Review sheet 2 The Endocrine System
All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.
E
Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.
Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
adrenocorticotropic hormone
List the three phases of the stress response.
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
digestive enzymes
The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the..................(part of brain)
hypothalmus
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
parathroyid hormone
When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called
permissive
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
thyroid gland
The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine
After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?
ADH
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
ADH
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH
When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, what happens to ATP?
ATP is consumed
Too little secretion of cortisol causes
Addison's disease
identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each.
Alpha cells (A cells) secrete the hormone glucagon. Beta cells(B cells) produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells.
in a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?
Amount of ADH released is increased
Define diabetes mellitus
An increase in blood sugar
Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)?
Because that's when the hormones become unbalanced
The primary function of ADH is to
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development intestes is
FSH
When blood glucose levels fall, what happens to glucagon?
Glucagon increases
Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hyper secreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?
Growth hormone
Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
In the lumen of the thyroid follicle
Thyroid hormone contains the element
Iodine
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.
Melatonin
Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.
Most superficial is Zona Glomerulosa. Deeper is Zona Fasciculata. Deepest is Zona Reticularis.
Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood
PTH
What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems?
Send messages to everywhere in the body
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is....
TSH
Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus.
The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.
Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except
Thyroid hormones
Name the hormones of the thyroid gland.
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin
he outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
Zona glomerulosa
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually................
a G protein
Define hormone receptor
a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are (Structural classification)
amino acid/ protein derivides
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists
Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland
anterior and posterior
Which of the following is mismatched? A) direct communication—small solutes travel through gap junctions B) paracrine communication—molecules released in local area C) endocrine communication—target cells are directly adjacent to each other D) autocrine communication—limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal E) synaptic communication—uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses
c
A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
calcitonin
List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans.
changes that promote sleep, such as decreased body temperature and respiration rate
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids
The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome(GAS) is
epinephrine
The adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine and norepinephrine
After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, what happens next?
gene transcription is initiated
Define endocrine system
glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
Cushing's disease results from an excess of...........(hormone)
glucocorticoids
Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
gonadotropins
________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
hormones
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released in to the bloodstream, but called _______ when released at synapses.
hormones, neurotransmitters
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
increases the level of calcium ions in the blood
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
insulin
The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is
insulin
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.
insulin, decreases
Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called
integrative
The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
medulla
Pinealocytes produce
melatonin
The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.
nervous, endocrine
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
Steroid hormones binds to ...................................
receptors in the nucleus of their target cell
If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
resistance
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
somatropin
Describe the structural classification of hormones.
steroids, peptides, amino acid and fatty acid.
Two hormones that have additive effects are called
synergists
TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.
synthesis and realese
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
system of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
tyrosine
Define synergistic effect
when you take alcohol and effects your multipler