the following EXCEPT: a. colonists were determined to speak English as perfectly as those who lived in England. b. colonists imported the latest London fashions and literature. c. the colonial elite modeled their homes on the English gentry's estates and townhouses. d. those colonists who could afford to do so often sent their sons to England to be educated. e. the upper-class colonists often had coats of arms designed for their families, as the upper-class did in England.

a. colonists were determined to speak English as perfectly as those who lived in England.

Adam Smith recorded in 1776 that the "two greatest and most important" events in the history of mankind were the: a. discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia. b. discovery of America and the beginning of the slave trade. c. birth of mercantilism and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia. d. beginning of the slave trade and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.

a. discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.

The Puritan minister Thomas Hooker: a. founded what became part of the colony of Connecticut. b. insisted that Massachusetts pay Indians for land the colony took from them. c. was Anne Hutchinson's minister and thus created problems for the Puritan leadership. d. tried to minister to Puritan women who fell victim to the big city of Boston, for which his name eventually became associated with prostitutes. e. defended the rights of conscience in a spirited debate with Puritan leaders about church-state relations

a. founded what became part of the colony of Connecticut.

Before the arrival of Columbus, Native North Americans: a. had elaborate trade networks. b. were entirely agricultural and rural. c. from all regions of the continent were very similar in their political and religious beliefs. d. always lived in small family units. e. lived only in coastal areas.

a. had elaborate trade networks.

Once Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691: a. it was required to abide by the English Act of Toleration, which displeased many Puritan leaders. b. it received the right to have its voters elect its own governor and legislative assembly. c. Plymouth was split off from Massachusetts to become its own independent colony. d. church membership became the chief legal requirement for voting. e. social tensions generally decreased and a relatively peaceful period ensued.

a. it was required to abide by the English Act of Toleration, which displeased many Puritan leaders.

The Massachusetts General Court: a. reflected the Puritans' desire to govern the colony without outside interference. b. was chosen by the king. c. was chosen by the governor. d. ruled the colony from its beginnings in 1630. e. by law had to consist of a majority of Puritan judges.

a. reflected the Puritans' desire to govern the colony without outside interference.

The Glorious Revolution of 1688: a. resulted mainly from the fears of English aristocrats that the birth of James II's son would lead to a Catholic succession. b. ended parliamentary rule in Great Britain until Queen Anne's War in 1702. c. was the work of an ambitious Danish prince out to avenge his father's murder by a British nobleman. d. had no impact on the British colonies in America. e. prompted Scotland's secession from Great Britain and thus a reduction in Scots-Irish immigration to the colonies.

a. resulted mainly from the fears of English aristocrats that the birth of James II's son would lead to a Catholic succession.

What does the seal of the Massachusetts Bay Colony imply? a. that the Indians wished for the English to come over and help liberate them b. that the Puritans were establishing a "city upon a hill" and a religious refuge c. that the new colony was prosperous through fur trading, fishing, and timber industries d. that the area was filled with hostile Indians that would be subdued through the force of the militia e. that Massachusetts was the jewel in the British empire's crown

a. that the Indians wished for the English to come over and help liberate them

Portuguese trading posts along the western coast of Africa were called factories because: a. the merchants were known as factors. b. the trading posts made the goods there in Africa in makeshift factories. c. the African slaves built factories along the coast to manufacture guns. d. the slave traders called their system a labor factory. e. that is how the Africans translated "trading post."

a. the merchants were known as factors.

When Europeans arrived, many Native Americans: a. tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans. b. immediately opened treaty negotiations. c. learned their languages. d. hid in nearby cave dwellings. e. simply attacked them.

a. tried to use them to enhance their standing with other Native Americans.

Maryland's founder, Cecilius Calvert: a. wanted Maryland to be like a feudal domain, with power limited for ordinary people. b. supported total religious freedom for all of the colony's inhabitants. c. gave a great deal of power to the elected assembly but not to the royal governor. d. lost ownership of the colony and died a pauper. e. actually hated Catholics, which is why he set up a colony for them in a swamp.

a. wanted Maryland to be like a feudal domain, with power limited for ordinary people.

In contrast to life in the Chesapeake region, life in New England: a. was more family oriented. b. did not involve class-based hierarchies. c. was not as deeply religious. d. allowed for equal legal rights for women and men. e. centered on an economy based on one cash crop.

a. was more family oriented.

In England, social inequality: a. was part of a hierarchical society. b. did not keep British subjects from enjoying the same degree of individual freedom. c. did not mean that there was economic inequality. d. was banned under the doctrine of coverture. e. prompted Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church.

a. was part of a hierarchical society.

By the eighteenth century, consumer goods such as books and ceramic plates: a. were found in many colonial residents' homes. b. were specifically banned in the colonies by the Navigation Acts. c. were rare in the colonies, thus demonstrating that the colonists lived in a premodern world. d. were manufactured in several mainland English colonies but had to be shipped to England for sale. e. were almost entirely Dutch-made.

a. were found in many colonial residents' homes.

Indians in eighteenth-century British America: a. were well integrated into the British imperial system. b. benefited from the Walking Purchase of 1737. c. were viewed in the same way by traders, British officials, and farmers. d. never warred with the colonists. e. had access to the liberties guaranteed to Englishmen.

a. were well integrated into the British imperial system.

Olaudah Equiano: a. wrote the eighteenth century's most widely read account by a slave of a slave's own experiences. b. was popular with Europeans for telling them that their culture was far superior to that of Africans like himself. c. demonstrated in his writings that he perfectly fit the stereotype that blacks were savages incapable of becoming civilized. d. led several Central American slave insurrections before his death. e. was one of the few children of African-American and Native-American descent ever to be the chief of his Indian tribe.

a. wrote the eighteenth century's most widely read account by a slave of a slave's own experiences.

Colonial governors had the power to a. veto colonial legislation. b .determine when and where the assembly would meet. c. postpone elections of the assembly at pleasure. d. all of the above

all of the above

The Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison was sparked by Adams's "midnight appointments." established the Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional. had no effect on Marbury's situation. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following was true of agriculture in the colonies during the eighteenth century? a. It was in decline in the backcountry as compared to coastal areas. b. Because New York's landlords had taken over so much land, agriculture grew more slowly in New York than in other colonies. c. New England moved away from smaller farming and increasingly toward large-scale farms and plantations. d. The standard of living on farms was far lower than it was in Europe. e. Farmers in the Middle Colonies had no interest in the market.

b. Because New York's landlords had taken over so much land, agriculture grew more slowly in New York than in other colonies.

In the Pequot War of 1637: a. the Pequots defeated the Puritans in a battle that temporarily drove back the Massachusetts Bay settlers to only three coastal towns b. Connecticut and Massachusetts soldiers teamed with Narragansett allies to set the main Pequot village afire and kill 500 Pequots. c. the Narragansetts joined the Pequots to fight the Puritans, leading to the elimination of both tribes. d. the barbarity of the Native Americans surprised the colonists. e. the Pequots took over the old Pilgrim colony and made it their own.

b. Connecticut and Massachusetts soldiers teamed with Narragansett allies to set the main Pequot village afire and kill 500 Pequots.

Which of the following best sums up population diversity in colonial British America? a. From the beginning of British settlement, the colonies were highly diverse in race and religion. b. Great Britain originally promoted emigration to the colonies as a means of ridding itself of excess population but cut back in the eighteenth century, opening the colonies to a more diverse group of settlers. c. Men and women arrived in almost equal numbers because British officials encouraged women to leave, believing that fewer women in the mother country would equal slower population growth. d. Great Britain urged professionals and skilled craftspeople to go to its colonies in America because it wanted to create a model society there, but eventually it began to urge vagabonds and "masterless men" to go instead. e. Germans were the only non-British group allowed to live in the colonies.

b. Great Britain originally promoted emigration to the colonies as a means of ridding itself of excess population but cut back in the eighteenth century, opening the colonies to a more diverse group of settlers.

John Winthrop followed which one of the following policies toward Native Americans? a. He declared all Indian land to be the property of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. b. He insisted that they agree to submit to English authority. c. He required Puritans to pay them. d. He urged all Puritans to work at converting Native Americans to Christianity. e. He called for their immediate extermination.

b. He insisted that they agree to submit to English authority.

What was one of Pennsylvania's only restrictions on religious liberty? a. Settlers could belong to any denomination but had to sign an oath affirming that they would not to oppress Quakers. b. Holding office required an oath affirming a belief in Jesus Christ, which eliminated Jews from serving. c. Atheists were welcome as long as they promised not to attack religion publicly. d. Church attendance was mandatory, but the state did not specify which type of church. e. There were no restrictions.

b. Holding office required an oath affirming a belief in Jesus Christ, which eliminated Jews from serving.

In what ways did England reduce colonial autonomy during the 1680s? a. Charles II revoked the charters of all colonies that had violated the Navigation Acts. b. It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly. c. Because Charles II and James II were at least closet Catholics, the colonies no longer could have established churches within their borders. d. The king started appointing all judges. e. Not at all; this was the era in which colonies achieved autonomy.

b. It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly.

Which of the following is a true statement about the Atlantic slave trade's effect in West Africa? a. It had little effect on West Africa, because more than 90 percent of persons enslaved came from East Africa. b. It helped lead to the rise of militarized states in West Africa, whose large armies preyed upon their neighbors in order to capture slaves. c. It encouraged the expansion of West Africa's domestic textile industry, which supplied clothing for slaves. d. It led to an increase in West Africa's population during the 1700s as slave traders encouraged women to have more children who would then be sold into slavery. e. It successfully united West African nations to resist European slave traders, who reluctantly ended the trade by 1763.

b. It helped lead to the rise of militarized states in West Africa, whose large armies preyed upon their neighbors in order to capture slaves.

How did the colonial elite view their role in society? a. Social obligations demanded that they give everyone the same liberties that they enjoyed. b. It meant the power to rule—the right of those blessed with wealth and prominence to dominate others. c. They should enjoy their wealth but not parade it by dressing differently or by living in homes that were more elaborate than those of a lower status. d. They should work hard, because that is how they would make more money. e. They felt that they had no role and that those beneath them should just take care of themselves.

b. It meant the power to rule—the right of those blessed with wealth and prominence to dominate others.

Which colony adopted the Act Concerning Religion in 1649, which institutionalized the principle of religious toleration? a. Virginia b. Maryland c. Massachusetts d. Rhode Island e. Connecticut

b. Maryland

What was the impact of King Philip's War (1675-1676)? a. New England's tribes united against the colonists. b. Native Americans destroyed twelve Massachusetts towns, which helped establish them in the minds of New Englanders as bloodthirsty savages. c. Native Americans up and down the eastern seaboard began rebelling against colonial rule when they saw what happened to their New England counterparts. d. Massachusetts banned all Native Americans from living within its borders. e. Great Britain formed the New England Confederation to protect against Native American depredations.

b. Native Americans destroyed twelve Massachusetts towns, which helped establish them in the minds of New Englanders as bloodthirsty savages.

The Glorious Revolution witnessed uprisings in colonial America, including ones in: a. New Hampshire and Pennsylvania. b. New York and Maryland. c. Virginia and New York. d. Pennsylvania and Maryland. e. New York and New Hampshire.

b. New York and Maryland.

How did John Winthrop view a woman's liberty? a. A woman was equal to her husband in the eyes of the Puritan faith. b. Once a woman married a man, she was his subject. c. A woman had no right to choose a husband; the church should choose one for her. d. Men and women were equal until they married, then they were one. e. He never even mentioned women.

b. Once a woman married a man, she was his subject.

Which of the following is true of eighteenth-century slavery in South Carolina and Georgia? a. The laws in those colonies created a very static institution with few differences between plantations, small farms, and cities. b. Plantation slaves enjoyed far more autonomy than they did in other colonies, allowing them to maintain more of their African culture. c. Because of the high death rates of Africans due to malaria, slave populations declined by 5 to 10 percent per decade during the 1700s. d. Because the governments of South Carolina and Georgia strictly enforced laws preventing sexual contact between whites and blacks, a significant population of racially mixed individuals never developed. e. Colonial law gave freedom to any slave who successfully escaped to Charleston or Savannah.

b. Plantation slaves enjoyed far more autonomy than they did in other colonies, allowing them to maintain more of their African culture.

Which of the following is true of slave resistance in the colonial period? a. Runaways were very rare because slaves knew that attempting to escape would be futile. b. Some slaves were the offspring of white traders and therefore knew enough English to turn to the legal system, at least until Virginia lawmakers prevented them from doing so. c. A number of bloody rebellions prompted a wholesale revision of slave codes. d. It was limited because slaves at the time were too new to the colonies to understand the concept of freedom. e. All runaways headed for freedom in French Canada.

b. Some slaves were the offspring of white traders and therefore knew enough English to turn to the legal system, at least until Virginia lawmakers prevented them from doing so.

Which one of the following lists the events in proper chronological order, from first to last? a. Pueblo Revolt, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Quebec founded, Spain adopts New Laws b. Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan c. Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt, Spain adopts New Laws d. Dutch settle Manhattan, Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded e. Spain adopts New Laws, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan, Pueblo Revolt

b. Spain adopts New Laws, Pueblo Revolt, Quebec founded, the Dutch settle Manhattan

According to Bartolomé de Las Casas: a. Spain needed to institute a more humane system of Native American slavery in order to avoid offending Pope Paul III. b. Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World. c. despite his opposition to slavery, he needed to keep his slaves so that he would have time to devote to working for abolition and emancipation. d. slavery needed to be eliminated entirely from the earth. e. converting Native Americans to anything but Catholicism would lead to their death.

b. Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World.

Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century? a. France b. The Netherlands c. Britain d. Spain e. Portugal

b. The Netherlands

Which of the following is true of the Puritans of the seventeenth century? a. They were completely unified on all issues. b. They agreed that the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its rituals and doctrines. c. They differed completely with the views of the Church of England. d. They came to the colonies because they had no hope of holding any power in England. e. John Winthrop founded the church.

b. They agreed that the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its rituals and doctrines.

How did most Puritans view the separation of church and state? a. They were so determined to keep them apart that they banned ministers from holding office, fearing that they would enact proreligious legislation. b. They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister. c. The Massachusetts Bay Colony endorsed the Puritan faith but allowed anyone the freedom to practice or not practice religion. d. They had never even heard of the concept. e. They invented the concept but refused to indulge in it.

b. They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister.

Which of the following was true of the colonial elite? a. As with the mother country, the colonies had a titled aristocracy. b. They controlled colonial government. c. They often encountered financial trouble because they lacked connections to their counterparts back in the mother country. d. Most of them were as wealthy as, if not wealthier than, the British aristocracy. e. All of them were careful to marry outside of their families.

b. They controlled colonial government.

Why did the Pilgrims flee the Netherlands? a. They sought new opportunities after a severe economic downturn in the Netherlands left many of them unemployed. b. They felt that the surrounding culture was corrupting their children. c. England had gone to war with the Netherlands, and the Pilgrims felt caught in the middle. d. The Catholic Church took over the Netherlands under a papal edict in 1617, and the Pilgrims felt that they had no choice but to go. e. The Dutch government ordered them to leave because of their radical religious ideas

b. They felt that the surrounding culture was corrupting their children.

As English colonial society became more structured in the eighteenth century, what were the effects on women? a. They received more legal rights, such as the right to own property in their own names. b. Women's work became more clearly defined as tied closely to the home. c. Their workloads decreased thanks to technological advances such as the spinning wheel and to declining infant mortality rates. d. Women were permitted to practice law. e. Women bore so fewer children that population levels slightly declined in the 1740s, then stabilized until the American Revolution.

b. Women's work became more clearly defined as tied closely to the home.

Who in the Pennsylvania colony was eligible to vote? a. everyone, male and female b. a majority of the male population c. all males d. Quakers e. all white people

b. a majority of the male population

"Republicanism" in the eighteenth-century Anglo-American political world emphasized the importance of ____________ as the essence of liberty. a. protecting the natural rights of all humans b. active participation in public life by property-owning citizens c. a strong central state d. supporting royal authority as opposed to parliamentary authority e. voting rights for all adult men

b. active participation in public life by property-owning citizens

The first English Navigation Act, adopted during the rule of Oliver Cromwell: a. required the Royal Navy to use only Protestant navigators on its ships. b. aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch. c. freed England's North American colonies from economic regulations (in order to stimulate prosperity). d. added New Netherland to the British empire. e. authorized several mapmaking expeditions to the New World.

b. aimed to wrest control of world trade from the Dutch.

The "Half-way Covenant" Select one: a. reflected how everyone in a community could become full church members. b. allowed baptized children of church members to have their children baptized. c. took the vote away from non-church members. d. allowed Catholics a form of church membership.

b. allowed baptized children of church members to have their children baptized.

The Levellers: a. got their name for knocking down (leveling) the Parliament building. b. called for the strengthening of freedom and democracy at a time when those principles were seen as possibly contributing to anarchy. c. opposed a written constitution on the grounds that it institutionalized social inequality. d. proposed to abolish Parliament. e. claimed the world was flat or level.

b. called for the strengthening of freedom and democracy at a time when those principles were seen as possibly contributing to anarchy.

In their relations with Native Americans, the Dutch: a. sought to imitate the Spanish. b. concentrated more on economics than religious conversion. c. tried to drive Native Americans into the Puritan colony. d. avoided warfare at all costs. e. called them members of a deceitful race.

b. concentrated more on economics than religious conversion.

Indentured servants Select one: a. were only used in Virginia and Maryland. b. could own property. c. were imported to England. d. were involuntary servants.

b. could own property.

Puritans viewed individual and personal freedom as: a. good, because Massachusetts Bay leaders welcomed debate over religion. b. dangerous to social harmony and community stability. c. important, but they banned neighbors from reporting on one another, because that would breed division that could harm the community. d. vital, because they had been discouraged from enjoying these back in England. e. dangerous to the individual but good for the community.

b. dangerous to social harmony and community stability.

The separation of church and state: a. existed only in the southern colonies. b. existed only in a few colonies. c. was limited in the colonies and existed only to promote all forms of Christianity. d. resulted in the colonies from the Glorious Revolution of 1688. e. was due largely to the increasing German presence in the colonies.

b. existed only in a few colonies.

According to laws in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake: a. black men were not permitted to marry white women, but black women could marry white men. b. free blacks had the right to sue and testify in court. c. free blacks were not permitted to serve in the militia unless they signed a loyalty oath. d. the sale of any married slave was prohibited. e. the children of enslaved women were free; the status of enslavement was not inherited.

b. free blacks had the right to sue and testify in court.

In contrast to New Spain and New France, British America Select one: a. did not have an active fur trade. b. had more women immigrants. c. had a problem attracting immigrants. d. allowed Catholics a form of church membership.

b. had more women immigrants.

Slave resistance in the eighteenth century: a. was limited to running away, since mounting an armed rebellion would have been impossible and deadly. b. included rebellions in both northern and southern colonies that led to the deaths of several of those involved in planning the conspiracies. c. most famously included the War of Jenkins' Ear, fought over the habit that masters developed of slicing off the ears of rebellious slaves. d. prompted southern lawmakers to cut off slave imports from Africa and the Caribbean by mid-century. e. led to a strong but ultimately unsuccessful movement to abolish slavery in Georgia in the 1760s.

b. included rebellions in both northern and southern colonies that led to the deaths of several of those involved in planning the conspiracies.

As colonization began, the European idea of freedom: a. was enjoyed by a large portion of the population. b. included the idea of abandoning sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ. c. included a few narrowly defined rights and privileges. d. would be completely unrecognizable to those alive today. e. embraced the view that Indians deserved liberty, too.

b. included the idea of abandoning sin to embrace the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Patroonship in New Netherland: a. was a great success, bringing thousands of new settlers to the colony. b. meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor. c. was like a system of medieval lords. d. led to one democratic manor led by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. e. involved joint Dutch and Indian control of farmland.

b. meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor.

In Europe on the eve of colonization, one conception of freedom, called "Christian liberty,": a. was a set of ideas today known as "religious toleration." b. mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ—concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing, not contradictory. c. found expression in countries dominated by Catholics but not in primarily Protestant ones. d. argued that all Christians should have equal political rights. e. referred to the policy of trying to overthrow any non-Christian regime around the world.

b. mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ—concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing, not contradictory.

In New England towns: a. there was no local government because Massachusetts Bay leaders feared dissent. b. much of the land remained in commons, for collective use or to be divided among later settlers. c. there were several churches. d. the colony divided up the land because it wanted to keep the settlers from having any role in government. e. ministers conducted town meetings, just as they conducted church services.

b. much of the land remained in commons, for collective use or to be divided among later settlers.

In the Chesapeake region, slavery: a. was geographically restricted to the Tidewater area until transportation improved in the nineteenth century. b. rapidly became the dominant labor system after 1680. c. was the labor system preferred by planters as early as the 1620s. d. allowed planters to make vast profits from cotton and rice as well as from tobacco. e. was so widely practiced that nearly three-fifths of white households in 1770 included a slave owner.

b. rapidly became the dominant labor system after 1680.

The repartimiento system established by the Spanish in the mid-1500s: a. officially designated Indians in New Spain as slaves of European colonists. b. recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor. c. gave voting rights in local assemblies to mestizos but not to peninsulares. d. required all Indians to convert to Catholicism or face execution. e. set up a system of local courts of law that proved essential to Spanish rule in Peru.

b. recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor.

Far more important to most Indian societies than freedom as personal independence were all of the following except: a. kinship ties. b. secure rights to owning land. c. the ability to follow one's spiritual values. d. the well-being of one's community. e. the security of one's community.

b. secure rights to owning land.

At Anne Hutchinson's trial: a. her argument in her own behalf swayed the jury. b. she violated Puritan doctrine by claiming that God spoke to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible. c. she was acquitted, but was so displeased with her treatment that she left the colony for Rhode Island. d. Governor John Winthrop was critical of her but admitted that she was an impressive antagonist. e. Roger Williams served as her attorney.

b. she violated Puritan doctrine by claiming that God spoke to her directly rather than through ministers or the Bible.

The transatlantic flow of people and goods such as corn, potatoes, horses, and sugar cane is called: a. globalization. b. the Columbian Exchange. c. the Great Circuit. d. the Atlantic system. e. trade.

b. the Columbian Exchange.

According to the economic theory known as mercantilism: a. merchants should control the government because they contributed more than others to national wealth. b. the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. c. the government should encourage manufacturing and commerce by keeping its hands off of the economy. d. colonies existed as a place for the mother country to send raw materials to be turned into manufactured goods. e. England wanted the right to sell goods in France, but only to non-Catholic buyers.

b. the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power.

The greatest ethnic diversity existed in Select one: a. New England. b. the middle colonies. c. the southern colonies. d. the Chesapeake area.

b. the middle colonies.

Pueblo Indians lived in what is now: a. the eastern United States. b. the southwestern United States. c. Mexico. d. the northeastern United States. e. Central America.

b. the southwestern United States.

The Columbian Exchange was: a. the agreement that documented what Christopher Columbus would give to Spanish leaders in return for their sponsorship of his travel to the New World. b. the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World. c. John Cabot's exploration of the New World, which brought more of the goods that Columbus had found back to the Old World. d. responsible for introducing corn, tomatoes and potatoes to the Americas. e. the first store in the New World, named for the man who founded it.

b. the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World.

Captain Jacob Leisler, the head of the rebel militia that took control of New York in 1689,: a. was a close ally of Sir Edmund Andros, who was trying to regain control of the Dominion of New England. b. was overthrown and killed in so grisly a manner that the rivalry between his friends and foes polarized New York politics for years. c. was knighted for his role in supporting the Glorious Revolution. d. sought to impose Catholic rule but was defeated by a Protestant militia in a short but bloody civil war. e. slaughtered so many Native Americans that wars between whites and the remaining tribes kept New York in an uproar for the next two decades.

b. was overthrown and killed in so grisly a manner that the rivalry between his friends and foes polarized New York politics for years.

"Half-Way Covenant" (Ch.3)

baptized children of church members could be admitted to a partial membership and secure baptism for their own children in turn. Such partial members, however, could neither vote in church nor take communion.

What role did religion play in the Columbus's explorations? a. None whatsoever b. Columbus was determined to convert Native Americans to Christianity. c. Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade. d. Columbus benefited from Ferdinand and Isabella's efforts to promote tolerance in Spain. e. Spain wanted Columbus to find a refuge for the Jews the king was driving out of the country.

c. Catholics in Spain and Italy supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade.

Which of the following is true of Spain's explorations of the New World? a. Individual conquistadores always traveled alone. b. Members of the Spanish parties suffered greatly from disease. c. Florida was the first region in the present-day United States that Spain colonized. d. Spain sought to forestall Portuguese incursions into the New World. e. Spain's explorations had no impact on the size of the Native American population.

c. Florida was the first region in the present-day United States that Spain colonized.

How did the new Massachusetts charter of 1691 change that colony's government? a. Puritans were required to permit religious tolerance of all Christian denominations. b. It eliminated town government, which had been the heart of Puritan control of the commonwealth. c. It made Massachusetts a royal colony rather than under the control of Puritan "saints." d. It required all judges to be Anglican, greatly reducing Puritan influence over the three branches of government. e. It moved the seat of government to Salem, which contributed greatly to the problems involving witchcraft.

c. It made Massachusetts a royal colony rather than under the control of Puritan "saints."

Which one of the following was true of New France? a. It was the subject of a great deal of favorable publicity throughout Europe. b. Its commitment to religious toleration was a source of great embarrassment for less tolerant powers like England and Spain. c. Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power. d. The only women allowed to reside there were nuns, a reflection of the French commitment to spreading Catholicism. e. Seigneuries were the only democratic areas in the colony.

c. Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power.

Which of the following was true of poverty in the colonial period? a. Poverty was greater in the colonies than it was in Great Britain, which had more economic activity. b. The percentage of colonists living in poverty was great because the northern colonists considered slaves poverty-stricken. c. Limited supplies of land, especially for inheritance, contributed to poverty. d. Colonists differed greatly from the British back in England in how they viewed poverty and those living in poverty. e. It declined in the cities because of the rise of consumer markets.

c. Limited supplies of land, especially for inheritance, contributed to poverty.

In 1517, the German priest _______________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption. a. Martin Buber b. Ulrich Zwingli c. Martin Luther d. Reinhold Niebuhr e. Johannes Gutenberg

c. Martin Luther

Europeans tended to think which one of the following about Native Americans and their cultures? a. All Native Americans were gentle and friendly. b. Native Americans worshiped the same God that Europeans did, although they called him by different names. c. Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it. d. Because Native American men engaged in masculine pursuits such as hunting and fishing, Indian gender divisions were acceptable. e. Native American cultures were actually superior to those of Europeans.

c. Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.

What good fortune helped the Pilgrims when they landed at Plymouth? a. They met a Native American, Opechancanough, who helped them. b. It was the late spring, so it was planting season. c. Native Americans had recently cleared the fields for planting. d. The local Indian leader considered the English to be divine. e. John Smith arrived to help organize them.

c. Native Americans had recently cleared the fields for planting.

Before the transatlantic slave trade began, approximately 100,000 African slaves were transported between 1450 and 1500 to: a. England and Ireland b. Spain and France c. Portugal and Spain d. Portugal and the Netherlands e. England and the Netherlands

c. Portugal and Spain

Which one of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America? a. African-American slaves performed most of the labor. b. The main crops were vastly different than they had been before Spain's arrival. c. Spain introduced wheat as a crop. d. Indian slaves did the work on small-scale farms. e. Catholic priests were forbidden to be involved in farming.

c. Spain introduced wheat as a crop.

Why did Puritans decide to emigrate from England in the late 1620s and 1630s? a. Because so many of them had become separatists, they had to leave England to save their church. b. Charles I had started supporting them, creating conflicts with Catholic nobles. c. The Church of England was firing their ministers and censoring their writings. d. Puritan leader John Winthrop wanted a high-level position, and leaving England was the only way for him to get it. e. The Poor Law of 1623 banned non-Catholics from receiving government aid.

c. The Church of England was firing their ministers and censoring their writings.

Which one of the following is an accurate statement about the classbased society of the Massachusetts Bay Colony? a. Only wealthy landowners or merchants were allowed membership in Puritan churches. b. The Body of Liberties of 1641 stated that a debtor became the servant of his creditor if he could not repay a loan within a year. c. The General Court banned ordinary people from wearing the garb of gentlemen. d. A member of the upper class was known as a gentleman or lady, while a member of the lower class was simply called friend. e. Voting was restricted by law to men who came from designated "good families" in England

c. The General Court banned ordinary people from wearing the garb of gentlemen.

As accusations and executions multiplied in Salem, what was the long-term impact of the witchcraft trials there? a. Puritan leader Increase Mather encouraged juries to take testimony and accusations more seriously. b. The idea of prosecuting witches gained widespread support. c. The number of witchcraft prosecutions in Massachusetts declined markedly. d. Colonial leaders saw something was seriously wrong with their judicial system and outlawed witchcraft trials in 1715. e. Witchcraft prosecutions were put under the control of the Massachusetts General Court.

c. The number of witchcraft prosecutions in Massachusetts declined markedly.

Why was slavery less prevalent in the northern colonies? a. Northern whites were not as racist as southern whites. b. It was too expensive to transport slaves to the North. c. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves. d. More reformers lived in the North. e. The northern colonies used Indian labor instead.

c. The small farms of the northern colonies did not need slaves.

The Virginia slave code of 1705: a. simply brought together old aspects of the laws governing slaves and slavery. b. completely rewrote and changed the earlier slave laws. c. embedded the principle of white supremacy in law. d. made clear that slaves were subject to the will of their masters but not to anyone who could not claim ownership of them. e. was the work of Nathaniel Bacon.

c. embedded the principle of white supremacy in law.

The Magna Carta: a. was an agreement between King Henry VIII and the Anglican Church. b. guaranteed religious freedom in Great Britain. c. granted many liberties, but mainly to lords and barons. d. was seen as embodying English freedom, until Parliament repealed it in 1722. e. was, like the English Constitution, unwritten.

c. granted many liberties, but mainly to lords and barons.

Ideas of race and racism in seventeenth-century England: a. inspired the creation of an African slave labor force. b. caused many Englishmen to become abolitionists when they saw that slavery was based on these ideas. c. had not fully developed as modern concepts. d. originated in the writings of Sir Walter Raleigh. e. prompted Shakespeare to write Hamlet.

c. had not fully developed as modern concepts.

When Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island: a. he required voters there to be members of a Puritan church. b. the king refused to give it a charter, and it remained a renegade colony until Williams died. c. he made sure that it was more democratic than Massachusetts Bay. d. he felt that too much democracy would be bad because it might interfere with religious freedom. e. the colony became a haven for Protestants of all kinds, but it banned Jews.

c. he made sure that it was more democratic than Massachusetts Bay.

Tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region: a. were so profitable that their owners became the wealthiest persons in British North America by the mid-eighteenth century. b. enlarged enormously in the 1700s because of the great economies of scale in tobacco cultivation. c. helped make the Chesapeake colonies models of mercantilism. d. were far less successful than tobacco plantations that developed in the lower southern colonies. e. were known throughout the world as models of how slaves should be treated.

c. helped make the Chesapeake colonies models of mercantilism.

What inspired the 1715 uprising by the Yamasee and Creek peoples against English colonists in Carolina? a. the colonists' refusal to trade with the Yamasee and Creek b. an alliance of the Yamasee and Creek with the Iroquois Confederacy, which had declared war against New York colonists c. high debts incurred by the Yamasee and Creek in trade with the English settlers d. the English colonists' plans to begin capturing Native Americans to sell as slaves e. a bloody rebellion by African slaves against their masters near Charles Town

c. high debts incurred by the Yamasee and Creek in trade with the English settlers

Slave labor in the Chesapeake region increasingly supplanted indentured servitude during the last two decades of the seventeenth century, in part because: a. the opening of the new colony of North Carolina attracted enough whites to make up for the loss of those who would have come to the New World as indentured servants. b. Bacon's Rebellion reminded leaders of the dangers of allowing racial intermarriage. c. improving conditions in England reduced the number of transatlantic migrants. d. a monopoly on the slave trade made it easier to import Africans. e. indentured servants began forming associations that went on strike for better conditions.

c. improving conditions in England reduced the number of transatlantic migrants.

The Diggers of Great Britain: a. proposed building a tunnel to Rome to surprise and overpower the Catholic Church, thereby eliminating a source of controversy in English society. b. sought to eliminate male ownership of land as a means of promoting social equality for women. c. influenced the development of the American colonies, because some of their members and ideas crossed the Atlantic to the New World. d. executed King James I. e. overthrew parliamentary forces in 1642.

c. influenced the development of the American colonies, because some of their members and ideas crossed the Atlantic to the New World.

When the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that religious conversion did not release a slave from bondage: a. every other colonial assembly followed suit. b. Governor William Berkeley vetoed the measure, which led to Bacon's Rebellion. c. it meant that, under Virginia law, Christians could own other Christians. d. mass protests followed. e. slaves quit attending church.

c. it meant that, under Virginia law, Christians could own other Christians.

In its early years, Carolina was the "colony of a colony" because its original settlers included many: a. former indentured servants from Virginia. b. supporters of Anne Hutchinson seeking refuge from Massachusetts. c. landless sons of wealthy planters in Barbados. d. Protestants upset over Catholic rule in Maryland. e. planters from Cuba hoping to expand their sugar cane empires.

c. landless sons of wealthy planters in Barbados.

Both the Aztec and Inca empires were: a. rural and poor. b. small in population, but sophisticated in infrastructure. c. large, wealthy, and sophisticated. d. large in geographic size, but sparsely populated. e. rural, with few impressive buildings.

c. large, wealthy, and sophisticated.

New France was characterized by: a. severe conflict between French settlers and the Indians. b. a well-defined line between Indian society and French society. c. more peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain. d. a Protestant missionary zeal to convert the Indians. e. its lack of devastating epidemics.

c. more peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain.

During the Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s a. Jonathan Edwards advocated Deism. b. colonists returned to the church in large numbers, except in the middle colonies. c. new religious groups helped undermine state-supported churches. d. Charles Chauncey and Jonathan Mayhew played key roles in Boston.

c. new religious groups helped undermine state-supported churches.

The Charter of Liberties and Privileges in New York: a. was the work of the Dutch, who did not trust the English to protect their religious freedom. b. resulted especially from displeasure among residents of Manhattan. c. reflected in part an effort by the British to exert their influence and control over the Dutch. d. affirmed religious toleration for all denominations. e. eliminated the property requirement for voting.

c. reflected in part an effort by the British to exert their influence and control over the Dutch.

In the battles between Parliament and the Stuart kings, English freedom: a. played a minimal role. b. greatly expanded amid the debate over which of these groups should be elected. c. remained an important and a much-debated concept even after Charles I was beheaded. d. was the excuse given for restoring Charles II in 1685. e. led to the overthrow of James III in 1700.

c. remained an important and a much-debated concept even after Charles I was beheaded.

According to New England Puritans, witchcraft: a. was perfectly acceptable when it was used for proper purposes. b. was punishable by hanging unless it was used to reinforce men's standing and God's will. c. resulted from pacts that women made with the devil to obtain supernatural powers or interfere with natural processes. d. was restricted to Salem. e. was due entirely to exposure to Catholicism.

c. resulted from pacts that women made with the devil to obtain supernatural powers or interfere with natural processes.

The early South Carolina economy focused on the export of deerskins and furs to England as well as on: a. the cultivation of cotton. b. small-scale manufacturing of firearms for use in raids against Spanish Florida. c. the export of Indian slaves to the Caribbean. d. shipbuilding. e. copper mining.

c. the export of Indian slaves to the Caribbean.

Slavery developed more slowly in North America than in the English West Indies because: a. it was a longer trip from Africa to North America, making slavery less profitable. b. planters in Virginia and Maryland agreed that indentured servants were far less troublesome. c. the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically unappealing to pay more for a slave likely to die within a short time. d. Parliament passed a law in 1643 that gave tax breaks to British West Indian planters who imported slaves but not to American colonists who imported slaves. e. those living in the British West Indies opposed slavery until the American colonies won their independence in the Revolutionary War.

c. the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically unappealing to pay more for a slave likely to die within a short time.

William Penn obtained the land for his Pennsylvania colony because: a. King Charles I wanted Quakers to have a place where they could enjoy religious toleration. b. he supported the crown during the Glorious Revolution. c. the king wanted to cancel his debt to the Penn family and bolster the English presence in North America. d. he conquered the Swedes and Dutch who previously had controlled the land. e. his invention of what was then called the "penncill" made him incredibly rich.

c. the king wanted to cancel his debt to the Penn family and bolster the English presence in North America.

What did the British acquire from the Netherlands in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713? a. sufficient gold to pay off the British national debt b. the right to trade at Dutch outposts in what is now South Africa c. the right to transport slaves from Africa to Spain's New World colonies d. New Netherland, which was then renamed New York e. New Holland, which later became known as Australia

c. the right to transport slaves from Africa to Spain's New World colonies

The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century: a. had engaged in settled village life only briefly before the Spanish arrived. b. had been almost completely isolated from any other people before the Spanish arrived. c. used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production. d. were called mound builders for the burial mounds they created. e. created a vast empire that included control of the Incas.

c. used irrigation systems to aid their agricultural production.

The Spanish empire in America: a. included most of the populated part of the New World but few of its natural resources, making the empire rich in people but poor economically. b. paled in comparison with the ancient Roman Empire. c. was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization. d. was centered in Lima, Peru. e. allowed religious freedom and therefore attracted colonists from throughout Europe

c. was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization.

The Scottish and Scotch-Irish immigrants to the colonies: a. were almost uniformly Catholics. b. usually worked in the West Indies before moving to the mainland colonies. c. were often physicians, merchants, and teachers. d. did little to add to the religious diversity in America. e. represented only a small fraction of the immigration to the colonies.

c. were often physicians, merchants, and teachers.

In the northern colonies, slaves: a. lived in racially-segregated communities, which allowed them to retain African identities well into the late eighteenth century. b. became more important in New England after the Half-Way Covenant. c. were relatively few in number and dispersed among the white population in small holdings. d. were forbidden by law to display any aspect of African culture in public. e. faced far harsher treatment than they did in the South.

c. were relatively few in number and dispersed among the white population in small holdings.

The Articles of Confederation placed great power in the national Congress. created a congress that was a legislative body and the nation's chief executive. created a weak president. severely restricted the power of the individual states.

created a congress that was a legislative body and the nation's chief executive.

New state governments created during the Revolution gave increased power to the executives. created governments based on written constitutions. were committed to providing substantial funds to the national government. generally provided full equality for women and landless men.

created governments based on written constitutions.

In what ways was Puritan church membership a restrictive status? a. Only those who could prove they had received formal education could be members, because the ability to read and discuss sermons was so highly valued. b. Although all adult male property owners elected colonial officials, only men who were full church members could vote in local elections. c. Only property owners could be full members of the church. d. Full membership required demonstrating that one had experienced divine grace. e. Full membership required that one's parents and grandparents had been church members.

d. Full membership required demonstrating that one had experienced divine grace.

Which of the following was NOT a technique that Spanish conquistadores used to conquer Native American empires? a. Kidnapping a leader and holding him for ransom b. Dividing and conquering them by taking advantage of old rivalries c. Relying upon the spread of diseases, even though they may not have been introduced intentionally d. Negotiating treaties e. Using their superior military technology

d. Negotiating treaties

The Jesuit religious order was particularly influential in: a. New Netherland. b. Brazil. c. England. d. New France. e. Cuba.

d. New France.

Before founding Pennsylvania, William Penn assisted a group of English Quakers to set up a colony in what became: a. New Hampshire. b. North Carolina. c. Delaware. d. New Jersey. e. Ontario.

d. New Jersey.

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded: a. Montreal. b. New York. c. Champlain. d. Quebec. e. Albany.

d. Quebec.

Which one of the following is true of religion in seventeenth-century Europe? a. Few nations had established churches. b. The churches condemned dissenters, but the governments protected them. c. Wars were fought over the right of an individual to religious freedom. d. Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order. e. Religious uniformity had nothing to do with ideas about public order.

d. Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order.

Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the slave trade in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world? a. Slaves were bought and sold in the Atlantic world as part of a series of trading routes that also involved British manufactured goods and colonial products such as tobacco and sugar. b. The Atlantic slave trade was a vital part of world commerce in the 1700s. c. Even those in areas where slavery was only a minor institution, such as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, profited from the slave trade. d. Slightly more than half of slaves from Africa were taken to mainland North America (what became the United States). e. Many slaves died of diseases on board slave ships during the Middle Passage.

d. Slightly more than half of slaves from Africa were taken to mainland North America (what became the United States).

Of colonists in British North America, which group was the wealthiest? a. Philadelphia merchants b. Boston political elite c. Virginia tobacco farmers d. South Carolina rice planters e. New York merchants

d. South Carolina rice planters

The Mayflower Compact established: a. religious toleration and freedom in Massachusetts. b. the right to emigrate to America. c. a company chartered to settle New England. d. a civil government for the Plymouth colony. e. peaceful relations between English colonists and Indians in Rhode Island.

d. a civil government for the Plymouth colony.

"Coverture" refers to: a. a woman's responsibility to wear a scarf covering her head when in public. b. knowing your place in society, especially at church when sitting in the pews. c. a tax one pays on one's property that is assessed quarterly. d. a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries. e. a binding legal agreement between an indentured servant and his or her master.

d. a woman surrendering her legal identity when she marries.

In the British colonies in the 1700s, a. ownership of property was required for voting. b. a higher percentage of the people could vote than any other part of the world. c. blacks, Indians, and women could not vote. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

John Locke's theories a. appealed to colonial Americans. b. viewed government as a guardian of people's natural rights. c. justified overthrowing a government under certain circumstances. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

The New Laws of 1542: a. led Protestant Europeans to create the "Black Legend" about Spanish rule in the Americas. b. introduced the encomienda system. c. were adopted at the urging of Gonzalo Pizzaro, brother of Peru's conqueror. d. commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions. e. forbade the enslavement of Africans in New Spain.

d. commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions.

Elizabeth Sprigs, an indentured servant in Maryland, found her experience to be: a. difficult but worth it, given her perception of the colonies as a place of genuine freedom. b. relatively easy, especially compared to that of the slaves. c. enlightening in terms of the diverse people she had met, many from Germany and Ireland. d. extremely harsh, barely better than that of a slave's. e. much like that of a servant's life in London; she looked forward to her release in two years.

d. extremely harsh, barely better than that of a slave's.

Spain's Las Siete Partidas, a series of laws touching on slavery: a. strongly influenced the English as they devised their own laws about slavery. b. was strictly enforced in Mexico, Cuba, and other Spanish colonies until those areas achieved independence. c. required masters to free female slaves on their twenty-first birthdays. d. gave slaves some opportunities to claim rights under the law in Spain's American empire. e. did not apply to Spanish possessions in the New World.

d. gave slaves some opportunities to claim rights under the law in Spain's American empire.

Slavery in Africa: a. resulted from the arrival of Europeans. b. included no form of rights for the slaves. c. was the only kind of labor on that continent. d. involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives. e. accelerated with the arrival of the French in the 1520s.

d. involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives.

The development of rice plantations in South Carolina: a. occurred only after the colony's planters unsuccessfully sought to cultivate tobacco, sugar cane, and indigo. b. required such large capital investments that Carolina's planters never became as wealthy as those in the Chesapeake region. c. would have proven impossible without the importation of thousands of European indentured servants to serve as a labor force. d. led to a black majority in that colony by the 1730s. e. is considered by most historians to be the most important cause of the Yamasee War.

d. led to a black majority in that colony by the 1730s.

The German migration to the English colonies: a. was unusual because few Germans left their part of Europe during the American colonial era. b. consisted mainly of single young males, as with their counterparts who migrated from England. c. was mainly to Maryland, because most of the German immigrants were Catholic. d. led to the formation of many farming communities. e. led to the separation of church and state.

d. led to the formation of many farming communities.

Anne Hutchinson: a. really was no threat to the Puritan establishment because women were so clearly considered inferior. b. angered Puritan authorities by supporting the claims of Roger Williams. c. engaged in Antinomianism, a sexual practice that the Puritans considered threatening to traditional gender relations. d. opposed Puritan ministers who distinguished saints from the damned through church attendance and moral behavior rather than through focusing on an inner state of grace. e. would have been left alone if she had not also run for a seat in the General Court.

d. opposed Puritan ministers who distinguished saints from the damned through church attendance and moral behavior rather than through focusing on an inner state of grace.

The economy of the Carolina colony: a. was based on plantation agriculture from the beginning. b. immediately proved profitable because of its reliance upon rice. c. was exactly the same as that of Barbados. d. originally centered on cattle-raising and trade. e. had nothing to do with slavery.

d. originally centered on cattle-raising and trade.

Georgia was established by James Oglethorpe, whose causes included improved conditions for imprisoned debtors and the abolition of: a. indentured servitude. b. a hereditary system. c. taxes. d. slavery. e. property requirements for voting.

d. slavery.

Bacon's Rebellion contributed to which of the following in Virginia? a. a large and sustained increase in the importation of indentured servants b. generous payments to Native Americans to encourage them to give up their lands to white farmers c. changes in the political style of Virginia's powerful large-scale planters, who adopted a get-tough policy with small farmers and hired their own militia to enforce their will d. the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia's plantations e. an order from Governor Berkeley that Native Americans could serve in the militia

d. the replacing of indentured servants with African slaves on Virginia's plantations

Europeans—particularly the English, French, and Dutch—generally claimed North American Indian land as their own based on: a. the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. b. the Biblical story of Noah's division of the world among his sons. c. financial transactions between Indian peoples and themselves. d. their view that Indians did not use the land properly. e. various papal decrees that privileged the claims of European Christians over those of Indian "heathens."

d. their view that Indians did not use the land properly.

By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families: a. almost always owned at least three slaves. b. were in decline as bigger cities like Philadelphia expanded. c. saw freedom as depending on their political rights, not their ownership of property. d. viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom. e. engaged in arranged intermarriages.

d. viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom.

The idea of liberalism in eighteenth-century British politics: a. had the same meaning as liberalism in twenty-first-century American politics. b. had mainly a civic and social quality. c. brought great wealth and power to its main voice, John Locke. d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being. e. prompted two eighteenth-century leaders, Joseph McCarthy and Hugh McCarran, to demand independence for Ireland.

d. was compatible with inequalities in wealth and well-being.

"Enumerated" goods: a. made up the bulk of items imported into the colonies from abroad. b. were those the English colonies could not produce under terms of the Navigation Acts. c. created a financial drain on the English government during the seventeenth century. d. were colonial products, such as tobacco and sugar, that could only be sold initially in English ports. e. were specifically exempt from England's mercantilist regulations.

d. were colonial products, such as tobacco and sugar, that could only be sold initially in English ports.

In early seventeenth-century Massachusetts, freeman status was granted to adult males who: a. owned land, regardless of their church membership. b. had served their term as indentured servants. c. were freed slaves. d. were landowning church members. e. voted.

d. were landowning church members.

Penn's "Holy Experiment" (Ch.2)

disgusted by war, he joined the Quakers (no church hierarchy and they are radical in their religion). Quaker men and women were equal and had equal voice. He converts and goes to the king to give him an offer he couldn't refuse, and he gets it and Pennsylvania is born.

What does the seal of New Netherland, adopted by the Dutch West India Company in 1630, suggest is central to the colony's economic prospects? a. Tobacco b. Fish c. Silver d. Timber e. Fur

e. Fur

Which statement about the Indians of North America is FALSE? a. Indians were very diverse. b. The idea of private property was foreign to Indians. c. Many Indian societies were matrilineal. d. Indians did not covet wealth and material goods as the Europeans did. e. Indians lacked genuine religion.

e. Indians lacked genuine religion.

Which statement about the Pueblo Revolt is FALSE? a. It resulted in a wholesale expulsion of the Spanish settlers. b. It arose in part from missionaries burning Indian religious artifacts. c. It resulted in a total renunciation of Catholicism by the Indians. d. It was successful because the Pueblo peoples cooperated with each other. e. It was inspired by the Pope, but he died before the actual revolt took place.

e. It was inspired by the Pope, but he died before the actual revolt took place.

Which one of the following was true of French relations with Native Americans? a. The French appropriated significant amounts of land for fur trading. b. The French were proud that they were considered tougher on Indians than their English and Spanish counterparts. c. The French sent nuns to try to Christianize the natives, because they understood that gender relations were different among Native Americans than they were among whites. d. Native Americans resented that the French had no need for their help in the fur trade. e. Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, but gave them far more independence than did Spanish missionaries.

e. Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, but gave them far more independence than did Spanish missionaries.

Which one of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland? a. The colony's elected assembly enjoyed greater rights of self government than any English colonial legislative body. b. The Dutch commitment to liberty prompted the colony to ban slavery there. c. Religious intolerance lead the Dutch to ban all Jewish peoples from the colony. d. Of all of the colonies in the New World, New Netherland required the longest period of service from indentured servants. e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

e. Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands.

Which one of the following statements about African slavery within Africa is FALSE? a. African slaves tended to be criminals, debtors, or captives in war. b. Slavery was one of several forms of labor in Africa. c. Slaves had well-defined rights and could possess property. d. The slave trade within Africa accelerated between 1450 and 1500. e. Only men were taken for the slave trade.

e. Only men were taken for the slave trade.

Pennsylvania's treatment of Native Americans was unique in what way? a. Pennsylvania was the only colony in which efforts at conversion focused on turning Native Americans into Quakers. b. The colony bought all of the land the Native Americans occupied and moved them west of the Appalachians, meaning that Indians were relocated but not decimated. c. Because Quakers were pacifists, they had to bring in militias from other colonies to take over Native American lands. d. Despite Quaker pacifism, Pennsylvanians were determined to exterminate the natives. e. Pennsylvania purchased Indian land that was then resold to colonists and offered refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies.

e. Pennsylvania purchased Indian land that was then resold to colonists and offered refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies.

The first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610, was: a. Tucson. b. Albuquerque. c. El Paso. d. San Diego. e. Santa Fe.

e. Santa Fe.

Which one of the following statements about slaves in the Chesapeake is FALSE? a. Slaves learned English. b. Slaves participated in the Great Awakening. c. Slaves were exposed to white culture. d. Slaves began to experience family-centered slave communities. e. Slave communities remained distinctly African in culture.

e. Slave communities remained distinctly African in culture.

The Old Plantation, a late-eighteenth-century watercolor, depicts slaves dancing. What does the portrait reveal? a. Africans totally adopted American culture. b. Slaves danced only when their masters ordered them to do so. c. Slave artists could do a great deal with the limited painting supplies their masters gave them. d. Slaves and their masters danced together, but that was the legal limit to their interaction. e. Slaves mixed both African and European-American cultures.

e. Slaves mixed both African and European-American cultures.

Which of the following was true of small farmers in 1670s Virginia? a. The economy was doing so well that even though they made less money than large-scale planters, their problems were too small to justify their rebellion. b. They had access to the best land, but a glut in the tobacco market left them in poverty. c. Their taxes were incredibly low—the one issue with which they were pleased. d. They could count on the government to help them take over Native American lands and thereby expand their meager holdings. e. The lack of good land, high taxes on tobacco, and falling prices reduced their prospects.

e. The lack of good land, high taxes on tobacco, and falling prices reduced their prospects.

As slave society consolidated in the Chesapeake region, what happened to free blacks? a. They retained the same rights because they were free. b. Their population grew rapidly through natural reproduction. c. The British government ordered the colonies to treat them better. d. They bought increasing numbers of plantations. e. They lost many of their rights.

e. They lost many of their rights.

Which one of the following was NOT true of women in Native American societies? a. In contrast to their European counterparts, it was considered more acceptable for them to engage in premarital sexual relations. b. Children usually became members of the mother's family, not the father's. c. Women often participated in the administration of village affairs and in agriculture. d. Women dressed scantily by European standards. e. Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes.

e. Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes.

The 1741 panic in New York City that led to 34 executions was sparked by: a. a series of murders. b. the seizing of the armory. c. a rally of boisterous Irish. d. the imprisonment of twenty free blacks. e. a series of fires.

e. a series of fires.

Which of the following fits the description of a person most likely to have been accused of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England? a. a single young woman whose attractiveness meant that some saw her as a threat to Puritan values b. a married woman who normally was subservient to her husband and the community, which made her behavior seem all the more bizarre c. a widow who presumably was too lonely or too dependent on the community to be taken seriously, but who had to be tried and convicted to keep others from thinking similarly d. a married woman who had just lost a child e. a woman beyond childbearing age who was outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from her husband

e. a woman beyond childbearing age who was outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from her husband

What was the Covenant Chain? a. the promise James II gave Parliament that he would marry a Protestant princess b. an agreement between the Dutch and the Mohican Nation that led to the founding of New Netherland c. a mythical piece of priceless gold jewelry that Europeans wished to acquire from the Iroquois d. an important Puritan text that spelled out the doctrine of predestination e. an alliance made by the governor of New York and the Iroquois Confederacy

e. an alliance made by the governor of New York and the Iroquois Confederacy

The task system: a. was the most widely used form of labor discipline in British North America. b. allowed slaves to own a portion of the land they worked. c. meant that slaves were strictly supervised and had little autonomy. d. was created by the South Carolina assembly in response to the Stono Rebellion. e. assigned slaves daily jobs and allowed them free time upon completion of those jobs.

e. assigned slaves daily jobs and allowed them free time upon completion of those jobs.

All of the following were factors enticing migration to the British colonies EXCEPT: a. availability of land. b. lack of a military draft. c. absence of restraints on economic opportunity. d. religious toleration. e. cheap and safe transatlantic transportation.

e. cheap and safe transatlantic transportation.

The Half-Way Covenant of 1662: a. set up civil government in Massachusetts. b. allowed Baptists and Quakers to attend, but not join, Puritan churches. c. gave women limited voting rights in Puritan congregations. d. permitted anyone who paid a tithe to be baptized in a Puritan church. e. did not require evidence of conversion to receive a kind of church membership.

e. did not require evidence of conversion to receive a kind of church membership.

The British concept of liberty: a. allowed for unrestrained government authority, since restraints would contradict the very idea of liberty. b. meant that liberty and power could be compatible. c. was a constant reminder to the British that their governmental system was not the best means of preventing absolutism. d. had no connections to how the British viewed their empire. e. included both formal restraints on authority and a collection of specific rights.

e. included both formal restraints on authority and a collection of specific rights.

The English Bill of Rights of 1689: a. was unwritten, like the English Constitution on which it was based. b. was King William's finest writing on the importance of liberty. c. divided power in England between the king and Parliament. d. was copied word for word into the U.S. Constitution a century later. e. listed parliamentary powers over such individual rights as trial by jury.

e. listed parliamentary powers over such individual rights as trial by jury.

In 1492, the Native American population: a. was at least 100 million. b. lived exclusively in villages of no more than 1,000 individuals. c. declined catastrophically due to exposure to the Black Plague. d. lived mostly in what is today the United States. e. lived mostly in Central and South America.

e. lived mostly in Central and South America.

The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina: a. were modeled on the governing structure of the Iroquois Confederacy. b. banned slavery as antithetical to their goal of creating a society based on peasants working for noblemen. c. allowed no elected assembly. d. permitted only members of the Church of England to worship freely. e. proposed a feudal society in the New World, complete with hereditary nobility.

e. proposed a feudal society in the New World, complete with hereditary nobility.

Bartolomé de Las Casas argued that Indians: a. could be enslaved because they lacked true religion. b. were more akin to beasts than humans. c. should overthrow their cruel Spanish masters and reestablish the Inca and Aztec empires. d. were treated well by the Spanish. e. should enjoy "all guarantees of liberty and justice" as subjects of Spain.

e. should enjoy "all guarantees of liberty and justice" as subjects of Spain.

What sparked a new period of colonial expansion for England in the midseventeenth century? a. England's defeat of the Netherlands in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War of 1649 b. England's victory in a 1676 religious war with Spain c. a treaty signed with the Iroquois Confederacy d. the incredible financial success of the British East India Company e. the restoration of the monarchy in 1660

e. the restoration of the monarchy in 1660

The language of British liberty: a. was Latin and Greek, reflecting the emphasis that the educated upper class put on the subject. b. did not include the idea that the people had the right to protest government actions. c. excluded those outside the "political nation" (meaning those who voted or held office). d. allowed those outside of office to speak openly, but not to write down their views. e. was used by humble members of society as well as by the elite.

e. was used by humble members of society as well as by the elite.

Puritans (Ch.2)

embraced a much more rigorous Protestant faith than did the Anglican colonists who settled VA and Maryland. They intended to purify their churches of all Catholic and Anglican rituals and enact a code of laws and a government structure based upon biblical principles.

Benjamin Franklin (Ch.3)

epitomized the Enlightenment in the eyes of both Americans and Europeans. Born in Boston in 1706, a descendant of Puritans, he left home at the age of 17, bound for Philly. At 26 he published Poor Richard's Almanack, a collection of homely maxims on success and happiness.

Captain John Smith saved the Virginia Company by developing tobacco as a viable cash crop.

false it was John Rolfe

The Royal Proclamation of 1763

forbade settlers west of the Appalachians.

Stamp Act Congress (Ch.4)

formulated a Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies. The delegates insisted "that no taxation without representation."

The War of 1812 found the U.S. Army unprepared for war. saw the British gain control of the Great Lakes. included British occupation and destruction of New Orleans. encouraged American commitment to being an agricultural nation.

found the U.S. Army unprepared for war.

Hessians (Ch.5)

from the principality of Hesse-Cassel- thus Hessian became the name applied to all of them. They were Germans.

The Articles of Confederation established a government that: gave too much power to the national Congress. was a total failure. had power in the United States from 1781 to 1787. all of the above

had power in the United States from 1781 to 1787

By the middle of the 1780s, many Americans came to realize that the government had to be based on the virtue of a few citizens instead of the public-spiritedness of the many. under the Articles of Confederation had succeeded. had to avoid tyrannical central authority. all of the above

had to be based on the virtue of a few citizens instead of the public-spiritedness of the many.

The Constitution of 1787 gave the courts more power than the executive. gave every white man the vote. included checks against an excess of democracy. included a bill of rights.

included checks against an excess of democracy.

A nationalistic program that assumed that the total amount of the world's gold and silver remained essentially fixed with only a nation's share of that wealth subject to change. (page 159)

mercantile system

The Louisiana Purchase accomplished all of the following except it more than doubled the size of the United States. removed the danger of French involvement in North America. removed Spain from North America. gave the United States control of New Orleans and the entire Mississippi River valley.

removed Spain from North America.

At Fort Necessity in 1754, George Washington

surrendered to the French.

In the early 1800s, the chief sources of revenue for the federal government were taxes on corporations and slaves. excise and income taxes. the tariff and western land sales. property taxes and state assessments.

the tariff and western land sales.

Many of the first settlers of the Chesapeake region came as indentured servants who worked for a master under a contract.

true

The main Indian confederacy in Virginia at the time of colonization was led by Powhatan.

true

The iroquois League

was so powerful that the Dutch and English had to work closely with them to develop their fur trade.

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia

-was fueled by greed for land and power -began over a dispute about the governor's Indian Policy -was led by the aristocrat, Nathaniel Bacon

Amerigo Vespucci (Ch.1)

A mapmaker and was the first to suggest (1499) that the new landmass encountered was too large to be an island and that it must be a continent. America was named after him

The first Protestants to attempt colonization in North America were

French Huguenots

Who were the primary population?

Soldiers and priests

Why were European countries, such as Spain and Portugal, prepared to embark on voyages of discovery by the sixteenth century?

Spain and Portugal had the goal in mind to spread Christianity, more specifically Catholicism, acquire an enormous amount of gold and silver to send back home, and for the notoriety. These countries wanted to find a passage to the Indies without traveling all the way around Africa and they trusted that the world was not flat.

True or FalseThe Aztecs centered their religious beliefs on the cosmic forces of nature and sacrificed human captives

True

True or false. St. Augustine is the oldest Eueropean city in North America.

True

Where did the Eastern Woodlands peoples tend to live and how did they survive (supply themselves with food)?

They lived along the rivers and they lived off fish and fishing was a skill everyone needed

What new technologies, developed during the fifteenth century, enabled the European people to explore the Western hemisphere?

more accurate navigation techniques/maps, more powerful weapons, the construction of full-rigged sailing ships (capable of oceanic trips). The caravel and the galleon, both ships to create more cargo space

Recent archeological evidence suggests that people first arrived in the New World

more than 15,000 years ago, perhaps 18,000

Among the advantages the English over its rival empires had in colonization were : a degree of self-government, the compact nature of their settlements, and welcoming of people of various nationalities and religious outlook. NOT

strong centralized control from the mother country

Martin Luther (Ch.1)

a german monk, priest, and professor, posted on the door of his Wittenberg church his 95 Theses in protest against the corruption of Catholic officials. Sinners, Luther argues, could win salvation neither by doing good works nor by purchasing indulgences, but only by receiving the gift of God's grace through the redemptive power of Christ and through a direct personal relationship with God- the "priesthood of all believers."

Restoration colonies were

established after the restoration of the monarchy in England.

Colonists in Charleston between 1670 and 1715

exported more Indians than they imported African slaves.

Many of the first settlers of South Carolina had previously emigrated to the Bahamas.

false most came from Barbados because of their sugar plantation system

New York was originally settled by French Huguenots.

false settled by Henry Hudson

The leading produce of the Chesapeake region was beaver pelts.

false tobacco

Describe the encomienda system.

favored officers became privileged landowners who controlled indigenous villages. As owners(encomenderos), they were called to protect and care for the villages and support missionary priests. In turn, they could get NA's to give them goods/labor. kinda like the Head-right system

After 1618, the "headright" policy in Virginia determined the distribution of land.

true

Matriarchal societies, such as that of the Iroquois, meant that

women headed the clans, did most of the agricultural labor, and selected the chiefs