Revolutionary War
Valley Forge
..., Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops
Thomas Jefferson
..., Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States.
Second CC
12/13 vote Independence. By doing this, they committed treason.
March 4th 1776
Abandon Boston
John Paul Jones
Father of Navy (American)
Daniel Morgan
Fights at Saratoga; American war hero. Techniction
Daniel Morgan
Fights at Seratoga
Battle of Bunker Hill
First major battle of the Revolutions. Showed Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.
Independence
Freedom from control by another government/ country.
Lafayette
French Aid to Washington
Admiral Degrasse
French Navel officer help secure Yorktown + end British Supply Lines
Lafayette
Frenchman who believes in cause and gives pocket money BEFORE the official partnership
Clinton
From savannah 2 NY
To get guns
GW sends Henry Knox
Henry Knox
GW sends him to go to Fort Ticonderoga to collect Artillery. Usually Boston Bookseller Part of inner circle, (GW) head of artillery
Nathaniel Greene
GW's closest officer - the GW of the south
John Adams (army)
Gave idea of Continental Army Nominates GW for leader FROM F & 1 wAR
petitions
Peaceful protest
William Dawes
Warned militia at Lexington + C that British are coming!
Alexander Hamilton
Young + rich
American Weakness
out numbered not enough ammo not enough cannons not trained army men have some patriots and loyalists no stable army
popular sovereignty
people give power to government
civilian hardship
people go away
battle
physical contact between two forces
Brown Bess
popular gun of late 18th century
retreat
to withdraw troops from a situation
Company
troops organized formally (100 men) (70 in revolutionary war)
musket
type of rifle used in the time
Army
very few supplies
Enlisted
A time a soilder is to be in the army/
Pyrrhic victory
A victory in which the cost of winning was too high in terms of losses;
Ben Franklin
Delegate from Pennsylvania who proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies. Writer, scientist, diplomat, political philosopher, and a printer. Influential in the American Revolution, Continental Congress, Declaration of independence,
British Weakness
Do not believe in cause Do not know land know normal fighting tactics
Deborah Sampson
Dressed as a boy and fought in the war
Howe stay at philly
During Winter
Southern Colonies
Englishman Wannabees
Baron Von Stebon
German Trainer of GW's army Big lier/ exxagerator
Baron von Steuben
German commander who came to Valley Forge to help George Washington; trained the colonists and taught them discipline
Hessians
German soldiers who fought for the British during Revolutionary War
William Howe
Gets replaced by Clinton
Battle of Charleston
Greatest American defeat. Attempt to take control of important Southern city. Day after Christmas 1779- Clinton sailed with 8000 soldiers to attack Charleston. On the way, they were joined by other British regulars and loyalists bringing their number to 14,000. After 3 months of heavy bombing, New York Surrendered.
Independence Hall
Hall in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 and where the Constitutional Convention was held in 1787.
Benedict Anrold
Helps Green Mountain boys fight Ticonderoga. Trader to America
GW inner circle
Henry Knox Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Greene Lafeete
Philly
How go on ships near Jamestown
Summer soilder + sunshine patriot
In Thomas Paine's American Crisis, a soilder who is engaged only when things are going well.
Isaac Davis
In charge of minutemen during Lex + C
Johnny "Gentlemen" Burgoyne
Burgoyne does not go to Albany and hangs out at Seratoga and loses to Washington.
Committees of Correspondence
Campaign letters. UNIFIES COLONIES. CAUSES 1STCC.
Artillery
Cannons + big guns
L + C Mission one
Capture John Adams + John Handcock
Charles Cornelius
Clinton put Cornalis in charge of Southern activities.
Red
Color for courage
Henry Clinton
Commander-in-Chief of the British army in America, replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.
Charles Cornwallis
Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.
2nd Continental Congress
Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution. Starts to write DOI. Acts like USA Government
Worthless Currency
Continental Army = printing paper money not backed by precious metals
High Deseration Rates
Continental Army= enlistments are up, people= leave
Why the british treated TDT so bad
Could not tell difference between Patriot and Torie ---- Thus = treated each equally bad
July 4, 1776
Date of the Declaration of Independence
Causalities
Deaths
River Crossed to attack Trenton
Delaware River
Slavery in DOI
Slavery = $. Slavery is omitted from DOI
Benedict Arnold w/ Saratoga
Slowed the Brits
Pedleri
Someone who follow army + sell things n cart
Bernardo de Galvez
Spanish Governor aided Americans
John Adams
Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts; His belief in the importance of the rule of law led him to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre America's first Vice-President and second President.
Nathaniel Hale
Spy for GW in BOSTON, eventually, caught and hanged X( " I regret that I have but one life for my country"
Clinton
Stay at NY
Congress
Supplies to soldiers + printing currency.
Abigail Adams
Supporter of Women's rights
Francisco Marion
Swamp Fox
Morgan ( Francis)
Swamp Fox- NEUTRAL
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
THe author of Paul Rever's Ride artwork
Crispus Attucks
The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War
Merit Promotions
gets promoted for skill Merit= skills Promotion = higher
Mess
group of 5 men; platoon ??????
Hudson River
impoRTANT. If cut, cuts of NE colonies from rest
Ben Franklin during 2ndCC
in london negotiating deals.
Francis Marion attacks
in sneak attacks attack at Britsh then disappear into fog
"unalienable rights"
in the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson meant rights so basic, so rooted in human nature itself, that no government could take them away.
Skirmish
irregular fighting between armies, (usually small)
William Howe 2
leader of British troop in Breed + Bunker Hill in mrica
Commander
leader of an army, (GW)
Israel Putnam
lef man to dig a fort on a hill
British fighting formation
linear formation
Germantown PA (POlie?)
loses, Wash tried to fight for Philly
Battle of Bunker Hill 2
minutemen in Boston plan to fortify in Bunker and Breed's Hill.
Inflation
money worth less
advance
moving forward.. ???????
Royal Gov. of MA replaces by General Thomas Gage
okay
deserters
people who leave army after enlistments are up
GW
put force on newb-like army
civilian
regular non army personnel
Infantry
soldiers (ground troops)
Militia- points cannons at soldiers
soldiers from General How= abandon city
L+C Mission 2
steal weapons Hancock paid for= at concord
Washington Need
supplies, send letters to colonist for gun powder
GW sharpshooters
take out officers ususally officers= back sharpshooters= snipers= kill these people
Army session
take winter off
Redoubts
temporary fortification w/o defense
Bayonet
the sword on the end of guns
"life, liberty, pursuit of happiness"
unalienable rights to all men as defined by Jefferson in Declaration
British underestimate
unity- caused by sam's C OF C
British Strength
very large #'s lots of $ know how to fight
Henry Knox
w/ Benedict Arnold dragged canons from Ticonderoga
Drafting DOI
youngest member, Thomas Jefferson, 33
Continental Army
Army of the colonies
Quartermaster
Army officer who is given the responsibility of supplying the army
British Regulars
Arrive at lexington, militia waiting
Base of DOI
Natural Rights
Blockade
Navel move, using ships in a line to keep in or keep out
Richard Howe
Navy
Leading Factor
American Strength = Passion
Rochambeau
Head of French Fighting force (allied)
Mercenaries
a foreign soldier who is paid to fight.
Israel Putnam 2
"Don't fire till see white in eyes"
Captain Preston
"Don't fire till you see the whites in their eyes"
Treaty of Paris
(1783) peace agreement that officially ended the revolutionary war and established Britian's formal recognition of the US
King George III
(4.1) King of England during the American Revolution, highly disliked by the colonists.
Order of Da Battles
1. Lexington + C 2. Bunker Hill at Breed's Hill 3. Ft. Ticonderoga (Not really Battle) 4. Boston 5. Long Island/ NY 6. Trenton/ Princeton 7. Philly + Saratoga 8. Monmouth 9. Vincennes 10.Savannah 11.Camden, South Carolina 12. Charlestown, South Carolina 13. Cowpens, Utah 14. York Town (END
Deaths in VF
12k + 8k. Congress sees condition.
Housing in Valley Forge
16 x 14 squares for 12 men + fire place
1st continental congress
1774 meeting in Carpenters Hall PA. 12 colonial Representatives
"Common Sense"
1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that persuaded many Americans to support the Revolutionary cause
Declaration of Independence
1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.
British abandon Boston
1776- Come back w/ massive invasion force
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Valley Forge Camp
18 miles from the core of Philly, Valley Forge equal Washington Army Winter Camp.
colonial Responses to Coercive Acts
1st Continental Congress
George Washington
1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)
William Howe
32k soldiers to New York from Canada.
soldiers to canada
9k soldiers +1k loyalists, left Boston + go to Canada (Howe)
inflation
A continuous rise in the price of goods and services
Conway Cabal
A group of men that plotted to have George Washington overthrown, including Horatio Gates
militia
A small army made up of ordinary citizens who are available to fight in an emergency.
Congress
Act like government with no authority
Lemuel Hayes
African American who fought at Concord, first man of color to die at war
Howe replaced
After Saratoga, replaced by Henry Clinton
Tories
Also Loyalists -- anyone that remained loyal to the British Crown after the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
Benedict Arnold
American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.
Thomas Paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence. Wrote "Common Sense."
Secret Aid
American Strength. (From french) AND SPANISH
Battle of Saratoga
American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.
The Turtle
An early submarine that was, in theory, used to attach mines to the bottoms of ships, sinking them. It did not work.
William(sir) Howe
Army (the failure)
Continental Army
Army authorized by the Continental Congress, 1775-84, to fight the British; commanded by General George Washington.
REASONS
Base of DOI = why the colonies should seperte
British promotion
Based on Family's social status Slaves- FIght for British "fake promise" for freedom
Base of DOI
Based on NAtural RIghts. King don't give crab about NR.
Navel Battle
Battle at Chesapeake Bay + Blockade
Mississippi River
Before the Louisiana Purchase, this river was the western border of America.
Alliance with France
Ben Franklin
Nathaniel Greene
Best general. raids attacks British in south
Gage
Boston - Coercive
Henry Knox
Boston Book seller, in charge of all artillery
Parliament
Britain's law-making assembly
Cornwallis
British Army officer of south
John Paul Jones
British Battle. Bonhomme vs Saraptus (Britsh Vessel) Scottish by Birth Captures Saraptus
William Howe
British Commanding General at the start of the American Revolution
Lord North
British Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts.
Charleston NC
British Siege = no win
Industrial Economy
British Strength. Do not rely on someone else to make manufactured goods
Long supply lines
British Weakness/
"Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne
British leader in the battle of Saratoga who planned the attack on Albany; underestimated needed supplies so they lost the battle
After Bunker Hill
British leave, come back in 1776 = massive force
1778 British WIn Savannah
Its a Navy Port
BBP (British Battle Plan of 1777)
John to Albany from NY Barry St. Leger Northeast- Lake Ontario
April 8th 1775- LExington = Concord
King ordered his toops to get patriots back in line
American strenght
Know land fighting for a cause entire pop. has revolution swarm use advance and unconventional fighting tactics
Battle of Yorktown
Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
Ethan Allen
Leader of Green Mountain Boys
Parliament Ending war
Lost gut for war, to tired,
Molly Pitcher
Mary Ludwig Brought water to Merican soilders out on da battlefield
Bush Nell
Master Mind behind Turtle. In Valley Forge in PA.
Ft. Ticonderoga
Means to watch
Harioto Gates
Merican War hero who fights at Saratoga
Siege
Military operation; to surround a town
Mary Hayes
Molly Pitcher
Mary Hayes McCauley
Molly Pitcher
Breed's Hill
Most of the Battle of Bunker Hill took place on this hill
Green Mountain Boys
NE Militia who took Fort Ticonderoga
GW worst Battle
NYC
South Generals
Nathaniel Greene vs Charles Cornalis
Margaret Corbin
Nervous about her husband, she became a nurse to follow him to the Battle of Bunker Hill. She continued to fire cannons after her husband fell in battle, and could fire, clean, and aim the cannon very quickly. She was one of the first women to fight in the war.
Shot heard around the world
No one knows who fired the first shot, but FRST TIME colony backfire against parent colony
closing trading borders
Non-importation = no brit goods coming in Non- Exportation= no american items going out
Fort Ticonderoga
Old British abandoned nut still has big guns.
Battle of Trenton
On December 25th, Washington crossed Delaware River and took advantage of the sleeping Hessians in a surprise attack in a victory for the Continental army.
Fort Vincennes
On Indiana Frontier
Demographic issues in PA
PA= Wlliam Penn= Penn= pineapple. = pine. Pencil made out of pen. aka... lots of quakers who refuse to fight in the war.
Mercenary Vs Ally
Paid Foreign soldier vs a foreign soilder who fights out of a country to country relationship
Pulaski
Polish Cavalry officer who helped train American soldiers during revo war
1st continental Congress=
Prepare Militia.
Privateers
Private fishing vessels outfitted with military arsonals
Patrick Henry
Professional Speaker = "Not Virginians, WE MERICAN" give me liberty or give me death. FORMER GOVERNER- Virginia
Saratoga Importance
Proved Worthy to french for help. Turning point
Supply Line Officers
Quartermaster
William Howe
Replaces Thomas Gage
Redcoats
Royal Army -- British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniforms
John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (Lord Dunmore)
Royal Governor of Virginia
MA
Sam Adams + John Handcock
Cause for 1stCC
Sam's Committees of Correspondence
Olive Branch Petition
Second CC sent petition to george III = end taxes/ laws. CAlled olive branch = sign of peace
Maryland 400
The last line of defense at the Battle of Long Island, these men were outnumbered 25:1 and still managed to hold back the British.
Francis Marion
The leader of the southern militia Militia support regular army
"The World Turned Upside Down"
The song played during the surrender of the British at the final battle of the war, the Battle of Yorktown
Washington Crossing the Delaware
The famous painting remembers the Christmas night when Washington crossed the Delawer and secretly surrounded the sleeping Hessian soldiers.
Yorktown
The final battle of the war, it was an attack from land and the sea, with de Grasse blockading the Chesapeake Bay, and Washington and Rochambeau leading the army. The Continental army deceived the British into thinking a siege at New York was planned, when in truth it was actually at Yorktown. The navy blocked escape from sea, and the land armies pressed in closer. Finally, Cornwallis admitted defeat and surrendered.
GW lack of knowledge
does not know Yorktown = last war, makes army drag through winter, 1777-78
Saratoga
These two battles were arguably the most important battles of the war. General Burgoyne led the British and Gates led the Americans. Burgoyne was a man accustomed to leisure, and allowed his troops to bring clothes and family, making him a favorite. The large amount of carriages drastically slowed them down, however, and they traveled 23 miles in 24 days. The British were further slowed down by the Americans cutting down trees in the road, forcing them to move them out of the way. The British managed to recapture Fort Ticonderoga along the way. Every day the British wasted, more and more colonial militia assembled. The British started running out of supplies, and sent 800 men to take Bennington, Vermont. But, their red uniforms were easy to spot and the British were killed. The colonists, led by Daniel Morgan and Benedict Arnold, defeated the British in the first battle and left them unable to continue. The British were defeated again, and surrendered afterward, leaving the Americans with 5,700 prisoners and their supplies. Seeing this victory, France decided to join the War.
French Fighting
They hate the British
Guilford Courthouse
This American defeat was Cornwallis versus Greene, with Cornwallis outnumbered by more the a 2:1 ratio. However, the British army sustained heavy losses. Cornwallis was pursuing Greene after the Battle of Cowpen, and then learned Greene had camped at the Guilford Court House. Greene had divided his forces into 3 lines, that were too far apart to support each other. The British charged the lines, and managed to scare the Americans away.
Cowpens
This American victory was a battle between Daniel Morgan and Banastre Tarleton. Morgan and a small force had came to forage for supplies and increase local morale. When the British heard they were in the area, they misinterpreted it as an attack, and sent troops to defend. However, no one was there to attack. Morgan then confronted them in a small valley, and defeated the British. The British were malnourished and fatigued, due to excessive marching. This was a turning point in the Southern Strategy, as a large British brigade had been completely wiped out.
Thomas Mifflin
This Quaker was expelled from the Society of Friends for being involved with the Revolution. He served as the Quartermaster General, and was questioned for being unable to properly supply the army at Valley Forge.
Camden
This battle followed the British victory at Charleston, and was another British victory. It was a humiliating defeat for Horatio Gates, and he never had a position of command after this battle. Camden was on a set of crossroads, and was very important to control the Carolinas. 4000 Americans were unable to fight, due to dysentery and heat, and there were only 2000 men that could fight. The British had the numerical superiority, and Gates was forced to retreat.
Germantown
This battle was a counterattack staged by George Washington. However, the large amounts of fog made it difficult for the Patriots to follow the complicated orders, and the Continental Army loses this battle, as well as Philadelphia.
Brandywine Creek
This battle was fought to the southwest of Philadelphia, and was an American loss. The British were led by Howe, and they employed the same basic tactics of the Battle of Long Island- a flanking maneuver while the American army was distracted by the main bulk.
Eutaw Springs
This battle was of the colonial regulars and militia against the British army. The Americans encountered a small British force and slaughtered them, but some people escaped. Forewarned, the British formed up columns. However, the Americans overpowered the British and followed their retreat to their camps, where they plundered the supplies. However, the British reorganized and drove the Patriots back out. This was one of the final battles in the South.
Haym Salomon
This man was essentially the financial head of the colonists. He lended the army around $16,000,000 of modern day money, and helped convert the French donations into usable money. When the Americans prepared for Yorktown, he was the one to raise the funds for the supplies needed.
Charlestown
This six week long siege resulted in Benjamin Lincoln surrendering 5000 troops to the British. The first attempt of the British to capture it failed, because the many palm trees blocked British cannons, making it so they couldn't shoot at the fort.
Kings Mountain
This was a battle between Loyalist militia and Patriot militia, with the Patriots decidedly winning. The Loyalists were being recruited to protect the flank of Cornwallis' army. Patrick Ferguson, a British major, told the Patriots to "lay down their arms or suffer the consequences." However, the rebels surprise attacked the Loyalists and wiped them out.
militia
Told to go home. outnumbered at Lexington, = Shot heard around the world.
John Jay
U.S. diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court
Reconcile
Us no Navy, no army no anything
Artillery Transport
Very heavy = need to be transported by Artillery men
Howe
Was suppose to go to Albany but went to Philly
European Battle tactic
Weakness, for Americans Have small army = cannot fight traditionally
Burgoyne 3 (I think)
Went North from NY
Britsh Position- Late war
Went south- Support of those dam tories
GW fighting styles
Winter Fighting guerrilla warfare attacked on holiday (x-mas) no formal surrender
"all men are created equal"
famous quote found in the Declaration of Independence
Fort
Worried British troops
Marquis de Lafayette
Young French officer who assisted Washington and became a general in the Continental Army.
Campaign
a form of protest for a cause
Common Sense
a pamphlet in 1776 by Thomas Paine. Persuade colonists to Independence.
defensive war
a war in which an army fights to defend its own territory
British NYC win
allowed GW to retreat
Patrick Henry 2
asks for militia in House of B
Army bad
can claim anything and everything in the name of war
Ammunition
cannon balls + ammo for guns
"right to revolution"
cited in "Common Sense" and the Declaration of Independence -- the right of people to overthrow their government if it's bad
Woman in army
cook, take care of wounded + sit and write
DOI
declaring War on England/ making new country from British rule
George Roger Clark
defeat British and Allied Native Americans in Fort Vincesses
GW
disrupts supply line
Burgoyne
does not go to Albany, stays at Saratoga and loses