Revolutionary War

Valley Forge

..., Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Thomas Jefferson

..., Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States.

Second CC

12/13 vote Independence. By doing this, they committed treason.

March 4th 1776

Abandon Boston

John Paul Jones

Father of Navy (American)

Daniel Morgan

Fights at Saratoga; American war hero. Techniction

Daniel Morgan

Fights at Seratoga

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. Showed Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Independence

Freedom from control by another government/ country.

Lafayette

French Aid to Washington

Admiral Degrasse

French Navel officer help secure Yorktown + end British Supply Lines

Lafayette

Frenchman who believes in cause and gives pocket money BEFORE the official partnership

Clinton

From savannah 2 NY

To get guns

GW sends Henry Knox

Henry Knox

GW sends him to go to Fort Ticonderoga to collect Artillery. Usually Boston Bookseller Part of inner circle, (GW) head of artillery

Nathaniel Greene

GW's closest officer - the GW of the south

John Adams (army)

Gave idea of Continental Army Nominates GW for leader FROM F & 1 wAR

petitions

Peaceful protest

William Dawes

Warned militia at Lexington + C that British are coming!

Alexander Hamilton

Young + rich

American Weakness

out numbered not enough ammo not enough cannons not trained army men have some patriots and loyalists no stable army

popular sovereignty

people give power to government

civilian hardship

people go away

battle

physical contact between two forces

Brown Bess

popular gun of late 18th century

retreat

to withdraw troops from a situation

Company

troops organized formally (100 men) (70 in revolutionary war)

musket

type of rifle used in the time

Army

very few supplies

Enlisted

A time a soilder is to be in the army/

Pyrrhic victory

A victory in which the cost of winning was too high in terms of losses;

Ben Franklin

Delegate from Pennsylvania who proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies. Writer, scientist, diplomat, political philosopher, and a printer. Influential in the American Revolution, Continental Congress, Declaration of independence,

British Weakness

Do not believe in cause Do not know land know normal fighting tactics

Deborah Sampson

Dressed as a boy and fought in the war

Howe stay at philly

During Winter

Southern Colonies

Englishman Wannabees

Baron Von Stebon

German Trainer of GW's army Big lier/ exxagerator

Baron von Steuben

German commander who came to Valley Forge to help George Washington; trained the colonists and taught them discipline

Hessians

German soldiers who fought for the British during Revolutionary War

William Howe

Gets replaced by Clinton

Battle of Charleston

Greatest American defeat. Attempt to take control of important Southern city. Day after Christmas 1779- Clinton sailed with 8000 soldiers to attack Charleston. On the way, they were joined by other British regulars and loyalists bringing their number to 14,000. After 3 months of heavy bombing, New York Surrendered.

Independence Hall

Hall in Philadelphia where the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776 and where the Constitutional Convention was held in 1787.

Benedict Anrold

Helps Green Mountain boys fight Ticonderoga. Trader to America

GW inner circle

Henry Knox Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Greene Lafeete

Philly

How go on ships near Jamestown

Summer soilder + sunshine patriot

In Thomas Paine's American Crisis, a soilder who is engaged only when things are going well.

Isaac Davis

In charge of minutemen during Lex + C

Johnny "Gentlemen" Burgoyne

Burgoyne does not go to Albany and hangs out at Seratoga and loses to Washington.

Committees of Correspondence

Campaign letters. UNIFIES COLONIES. CAUSES 1STCC.

Artillery

Cannons + big guns

L + C Mission one

Capture John Adams + John Handcock

Charles Cornelius

Clinton put Cornalis in charge of Southern activities.

Red

Color for courage

Henry Clinton

Commander-in-Chief of the British army in America, replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

2nd Continental Congress

Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution. Starts to write DOI. Acts like USA Government

Worthless Currency

Continental Army = printing paper money not backed by precious metals

High Deseration Rates

Continental Army= enlistments are up, people= leave

Why the british treated TDT so bad

Could not tell difference between Patriot and Torie ---- Thus = treated each equally bad

July 4, 1776

Date of the Declaration of Independence

Causalities

Deaths

River Crossed to attack Trenton

Delaware River

Slavery in DOI

Slavery = $. Slavery is omitted from DOI

Benedict Arnold w/ Saratoga

Slowed the Brits

Pedleri

Someone who follow army + sell things n cart

Bernardo de Galvez

Spanish Governor aided Americans

John Adams

Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts; His belief in the importance of the rule of law led him to defend the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre America's first Vice-President and second President.

Nathaniel Hale

Spy for GW in BOSTON, eventually, caught and hanged X( " I regret that I have but one life for my country"

Clinton

Stay at NY

Congress

Supplies to soldiers + printing currency.

Abigail Adams

Supporter of Women's rights

Francisco Marion

Swamp Fox

Morgan ( Francis)

Swamp Fox- NEUTRAL

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

THe author of Paul Rever's Ride artwork

Crispus Attucks

The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War

Merit Promotions

gets promoted for skill Merit= skills Promotion = higher

Mess

group of 5 men; platoon ??????

Hudson River

impoRTANT. If cut, cuts of NE colonies from rest

Ben Franklin during 2ndCC

in london negotiating deals.

Francis Marion attacks

in sneak attacks attack at Britsh then disappear into fog

"unalienable rights"

in the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson meant rights so basic, so rooted in human nature itself, that no government could take them away.

Skirmish

irregular fighting between armies, (usually small)

William Howe 2

leader of British troop in Breed + Bunker Hill in mrica

Commander

leader of an army, (GW)

Israel Putnam

lef man to dig a fort on a hill

British fighting formation

linear formation

Germantown PA (POlie?)

loses, Wash tried to fight for Philly

Battle of Bunker Hill 2

minutemen in Boston plan to fortify in Bunker and Breed's Hill.

Inflation

money worth less

advance

moving forward.. ???????

Royal Gov. of MA replaces by General Thomas Gage

okay

deserters

people who leave army after enlistments are up

GW

put force on newb-like army

civilian

regular non army personnel

Infantry

soldiers (ground troops)

Militia- points cannons at soldiers

soldiers from General How= abandon city

L+C Mission 2

steal weapons Hancock paid for= at concord

Washington Need

supplies, send letters to colonist for gun powder

GW sharpshooters

take out officers ususally officers= back sharpshooters= snipers= kill these people

Army session

take winter off

Redoubts

temporary fortification w/o defense

Bayonet

the sword on the end of guns

"life, liberty, pursuit of happiness"

unalienable rights to all men as defined by Jefferson in Declaration

British underestimate

unity- caused by sam's C OF C

British Strength

very large #'s lots of $ know how to fight

Henry Knox

w/ Benedict Arnold dragged canons from Ticonderoga

Drafting DOI

youngest member, Thomas Jefferson, 33

Continental Army

Army of the colonies

Quartermaster

Army officer who is given the responsibility of supplying the army

British Regulars

Arrive at lexington, militia waiting

Base of DOI

Natural Rights

Blockade

Navel move, using ships in a line to keep in or keep out

Richard Howe

Navy

Leading Factor

American Strength = Passion

Rochambeau

Head of French Fighting force (allied)

Mercenaries

a foreign soldier who is paid to fight.

Israel Putnam 2

"Don't fire till see white in eyes"

Captain Preston

"Don't fire till you see the whites in their eyes"

Treaty of Paris

(1783) peace agreement that officially ended the revolutionary war and established Britian's formal recognition of the US

King George III

(4.1) King of England during the American Revolution, highly disliked by the colonists.

Order of Da Battles

1. Lexington + C 2. Bunker Hill at Breed's Hill 3. Ft. Ticonderoga (Not really Battle) 4. Boston 5. Long Island/ NY 6. Trenton/ Princeton 7. Philly + Saratoga 8. Monmouth 9. Vincennes 10.Savannah 11.Camden, South Carolina 12. Charlestown, South Carolina 13. Cowpens, Utah 14. York Town (END

Deaths in VF

12k + 8k. Congress sees condition.

Housing in Valley Forge

16 x 14 squares for 12 men + fire place

1st continental congress

1774 meeting in Carpenters Hall PA. 12 colonial Representatives

"Common Sense"

1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that persuaded many Americans to support the Revolutionary cause

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

British abandon Boston

1776- Come back w/ massive invasion force

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Valley Forge Camp

18 miles from the core of Philly, Valley Forge equal Washington Army Winter Camp.

colonial Responses to Coercive Acts

1st Continental Congress

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

William Howe

32k soldiers to New York from Canada.

soldiers to canada

9k soldiers +1k loyalists, left Boston + go to Canada (Howe)

inflation

A continuous rise in the price of goods and services

Conway Cabal

A group of men that plotted to have George Washington overthrown, including Horatio Gates

militia

A small army made up of ordinary citizens who are available to fight in an emergency.

Congress

Act like government with no authority

Lemuel Hayes

African American who fought at Concord, first man of color to die at war

Howe replaced

After Saratoga, replaced by Henry Clinton

Tories

Also Loyalists -- anyone that remained loyal to the British Crown after the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence. Wrote "Common Sense."

Secret Aid

American Strength. (From french) AND SPANISH

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

The Turtle

An early submarine that was, in theory, used to attach mines to the bottoms of ships, sinking them. It did not work.

William(sir) Howe

Army (the failure)

Continental Army

Army authorized by the Continental Congress, 1775-84, to fight the British; commanded by General George Washington.

REASONS

Base of DOI = why the colonies should seperte

British promotion

Based on Family's social status Slaves- FIght for British "fake promise" for freedom

Base of DOI

Based on NAtural RIghts. King don't give crab about NR.

Navel Battle

Battle at Chesapeake Bay + Blockade

Mississippi River

Before the Louisiana Purchase, this river was the western border of America.

Alliance with France

Ben Franklin

Nathaniel Greene

Best general. raids attacks British in south

Gage

Boston - Coercive

Henry Knox

Boston Book seller, in charge of all artillery

Parliament

Britain's law-making assembly

Cornwallis

British Army officer of south

John Paul Jones

British Battle. Bonhomme vs Saraptus (Britsh Vessel) Scottish by Birth Captures Saraptus

William Howe

British Commanding General at the start of the American Revolution

Lord North

British Prime Minister during revolution. He had passed the Coercive Acts.

Charleston NC

British Siege = no win

Industrial Economy

British Strength. Do not rely on someone else to make manufactured goods

Long supply lines

British Weakness/

"Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne

British leader in the battle of Saratoga who planned the attack on Albany; underestimated needed supplies so they lost the battle

After Bunker Hill

British leave, come back in 1776 = massive force

1778 British WIn Savannah

Its a Navy Port

BBP (British Battle Plan of 1777)

John to Albany from NY Barry St. Leger Northeast- Lake Ontario

April 8th 1775- LExington = Concord

King ordered his toops to get patriots back in line

American strenght

Know land fighting for a cause entire pop. has revolution swarm use advance and unconventional fighting tactics

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Ethan Allen

Leader of Green Mountain Boys

Parliament Ending war

Lost gut for war, to tired,

Molly Pitcher

Mary Ludwig Brought water to Merican soilders out on da battlefield

Bush Nell

Master Mind behind Turtle. In Valley Forge in PA.

Ft. Ticonderoga

Means to watch

Harioto Gates

Merican War hero who fights at Saratoga

Siege

Military operation; to surround a town

Mary Hayes

Molly Pitcher

Mary Hayes McCauley

Molly Pitcher

Breed's Hill

Most of the Battle of Bunker Hill took place on this hill

Green Mountain Boys

NE Militia who took Fort Ticonderoga

GW worst Battle

NYC

South Generals

Nathaniel Greene vs Charles Cornalis

Margaret Corbin

Nervous about her husband, she became a nurse to follow him to the Battle of Bunker Hill. She continued to fire cannons after her husband fell in battle, and could fire, clean, and aim the cannon very quickly. She was one of the first women to fight in the war.

Shot heard around the world

No one knows who fired the first shot, but FRST TIME colony backfire against parent colony

closing trading borders

Non-importation = no brit goods coming in Non- Exportation= no american items going out

Fort Ticonderoga

Old British abandoned nut still has big guns.

Battle of Trenton

On December 25th, Washington crossed Delaware River and took advantage of the sleeping Hessians in a surprise attack in a victory for the Continental army.

Fort Vincennes

On Indiana Frontier

Demographic issues in PA

PA= Wlliam Penn= Penn= pineapple. = pine. Pencil made out of pen. aka... lots of quakers who refuse to fight in the war.

Mercenary Vs Ally

Paid Foreign soldier vs a foreign soilder who fights out of a country to country relationship

Pulaski

Polish Cavalry officer who helped train American soldiers during revo war

1st continental Congress=

Prepare Militia.

Privateers

Private fishing vessels outfitted with military arsonals

Patrick Henry

Professional Speaker = "Not Virginians, WE MERICAN" give me liberty or give me death. FORMER GOVERNER- Virginia

Saratoga Importance

Proved Worthy to french for help. Turning point

Supply Line Officers

Quartermaster

William Howe

Replaces Thomas Gage

Redcoats

Royal Army -- British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniforms

John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (Lord Dunmore)

Royal Governor of Virginia

MA

Sam Adams + John Handcock

Cause for 1stCC

Sam's Committees of Correspondence

Olive Branch Petition

Second CC sent petition to george III = end taxes/ laws. CAlled olive branch = sign of peace

Maryland 400

The last line of defense at the Battle of Long Island, these men were outnumbered 25:1 and still managed to hold back the British.

Francis Marion

The leader of the southern militia Militia support regular army

"The World Turned Upside Down"

The song played during the surrender of the British at the final battle of the war, the Battle of Yorktown

Washington Crossing the Delaware

The famous painting remembers the Christmas night when Washington crossed the Delawer and secretly surrounded the sleeping Hessian soldiers.

Yorktown

The final battle of the war, it was an attack from land and the sea, with de Grasse blockading the Chesapeake Bay, and Washington and Rochambeau leading the army. The Continental army deceived the British into thinking a siege at New York was planned, when in truth it was actually at Yorktown. The navy blocked escape from sea, and the land armies pressed in closer. Finally, Cornwallis admitted defeat and surrendered.

GW lack of knowledge

does not know Yorktown = last war, makes army drag through winter, 1777-78

Saratoga

These two battles were arguably the most important battles of the war. General Burgoyne led the British and Gates led the Americans. Burgoyne was a man accustomed to leisure, and allowed his troops to bring clothes and family, making him a favorite. The large amount of carriages drastically slowed them down, however, and they traveled 23 miles in 24 days. The British were further slowed down by the Americans cutting down trees in the road, forcing them to move them out of the way. The British managed to recapture Fort Ticonderoga along the way. Every day the British wasted, more and more colonial militia assembled. The British started running out of supplies, and sent 800 men to take Bennington, Vermont. But, their red uniforms were easy to spot and the British were killed. The colonists, led by Daniel Morgan and Benedict Arnold, defeated the British in the first battle and left them unable to continue. The British were defeated again, and surrendered afterward, leaving the Americans with 5,700 prisoners and their supplies. Seeing this victory, France decided to join the War.

French Fighting

They hate the British

Guilford Courthouse

This American defeat was Cornwallis versus Greene, with Cornwallis outnumbered by more the a 2:1 ratio. However, the British army sustained heavy losses. Cornwallis was pursuing Greene after the Battle of Cowpen, and then learned Greene had camped at the Guilford Court House. Greene had divided his forces into 3 lines, that were too far apart to support each other. The British charged the lines, and managed to scare the Americans away.

Cowpens

This American victory was a battle between Daniel Morgan and Banastre Tarleton. Morgan and a small force had came to forage for supplies and increase local morale. When the British heard they were in the area, they misinterpreted it as an attack, and sent troops to defend. However, no one was there to attack. Morgan then confronted them in a small valley, and defeated the British. The British were malnourished and fatigued, due to excessive marching. This was a turning point in the Southern Strategy, as a large British brigade had been completely wiped out.

Thomas Mifflin

This Quaker was expelled from the Society of Friends for being involved with the Revolution. He served as the Quartermaster General, and was questioned for being unable to properly supply the army at Valley Forge.

Camden

This battle followed the British victory at Charleston, and was another British victory. It was a humiliating defeat for Horatio Gates, and he never had a position of command after this battle. Camden was on a set of crossroads, and was very important to control the Carolinas. 4000 Americans were unable to fight, due to dysentery and heat, and there were only 2000 men that could fight. The British had the numerical superiority, and Gates was forced to retreat.

Germantown

This battle was a counterattack staged by George Washington. However, the large amounts of fog made it difficult for the Patriots to follow the complicated orders, and the Continental Army loses this battle, as well as Philadelphia.

Brandywine Creek

This battle was fought to the southwest of Philadelphia, and was an American loss. The British were led by Howe, and they employed the same basic tactics of the Battle of Long Island- a flanking maneuver while the American army was distracted by the main bulk.

Eutaw Springs

This battle was of the colonial regulars and militia against the British army. The Americans encountered a small British force and slaughtered them, but some people escaped. Forewarned, the British formed up columns. However, the Americans overpowered the British and followed their retreat to their camps, where they plundered the supplies. However, the British reorganized and drove the Patriots back out. This was one of the final battles in the South.

Haym Salomon

This man was essentially the financial head of the colonists. He lended the army around $16,000,000 of modern day money, and helped convert the French donations into usable money. When the Americans prepared for Yorktown, he was the one to raise the funds for the supplies needed.

Charlestown

This six week long siege resulted in Benjamin Lincoln surrendering 5000 troops to the British. The first attempt of the British to capture it failed, because the many palm trees blocked British cannons, making it so they couldn't shoot at the fort.

Kings Mountain

This was a battle between Loyalist militia and Patriot militia, with the Patriots decidedly winning. The Loyalists were being recruited to protect the flank of Cornwallis' army. Patrick Ferguson, a British major, told the Patriots to "lay down their arms or suffer the consequences." However, the rebels surprise attacked the Loyalists and wiped them out.

militia

Told to go home. outnumbered at Lexington, = Shot heard around the world.

John Jay

U.S. diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court

Reconcile

Us no Navy, no army no anything

Artillery Transport

Very heavy = need to be transported by Artillery men

Howe

Was suppose to go to Albany but went to Philly

European Battle tactic

Weakness, for Americans Have small army = cannot fight traditionally

Burgoyne 3 (I think)

Went North from NY

Britsh Position- Late war

Went south- Support of those dam tories

GW fighting styles

Winter Fighting guerrilla warfare attacked on holiday (x-mas) no formal surrender

"all men are created equal"

famous quote found in the Declaration of Independence

Fort

Worried British troops

Marquis de Lafayette

Young French officer who assisted Washington and became a general in the Continental Army.

Campaign

a form of protest for a cause

Common Sense

a pamphlet in 1776 by Thomas Paine. Persuade colonists to Independence.

defensive war

a war in which an army fights to defend its own territory

British NYC win

allowed GW to retreat

Patrick Henry 2

asks for militia in House of B

Army bad

can claim anything and everything in the name of war

Ammunition

cannon balls + ammo for guns

"right to revolution"

cited in "Common Sense" and the Declaration of Independence -- the right of people to overthrow their government if it's bad

Woman in army

cook, take care of wounded + sit and write

DOI

declaring War on England/ making new country from British rule

George Roger Clark

defeat British and Allied Native Americans in Fort Vincesses

GW

disrupts supply line

Burgoyne

does not go to Albany, stays at Saratoga and loses