Review sheet 2 The Endocrine System

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

E

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

adrenocorticotropic hormone

List the three phases of the stress response.

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

digestive enzymes

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the..................(part of brain)

hypothalmus

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathroyid hormone

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes, what happens to ATP?

ATP is consumed

Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addison's disease

identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each.

Alpha cells (A cells) secrete the hormone glucagon. Beta cells(B cells) produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells.

in a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

Amount of ADH released is increased

Define diabetes mellitus

An increase in blood sugar

Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)?

Because that's when the hormones become unbalanced

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development intestes is

FSH

When blood glucose levels fall, what happens to glucagon?

Glucagon increases

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hyper secreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

Growth hormone

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

In the lumen of the thyroid follicle

Thyroid hormone contains the element

Iodine

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.

Melatonin

Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.

Most superficial is Zona Glomerulosa. Deeper is Zona Fasciculata. Deepest is Zona Reticularis.

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood

PTH

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems?

Send messages to everywhere in the body

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is....

TSH

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus.

The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

Thyroid hormones

Name the hormones of the thyroid gland.

Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Calcitonin

he outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

Zona glomerulosa

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually................

a G protein

Define hormone receptor

a receptor molecule that binds to a specific hormone

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are (Structural classification)

amino acid/ protein derivides

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland

anterior and posterior

Which of the following is mismatched? A) direct communication—small solutes travel through gap junctions B) paracrine communication—molecules released in local area C) endocrine communication—target cells are directly adjacent to each other D) autocrine communication—limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal E) synaptic communication—uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses

c

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin

List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans.

changes that promote sleep, such as decreased body temperature and respiration rate

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome(GAS) is

epinephrine

The adrenal medulla produces

epinephrine and norepinephrine

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, what happens next?

gene transcription is initiated

Define endocrine system

glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

Cushing's disease results from an excess of...........(hormone)

glucocorticoids

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

hormones

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released in to the bloodstream, but called _______ when released at synapses.

hormones, neurotransmitters

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.

insulin, decreases

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla

Pinealocytes produce

melatonin

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

nervous, endocrine

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

Steroid hormones binds to ...................................

receptors in the nucleus of their target cell

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

somatropin

Describe the structural classification of hormones.

steroids, peptides, amino acid and fatty acid.

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

TSH plays a key role in ________ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and realese

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

system of blood vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine

Define synergistic effect

when you take alcohol and effects your multipler