Review Chapters 32-34

Indian Mughal Empire

- Indian Mughal Empire - traced back to the Mongols - Islamic people from the North who controlled much of India

European influence

European Jesuit missionaries were familiar figures at the Qing imperial court and were also artists- introduced High Renaissance and Baroque elements to China-- Giuseppe Castiglione

Showa period

1926-1989 Japan became increasingly prominent on the world stage in economics, politics, and culture and played a leading role in WOrld War II. most tragic consequences--widespread devastation and loss of life resulting from the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. some artists incorporated western style while others rejected it

British in India

British defeat the ruler of Bengal in 1757 and the East India Company ruled large portions of the subcontinent. Queen Victoria eventually assumed the title Empress of India with sovereignty over all the former Indian states.

Meiji period

Edo period ended in 1868 as the rebellious samurai from provinces far removed from Edo toppled the Tokugawa

Forbidden city vs gardens of Suzhou

Forbidden city-formality and axiality, grand palace ming gardens-arrangements of natural and artifical elements intended to reproduce the irregularities of nature

Korean style of architecture

Gate unique use of large limestone bases with wooden superstructure above, iconic element of South Korean architecture

Four common format types of Chinese Painting

Hanging (vertical) scrolls for walls, handscrolls (horizontal) unrolled right to left, album leaves (loose) for placement in albums, fans

Chinese influence in Momoyama period

Himeji "White Heron" Castle near Osaka Seeing up curve of roof that was occurring in Chinese architecture Chinese Lions exemplified power and bravery Huge screen, boldly outlined forms on a gold ground

Patronage

Humayun, emperor who succeeded Babar and acquired a taste for Persian illustrated books and brought master painters back to Delhi. Taj Mahal was commissioned by Jahangir's son as a memorial to his favorite wife

nihonga

Japanese painting--developed by incorporating Western techniques such as chiaroscuro, perspective, and bright hues in Japanese-style painting

Rinpa school

Kano School enjoyed official governmental sponsorship during Edo period and the earliest major alternative school to emerge in the Edo period was quite different. Over time, Rinpa esthetics and principles attracted a variety of individuals as practitioners and champions. style-vivid color and extensive use of gold and silver and often incorporate decorative patterns

Cultural influences in art of Yuan Dynasty

Marco Polo arrived during the reign of Kublai Khan and brought back eyewitness description of East Asia to Europe. --> volume of commercial traffic on the yangtze river, splendors of Hangzhou, use of paper currency, porcelain and coal, efficiency of Chinese postal system, hygiene of CHinese people

Chinese Painting Materials

Materials similar for writing and drawing-round tapered brush, soot-based ink, on silk or paper, richly colored minerals as pigments, washes of vegetable and mineral dyes, "iron-wire" lines to define figures

Nayak Dynasty

Nayakas were governors under Vijayanagar kings who declared independence and after Deccan sultanates defeat their former overlords they continued Hindu rule in the far south of INdia for two centuries

Mughal art/ architecture

Qutb Minar, Lotus Mahal, Basawan and Chatar, Bichitr, Taj Mahal

Kano school

School of Japanese Painting Founder= Kano Masanobu Momoyama period Large scale nature scene of birds, plant, water/other animals Monochrome ink on silk Balance of details with abstract backgrounds Bold brush strokes

primordial line of Qing dynasty artists

Shitao, a descendant of the Ming imperial family who became a Chan Buddhist monk at age 20, called for the "single brushtroke" (primordial line) as the root of all phenomena and representation

Golden Age of Thai Art

Sukhothai period --city of monasteries and many images of the Buddha

yoga painting

Western painting

Rajput artists

anonymous--Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion

Modern Korea

artists have had a wide exposure to art styles from around the globe after South Korea emerged in 1948

Mughal miniature painting

came from Persian master painters. small paintings designed to be held in the hands. used opaque watercolors and paper. required years of training as an apprentice in a workshop. made a full-size sketch, then pouncing (tracing) transparent gazelle skin on top and forcing black pigment through the tiny holes. usually required several layers of color, gold applied last

Zen Buddhism

followers & Zen monks painted pictures and produced other artworks that appear to reach toward Zen ideals through their subjects and their means of expression •Zen temples incorporated gardens for meditation •Karesansui- Early example of dry-landscape gardening •Designed landscape meant to look naturalistic using the lay of the land

Manchus

from Manchuria, manchus adapted themselves to Chinese life and cultivated knowledge of China's arts

LIterati style

illustrations in printed books and imported paintings of lesser quality brought limited knowledge of chinese literati painting into Japan. Korea was the essential link: resulting style character of Japanese literati was less stylistically defined than in CHina

Ukiyo-e prints

is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or woodcuts) and paintings produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries, featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and pleasure quarters. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Edo period

limited social and cultural change, fearing destabilization of the social order, rulers banned CHristianity and expelled all West foreigners except the DUtch, tokugawa instituted Confucian ideas of social stratification and civic responsibility as public policy

Ming literati vs female artists

literati painted usually personal and nostalgic imagery, females landscapes???

Chinese/Japanese influence on Korea

literati paintings-Jeong Seon took fibrous brushstrokes, architecture took walls from Forbidden city

Hindo Rajput Kingdom

northwestern INdia remained under control of Hindu Rajput rulers. Painting resembles Mughal and Persian painting in format and material but differs sharply in other respects...most worked in anonymity

Japanese tea ceremony

o Ritual preparation, serving, and drinking of green tea o Started in Japan in Zen temples as a symbolic withdrawal from the ordinary world to cultivate the mind and spirit & then spread to other social groups o Freestanding teahouses became common as popularity increased o Kogan (tea-ceremony water jar) • Wabi= aesthetic of refined rusticity • Sabi= the value found in weathered objects, suggesting tranquility of old age o Tea masters direct/influence design of teahouses & tea rooms o Tatami (3'x6' straw floor mats) and tokonoma (alcoves or display areas)

Muromachi period

politics and Zen Buddhism changed visual arts

bamboo

popular subject because it was a symbol of the idea Chinese gentleman, who bends in adversity but does not break and because depicting bamboo branches and leaves approximated the cherished art of calligraphy

HIndu subject matter of Rajput art

popular subject was the amorous adventures of Krishna, the "Blue God" the most popular of the incarnations of the HIndu god Vishnu who descends to earth to aid mortas. Krishna was a herdsman who spent an idyllic existence tending his cows, playing the flute, and sporting with beautiful herdswomen

Great Temple, Madurai

tallest gopuras at the Great Temple were dedicated to Shiva under his local name, SUndareshvara, the Handsome ONe and his consort Minakshi. Rising in a series of tiers of diminishing size, they culminate in a barrel vaulted roof with finials. Ornamentation is extremely rich, consisting of row after row of brightly painted stucco sculptures representing the vast pantheon of Hindu deities and a host of attendant figures. also contains large and numerous mandapas great water tanks worshippers use for ritual bathing

pictures of the floating world

term suggesting the transience of human life and the ephemerality of the material world. the subjects of these paintings and especially prints mainly come from the realms of pleasure

minaret

the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

Ming Dynasty

traditional wooden buildings with curved rooflines and courtyards, Forbidden City • Model of a House, Han dynasty 16-9 • Houses made of wood • Sloped roofs made of beams stacked beams, stacked purlins o Allowed for a very wide building o This form of construction is more resilient against frequent earthquakes • Walls become screens, complicated frameworks hold up the whole structure