Rip in Peace

Know 2 desirable pieces of legislation passed by these "radical regimes".

2 desirable pieces of legislation were streamlining tax systems, and launching public works (and guaranteeing women's property rights.)

What were some things the Articles of Confederation could do?

Conduct foreign policy, borrow money, make treaties, military affairs

Gibbons v Ogden

Congress controls interstate commerce

True or False: The civil liberties of Americans were untouched by WWI.

False

What did Booker T. Washington believe would ultimately be the ticket to black political and civil rights?

He believed *economic independence* [equality] would ultimately be the ticket to black political and civil rights, not social equality.

Who defeated the treaty? List 3 of them. One word answers will do.

*The Lodge-Wilson Personal Feud, traditionalism, isolationism, disillusionment, and partisanship* all contributed. But Wilson himself must also bear a substantial share of the responsibility, asking for all or nothing yet ultimately getting nothing.

Fill-in- the-blanks: A withering depression swept through agricultural districts in the 1920's, when ____ farm in ____ was sold for debts or taxes.

*One; four [25%]*

Fill-in- the-blank: No one shoots at ________ _________.

*Santa Claus*. "Reliefers" were not about to bite the hand that doled out the gov't checks.

True or False: On June 25, 1950 North Korean forces rumbled across the 38th parallel.

*True*. Caught flat-footed, the South Koreans were shoved back southward to a dangerously tiny defensive area around Pusan, backs to the sea.

True or False: Congress gave the President unprecedented support.

*True*. Congress so fully shared the panicky feeling of the country that it was ready to rubber-stamp bills drafted by White House advisors -- measures that Roosevelt called "must legislation." Congress also gave the president blank check powers: some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative authority to the chief executive.

True or False: The Hawley-Smoot Tariff helped plunge both America and other nations into a deeper depression.

*True*. It increased international financial chaos and forced the US further into the bog of economic isolationism.

What was the *American System?*

Henry Clay wanted: *Tariff of 1816* 1st protective tariff *Second Bank of US* Ensure financial stability and credit *Internal improvements* canals, roads but Madison and Monroe vetoed using federal funds for this

Who was Charles Finney?

A preacher who held massive sermons to convert people

American Exceptionalism

America is COOL and FUN

Describe Irish Immigrants

Catholic Democrats

McCulloch v Maryland

Constitutionality of 2nd BUS, federal government given power over state government

What is *Federalism*

Division of power between national and state government

Did the Reciprocal Trade Agreement work?

*Yes*. It reversed the traditional high protective tariff policy since Civil War days and paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system following WWII

True or False: Roosevelt saw all trusts as evil.

False

Name the leaders of Russia, Italy, and Germany.

Totalitarianism was spreading in Europe. The communist USSR led the way, with *Joseph Stalin* as their dictator. Fascist *Benito Mussolini* took power in Italy in 1922. *Adolf Hitler* controlled Germany in 1933 with liberal use of the "big lie." He combined tremendous power with impulsiveness. He was the misbegotten child of the short sighted post war policies of the victorious Allies (including the US)

Describe the pie-in- the-sky promises made by both Francis Townsend and Huey Long.

Townsend *promised everyone over sixty $200 a month* [must be spent in that month], and Long used his abundant rabble-rousing talents to publicize his "Share Our Wealth" program which *promised to make "Every Man A King." Every family was to receive $5,000, supposedly at the expense of the prosperous* [Everything made over 1 mil would be taxed at 100%]. HL Mencken called Long's chief lieutenant, Former Clergyman Gerald L Smith, "the gutsiest, goriest, loudest, and lustiest, the deadliest and damndest orator every head on this or any other earth, the campion boob-bumper of all time."

Examples of Angelicazation

Trans-atlantic print culture, protestant evangelism is main religion, Enlightenment ideas

Know that Stalin had to be bribed in exchange for agreeing to help the U.S. against Japan.

Stalin agreed to attack Japan within 3 months after the collapse of Germany, and in return, the Soviets were promised the southern half of Sakhalin Island, lost by Russia to Japan in 1905, and Japan's Kuril Islands as well. It was granted joint control over the RRs of Manchuria and special privileges in the two key seaports of the area, Dairen and Port Arthur

*Transportation Revolution*

Steamboat Clermont, Fulton made transportation cheaper *Turnpikes* built, ex Xumberland road *Erie Canal* by NY + Canal Boom *RR*

True or False: By 1894 America was the number 1 manufacturing nation in the world.

True

True or False: During the 20's the Supreme Court rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy.

True

True or False: Eleanor Roosevelt was a great personal and political asset for FDR.

True

True or False: FDR had strong support among the nations "New immigrants".

True

True or False: Grant's cabinet was a nest of grafters and incompetents.

True

True or False: Many Republicans and Democrats began to leave their parties and join the Populists.

True

True or False: The Federal Reserve Board was appointed by the president.

True

True or False: The appearance of African Americans in all white areas sparked interracial violence.

True

True or False: Congress wanted to reserve its war declaring powers.

True - this is why they opposed article X.

True or False: Populists saw the Pullman episode as further proof of an alliance between business, the federal government, and the courts against working people.

True.

Fill-in- the-blank: The national debt skyrocketed from _____ billion in 1941 to ______billion in 1945.

*$49 billion; $259 billion*. At its peak, the war costed $10 million dollars an hour.

Finish the sentence: Central to modernism was its....

*Questioning of social conventions and traditional authorities, considered outmoded by the accelerating changes of 20th century life. *

What was the overpowering problem confronting America once war began?

*Time* was the most needed munition, as expense was no limitation. The problem facing America was *to retool itself for all-out war production, while praying that the dictators would not meanwhile crush their adversaries who still remained in the field -- Britain and the Soviet Union.* Haste was imperative -- the highly skilled German scientists might turn up with unbeatable weapons.

True or False: Marcus Garvey was eventually convicted of mail fraud and deported.

*True*

True or False: The Klan was an ultra conservative uprising against the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming America.

*True*

True or False: The film "Birth of a Nation" portrayed blacks as corrupt politicians and rapists.

*True*

True or False: This act reversed the traditional high tariff policy of the United States.

*True*

True or False: This policy made no distinction between brutal aggressors and innocent victims.

*True*

True or False: Democrats wanted a decentralized bank in government hands.

*True* -- Wilson endorsed this, delivering a stirring plea for sweeping reform of the banking system.

True or False: Bosses gave valuable assistance that was forthcoming from no other source.

*True* Reformers gagged at this cynical exploitation of the immigrant vote.

True or False: National income nearly doubled during the 1950's.

*True*, and it nearly doubled again in the 1960's, shooting thru the trillion-dollar mark in 1973. Now, 6% of the world's people were enjoying 40% of the planet's wealth

True or False: Cars made possible the consolidation of schools.

*True*, and to some extent of churches.

True or False: Eleanor Roosevelt had worked at a settlement house.

*True*, in New York. She later joined the Women's Trade Union League and the League of Women Voters. She brought an unprecedented number of women activists with her to washington, and was the most active First Lady in history.

True or False: The country was nearly unanimous in their support of WWII.

*True*, thanks to the Japanese blow at Pearl Harbor. Even American Communists who once denounced the "imperialist" war clamored for an assault of the Axis powers.

True or False: Bureaucracy blossomed under the New Deal.

*True*. "Bureaucratic meddling" and "regimentation" were bitter complaints of anti-New Dealers, along with those shocked by the leap-before-you-look, try anything once spirit of Roosevelt, the jolly improviser.

True or False: Union organization thrived during the New Deal.

*True*. "Roosevelt wants you to join a union" was a rallying cry of professional organizers.

True or False: Most Americans had no clear idea what the war was about.

*True*. All Americans knew was that they had a dirty job on their hands and that the only way out was forward, going about their bloody task with astonishing efficiency.

True or False: The Hitler-Stalin Pact (it is usually referred to as the nonaggression pact) gave Hitler a green light to make war on Poland.

*True*. Also, he could invade western democracies without fearing a stab in the back from the Soviet Union, his Communist archfoe. Consternation struck the wishful thinkers of Western europe who hoped that Hitler might be sicced upon Stalin so they could bleed each other to death. Stalin wanted to turn Germany against Western democracies, letting them kill each other off while Stalin prospered like a colossus.

True or False: A revolution in Russia toppled the regime of the Tsars.

*True*. America could now fight foursquare for democracy on the side of the Allies, without the black sheep of Russian despotism in the Allied fold. Now, they are Democratic.

True or False: This legislation abandoned our traditional policy of freedom of the seas.

*True*. America had fought 2 wars and many undeclared wars for this. This was specifically tailored to keep the nation out of a conflict like WWI, but Congress was 1 war too late with its legislation.

True or False: In 1929 most Americans believed the long economic boom would only continue.

*True*. America's productive colossus (stimulated by automobile, radio, movies, etc) was roaring along at a dizzy speed that suggested a permanent plateau of prosperity.

True or False: The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the greatest naval battle of all time.

*True*. American fleets, numbering more than 4000 vessels, now commanded the western Pacific. Several battleships were exacting belated but sweet revenge for Pearl Harbor.

True or False: Corporations were once more allowed to relax and expand.

*True*. Antitrust laws were often ignored/circumvented/feebly enforced by friendly prosecutor in the attorney general's office. The Interstate Commerce Commission, for example, came to be dominated by men who were personally sympathetic to the managers of the railroads. Big industrialists, striving to reduce the rigors of competition, now had a free hand to set up trade associations. After all, Hoover's sense of engineering efficiency led him to condemn the waste resulting from competition -- they should regulate themselves!

True or False: After the fall of France America gave up its "technical" neutrality.

*True*. Britain now stood alone between Hitler and his dream of world domination.

True or False: On the eve of the attack on Pearl Harbor a strong majority of Americans still wanted to keep out of the war.

*True*. But now, Congress officially recognized the war that had been thrust upon the US.

True or False: By taking the Philippines the U.S. became a full fledged Far Eastern Power.

*True*. But the distant islands eventually became a heel of Achilles - a kind of indefensible hostage given to Japan. The newly imperial nation was not yet prepared to pay the full bill for its new status. They assumed burdensome commitments that they proved unwilling to defend with appropriate naval/military outlays.

True or False: Prohibition might have been successful if there had been a larger army of enforcement officials.

*True*. But the state/federal agencies were understaffed, and their snoopers, susceptible to bribery, were underpaid.

True or False: Disposable personal income more than doubled in WWII.

*True*. Despite wage ceilings, overtime pay fattened pay envelopes. Disposable personal income, even after payment of wartime taxes, more than doubled. On Dec 7 1944, the 3rd anniversary of Pearl Harbor, Macy's department store rang up the biggest sales day in its history.When price controls were lifted in 1946, prices went up 33% in less than 2 years. This war led the way to the post-1945 era of big government interventionism -- everyone felt the effects of rationing, many were in the armed forces, millions worked for Uncle Sam, and their personal needs were cared for by government sponsored housing projects, daycare facilities, and health plans.

True or False: The Washington regime had been slow to take steps against it.

*True*. FDR denied jews and would not bomb the tracks leading the victims to the camps. However, the full dimensions of the Holocaust had not been known. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. FDR died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on APril 12, 1945.

True or False: Critics charged that FDR and the agreements he made at Yalta had been a key factor in China later becoming communist.

*True*. FDR has sold Jiang Jieshi/Chiang Kai-Shek when he conceded control of Manchuria to Stalin, undermining Chinese morale which contributed by Jiang's overthrow by the communists. However, defenders claimed that this really set a limit on his ambitions.

True or False: Taft actually busted more trusts than Roosevelt.

*True.* Roosevelt did not actually bust trusts as hard as he could have. In 1907 TR even gave his personal blessing to Morgan's plan to have US Steel absorb Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, without fear of antitrust reprisals. But Taft launched a suit against US Steel in 1911 and TR was mad.

True or False: To a remarkable degree, hard working people moved up and out the slums.

*True.* Slum dwellers strove mightily to escape their wretched surroundings

True or False: This near war between the U.S. and Great Britain resulted in a growing diplomatic reconciliation between these two countries.

*True.* Sometimes called the Great Rapprochement (or reconciliation) between the US and Britain, the new cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies

True or False: Conservatives blamed Roosevelt for the Panic of 1907.

*True.* The Panic on Wall Street made people believe that Roosevelt had unsettled industry with his boat-rocking tactics. Conservatives damned him as "Theodore the Meddler," calling the event the "Roosevelt Panic." The angry TR accused "certain malefactors of great wealth" of having deliberately engineered the monetary crisis to force the government to relax its assaults on trusts.

True or False: Republican bosses considered Roosevelt dangerous and unpredictable.

*True.* The conservative bosses thought he was as dangerous and unpredictable as a rattlesnake. They grew increasingly restive as Roosevelt in his second term called ever more loudly for regulating corporations, taxing incomes, and protecting workers.

True or False: The stresses of urban life led to an increase in divorce.

*True.* The new urban environment was hard on families and the cities were emotionally isolating. Families were subjected to unprecedented stress, many cracking under the strain.

True or False: Cavernous department stores became one of the symbols of the dawning era of consumerism.

*True.* They attracted urban middle class shoppers and provided urban working class jobs, many for women. They accentuated widening class divisions -- the privileged urban middle class, described as richer and more elegant than others, is represented in these stores.

True or False: Cars were agents of social change.

*True.* They developed into badge of freedom and equality -- a necessary prop for self-respect. To some, ostentation seemed more important than transportation.

Which two bills are one and the same?

14th amendment and the Civil Rights Bill. The civil rights bill gave blacks the privileges of American citizenship and struck at the black codes.

How many acres granted in Homestead Act? Who liked?

160 acres North, not south

Name the amendment that legalized the income tax.

16th Amendment

In what Year does Salutatory Neglect end? Why?

1763 French and Indian war is over, there is *DEBT* and therefore we need to enforce TAXES

Gadsden Purchase

1853 Additional $10 million for MX territory, want a southern path for transcontinental RR but never used

Ostend Manifesto

1854 Fed government tries to buy Cuba North thinks government is trying to appease the South by allowing slavery to expand;; plotted by N democrats to avoid sectional conflict

Dred Scott Decision

1857 Slave sues for freedom and it is determined blacks are not citizens and cannot sue

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

1858 Campaign for IL Senate Douglas wins, Lincoln gets national attention

Pacific RR Act

1862 Contracts to RR to build the western part of the transcontinental RR, grant federal lands to companies to build railroads, RR route left out of south

Morrill Land Grant Act

1862 Land to build universities

Emancipation Proclamation

1863, freed slaves in rebellion (preserved in border states initially) Intended to incite slave rebellion in south Keeps Europe neutral Shift in goal from unification → abolition

Freedman's Bureau

1865 education/food/jobs/assistance

Fill in the blanks: By 1960 ____ in every _____ Americans dwelt in suburbia.

1;4

Treaty of Wanghia

1st diplomatic arrangement with China

Name 2 of the changes proposed by Charlotte Perkins Gilman that she believed would help more women enter the work force.

2 of the changes were *centralized nurseries* and *cooperative kitchens* to facilitate women's participation in the work force -- anticipating by more than half a century the day care centers and convenience food services of a later day.

List 2 [4] other targets of the muckrakers.

2 other targets were *vendors of potent patent medicines (often heavily spiked with alcohol)* by chief chemist Dr Harvey Wiley, and social evils including the *immoral "white slave" traffic* in women, the *slums*, and the appalling number of *industrial accidents.*

What were some of Washington's precedents?

2 terms, a cabinet, Bank of the US

Where was Oregon split, and by who?

49th parallel by Polk

By 1900, how much of their 156 million acres had the Indians lost?

50% - 78 million acres

How many Jews were killed in the Holocaust?

6 million

How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?

6 million

True or False: Advertisers sought to make Americans chronically unhappy with their paltry possessions

*True*. They used persuasion, ploy, seduction and sexual suggestion to make Americans want more, more, more. A founder of this was Barton, prominent NY partner in a Madison Ave firm.

True or False: American troops were woefully equipped for a war in the tropics.

*True*. They were indeed unequipped, led by the gout-stricken Shafter and amply provided with heavy woolen underwear and uniforms designed for subzero operations against the Indians.

True or False: The Wagner Act asserted the right of labor to bargain collectively.

*True*. This act, also known as the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, created a powerful new National Labor Relations Board for administrative purposes and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice.

True or False: The Chinese warned that they would not sit idly by and watch hostile troops approach the Yalu River.

*True*. This was the boundary between China and Korea. But MacArthur pooh-poohed all predictions of an effective intervention by the Chinese. He erred badly. In Nov 1950, tens of thousands of Chinese fell upon his overextended lines and hurled the UN forces reeling down the peninsula. MacArthur, humiliated, pressed for drastic retaliation, wanting a blockade of the Chinese coasts and bombardment of Chinese bases in Manchuria. He even wanted to use nuclear weapons, but Washington refused to enlarge the already costly conflict.

True or False: Native Americans began moving off the reservations in large numbers after 1940.

*True*. Thousands of Indian people found war work in the major cities and thousands more became soldiers. Some 25,000 Native American men served.

True or False: The American mainland was virtually unscathed in WWII.

*True*. Two Japanese submarines using shells and bombers had rather harmlessly attacked the California and Oregon coast, and a few Japanese fire-bomb balloons had drifted across the Pacific, killing 6 civilians in Oregon. But that was about all. Much of the world was destroyed and destitute.

True or False: The TVA was attacked as creeping socialism in disguise.

*True*. Utility corporations lashed back at this entering wedge of gov't control, charging that the low cost of TVA power was due to dishonest bookkeeping and the absence of taxes -- the whole dream was "creeping socialism in disguise.". But the New Dealers, shrugging off such outcries, pointed a prideful finger at the amazing achievements of the TVA.

True or False: The radio helped knit the nation together.

*True*. Various regions heard voices with standardized accents, and countless millions tuned in to perennial comedy favorites like "Amos n' Andy." It also significantly contributed educationally and culturally. Sports were further stimulated. Politicians learned to use the new medium, gospels were shared, and people became ringside participants in world-changing events. Music of famous artists and symphony orchestras were beamed into countless houses.

True or False: The states of the old Confederacy received a disproportionate share of defense contracts.

*True*. When war came, FDR seized the opportunity to accelerate the "nation's #1 economic problem"'s economic development. They received a disproportionate share of defense contracts, including nearly $6 billion of federally financed industrial facilities. Here were the seeds of the postwar blossoming of the "sunbelt."

True or False: Wilson shared Jefferson's faith in the masses.

*True, but only if they were properly informed*. Wilson sympathized with the Confederacy's attempt to win its independence, a sentiment that partly inspired his ideal of self determination for people of other countries.

True or False: Progressives believed alcohol abuse was intimately connected with drunken voters.

*True,* along with crooked city officials dominated by "booze" interests, and with the blowsy "Boss" who counted poker chips by night and miscounted ballots by day. Anti Liquor campaigners received powerful support from several militant organization, notably the Woman's Christian Temperance Union with Frances E Willard. Some states and counties were "dry", most cities were "wet"

True or False: Cars further freed women from their dependence on men.

*True.*

True or False: Herbert Hoover engineered the foundation stones of the Good Neighbor Policy.

*True.*

True or False: Progressives believed alcohol abuse was intimately connected with prostitution.

*True.*

True or False: Progressives believed the cure for the ills of American democracy was more democracy.

*True.*

True or False: By 1900 the idea that an education was the birthright of every citizen was gaining ground.

*True.* A high school education as well as a grade school education was the birthright of people. People believed that education was the *remedy of all ills* which could stop the evils of society. It also brought attention to child labor

True or False: Roosevelt set aside some 125 million acres of forest.

*True.* Almost 3x the average thus saved from the saw by his three predecessors. He also earmarked millions of acres of coal deposits and water resources useful for irrigation and power. He even banned X-mas trees from the White House.

True or False: Taft was more wedded to the status quo than to change.

*True.* Although he was no doubt a mild progressive ("Peaceful Bill"), his cabinet did not contain a single rep of the party's "insurgent" wing, which was on fire for reform of current abuses, especially the tariff.

True or False: Cities made Americans more diverse and similar at the same time.

*True.* Although race and ethnicity assigned urban Americans to distinctive neighborhoods and workplaces, to an increasing degree they shared a common popular culture.

True or False: The conquest of the Philippines encouraged American leaders to annex Hawaii.

*True.* An impression spread that America needed the archipelago as a coaling and provisioning way station, in order to send supplies and reinforcements to Dewey. McKinley also worried that Japan might grab the Hawaiian Islands while America was distracted elsewhere. Then, a joint resolution of annexation was rushed through congress and approved by McKinley on July 7, 1898, granting Hawaiian residents citizenship.

True or False: City governments proved woefully inadequate in the face of this rampant urban growth.

*True.* Because of this, the business of ministering to the immigrants' needs fell to the unofficial governments of the *urban political machines* led by bosses like NYs notorious Boss Tweed

True or False: Roosevelt out-Bryaned Bryan.

*True.* Roosevelt also took a cyclonic campaign, touring the country with revolver-shooting cowboys and denouncing all dastards who would haul down Old Glory.

Tenure of Office Act

(1867) denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress

Fill-in- the-blank: Public opinion polls demonstrated that a majority of Americans were determined, even at the risk of armed hostilities, to provide the British with "______________________".

*"All aid short of war"*

Fill-in- the-blanks: The PWA eventually spent over __________ on some ___________projects, which included public buildings, highways, parkways, and the spectacular _________ __________ dam.

*$4 billion; 34,000; Grand Coulee*

Why did America want control of Hawaii? This answer should come from the first paragraph in this section.

They did because Hawaii was a way station and provisioning point for Yankee shippers, sailors, and whalers. It became an increasingly important center for sugar production.

Define the Employment Act of 1946.

This act *made it government policy to "promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power." It created a 3 member Council of Economic Advisors* to provide the president with the data and the recommendations to make that policy a reality

True or False: Americans were horrified to find concentration camps.

True

True or False: An investigation revealed that a majority of Hawaiian natives opposed annexation.

True

True or False: Article X morally bound the U.S. to aid any member victimized by external aggression.

True

True or False: The government preferred to rely on voluntary compliance rather than on compulsory edicts.

True

True or False: Thousands of former slaves became sharecroppers.

True. Blacks lacked money, possessions, and could not do much but work. They were forced to work on another's land out of poverty and necessity, and were almost like slaves again. Even whites who did not own land became sharecroppers.

True or False: McKinley would be accurately described as safe, cautious, and conservative.

True. Business was given a free rein.

What was the City Beautiful Movement? Do not answer this question - I will answer it in class.

ok

Which four groups were major contributors to the progressive movement.

socialists, social gospelers, university based economists, and feminists Socialists were strong at the ballot box. Social gospelers used religious doctrine to demand better housing and conditions for the urban poor. UB economists urged new reforms modeled on European examples. Feminists added social justice to suffrage on their list of needed reforms.

Give 3 objections raised by Anti-imperialists.

that *annexing the Philippines and denying them the freedom they thirsted for would violate the "consent of the governed" philosophy of the Constitution* - *Despotism abroad might well bring despotism at home* - and lastly *annexation would propel the United States into the political and military cauldron of East Asia.*

What did the Articles of Confederation do?

unified the new states, creating a weak central government with limited power.

Plains

Ex Sioux Large grass plains with few resources, so they used the horse to get buffalos and were nomadic.

What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?

Organized supreme court with 1 chief justice and 5 associate justices

Fill in the blank: By 1877 Rockefeller controlled ____% of all oil refineries in the country

95

True or False: The collapse that followed the crash was the most prolonged and prostrating in American and world experience.

*False*. It was the business depression which had followed the collapse that was so painful.

Describe the purpose of the city-manager system.

The purpose was to take politics out of municipal administration.

True or False: The allied invasion of Italy had little impact on the allied invasion of Europe.

*False*. It opened the Mediterranean and diverted some German divisions from the blazing Soviet and French battle lines, but also delayed the main Allied invasion of Europe, from England to France by many months, allowing the Soviet army to advance into Eastern Europe.

True or False: Scopes was found guilty and fined.

*True* - he was fined $100. However, Tennessee set aside the fine on a technicality.

True or False: Christians were finding it increasingly difficult to reconcile religion with the findings of modern science.

*False*. Increasing numbers of Christians were coming to reconcile the revelations of religion with the findings of modern science. However, Fundamentalism, with its emphasis on a literal reading of the Bible, remained a vibrant force in American spiritual life, strong in the Baptist and Churches of Christ.

True or False: The Marshall Plan was a failure.

*False*. It was a spectacular success, as American dollars pumped reviving blood into the economic veins of the anemic Western European nations. Within a few years, most of them were exceeding their prewar outputs, as an "economic miracle" drenched Europe in prosperity.

Look at the quote on the top of page 714. Change the word A-U- T-O and choose a modern invention that you believe is reshaping American culture and values.

"Why on earth do you need to study what's changing this country? I can tell you what's happening in just four letters: C-E-L-L!" I think that the rapid progression and development of the cell phone or smartphone has profoundly changed America. Now, people can carry a small device which has the potential to replace hundreds of inventions which came before it (the calculator, the computer, etc). Additionally, with the smartphone came the rise of new social media. It has come to dictate the actions and behaviors of many Americans, altering their values and culture overall.

True or False: The eviction was carried out exactly as Hoover intended.

*False*. It was carried out with far more severity than Hoover had planned.

What was happening to the gap between the rich and poor?

A larger middle class developed

Describe Whigs

ANTI JACKSON, strong central government, support American system, NE AND PROTESTANT

What were some characteristics of colonial art/literature/architecture

ART: Portraits of presidents LIT: Focus on freedom and defining government ARCH: Monticello [Neoclassical greek/roman]

Know 7 of Wilson's Fourteen Points. I do not need all the details on the first 5 points. Just give a 3 or 4 word description on each one. For example, on the first point just write that he wanted to abolish secret treaties and move on. Now you only have 6 to go.

AS the moral leader of the Allied cause, he delivered his 14 points address, points being: 1. Abolishment of secret treaties. 2. Freedom of the seas [Britain would NEVER]. 3. Removal of economic barriers [tariff] among nations. 4. Reduction of armament burdens (military) [less war, less aggressive]. 5. Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of both native peoples and colonizers. 14. League of Nations Other points included self determination to oppressed minority groups. The purpose of these was to keep reeling Russia in the war, and inspire the Allies to maker mightier efforts and demoralized the enemy governments.

How many families took advantage of the Homestead Act in the 40 years after its passage?

About half a million families did to carve out new homes in the cast open stretches.

List 2 actions taken by FDR and congress to put the squeeze on Japanese imperialism.

Actions included *imposing embargoes on Japan bound supplies, freezing Japanese assets in the United States, and ceasing all shipments of gasoline and other sinews of war.* As the oil gauge dropped, the squeeze on Japan grew steadily more nerve-wracking.

Which 2 groups were likely to support the idea of "cheap money"?

Afflicted agrarian and debtor groups supported cheap money and clamored for a reissuance of greenbacks. With a crude but essentially accurate grasp of monetary theory, they reasoned that more money meant cheaper money and hence rising prices and easier to pay debts.

What replaced the Encomienda System?

African labor since they were immune to disease

Treaty of Paris (1899)

Agreement with Spain that ended the Spanish American War, granting America the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines (how controversial!)

How did the goals of the AFL differ from the goals of the Knights of Labor?

All they wanted was *"more,"* promoting what he called a *"pure and simple"* unionism and seeking *better wages, hours, and working conditions*.

What was the real reason behind FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy? Hint: Think defense.

Although it suggested the US was giving up its ambition to be a world power and would content with being a regional power in the western hemisphere, it actually was intended to *line up the Latin Americans to help defend the Western Hemisphere. Embittered neighbors would be potential tools to transoceanic aggressors.*

In the early 1920's, what was the one glaring exception to America's general indifference to the outside world?

America still wouldn't become part of the World Court, the judicial arm of the still-suspect League of Nations. However, a glaring exception to the US' indifference was *armed interventionism in the Caribbean and Central America*. American troops were withdrawn after 8 yrs from the Dominican Republic in 1924, but they remained in Haiti from 1914-1934. In 1925 Coolidge briefly removed American troops from Nicaragua (1909) but in 1926 he sent them back until 1933. American oil companies clamored for a military expedition in Mexico in 1926 after Mexican gov't began asserting its sovereignty over oil resources. Coolidge only diplomatically negotiated, but his mailed-fist tactics elsewhere bred sore resentments south of the Rio Grande

Describe how either American submarines or bombers were hurting the Japanese empire.

American submarines or the "silent service" were *sending the Japanese merchant marine to the bottom so fast they were running out of prey*. They destroyed 1042 ships or 50% of Japan's entire merchant fleet. Giant bomber attacks launched from Saipan and other captured Mariana Islands, they were *reducing the enemy's fragile cities to cinders*. The massive firebomb raid on Tokyo, Mar 10-11 1945, was annihilating.

What was the *Judiciary Act of 1801?*

An act where the Federalists wanted to maintain some power, so they created new judicial positions or midnight appointments

Know Nothing Party

An anti-immigration party, also known as the American Party

What was the *American Colonization Society?*

An early abolitionist group that wanted to send blacks back to Africa [Liberia]

What did Garrison's Liberator newspaper demand?

An immediate and uncompensated end to slavery

What did the Charles River Bridge Case prove?

Anyone can take advantage of economic opportunity

Give 3 actions taken against German Americans or things Germanic during WWI.

As rumormongers spread tales of spying and sabotage, German Americans were *tarred, feathered, beaten, and one was even lynched. Orchestras found it unsafe to present German-composed music, German books were removed from library shelves, German classes were cancelled in high schools and colleges, sauerkraut became "liberty cabbage," hamburger "liberty steak," dachshunds "liberty pups,"* and promoted prohibition as popular alcohol breweries were German.

Which group typically experienced the worst suffering during the depression?

As the "last hired and first fired," *Blacks* were among the worst sufferers of the depression.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

At the End of MX American War, we gain SW and pay MX $15 million

Who was *Walt Whitman?*

BARBARIC YAWP transcendentalist

What were some foreign policy issues we were having?

BRITISH: Built forts, disrupted trade, armed natives SPANISH: Banned american shipping along the Mississippi in 1784 FRENCH: Demanded repayment of loans BARBARY PIRATES messed with American shipping

13th amendment

Bans slavery but forced work is fine

English Colonization

Based on agriculture and money Had both men and women Hostile towards natives Settled along Atlantic and had representative assembly

Some factors that led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West

Desire for access to natural/mineral resources, economic opportunities, religious refuge

Why was there an electoral college?

Because Founding Fathers didn't really trust the population to make the best decisions

Nativism

Belief that born Americans are superior to immigrants and deserve more opportunities

How did Berlin respond to France sending troops into the Ruhr Valley?

Berlin responded by *permitting its currency to inflate astronomically.* German society teetered on the brink of mad anarchy, and the whole international house of financial cards threatened to flutter down in chaos.

Name some Northern benefits

Bigger, more RR, more manufacturing

How did the South replicate slavery?

Black codes and political tactics (local laws limit freedmen's new rights, elect confederate politicians)

Anaconda Plan

Blockade pieces of the south, choking it

Battle of Antietem

Bloodiest day in war, Union claims victory despite loss, leads to emancipation proclamation

Know that both the IMF and World Bank were created at the ________ ____________ ________________.

Bretton Woods Conference In contrast to WWI, the US took the lead in creating these important international bodies and supplied most of their funding. The stubborn soviets declined to participate

Describe the Neutrality Act of 1939.

Britain and France urgently needed American airplanes and other weapons, but the Neutrality Act of 1937 raised a sternly forbidding hand. This act *provided that henceforth the European democracies might buy American war materials, but only on a "cash-and-carry" basis, meaning that they would have to transport the munitions in their own ships after paying for them in cash*. America would avoid loans, war debts, and the torpedoing of American arms-carriers. FDR was now also authorized to proclaim danger zones into which American merchant ships would be forbidden to enter.

Freeport Doctrine

Claimed by Lincoln Territories could minimize slavery by not having laws to protect it Outrages south

What was the American Temperance Society?

Co-founded by Lyman Beecher, it created 1000s of US temperance chapters that aligned with abolition.

Define Code Talkers.

Code Talkers were *Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific who transmitted radio messages in their native languages, where were incomprehensible to the Germans and Japanese*.

NE Confederation

Colonies start to work together, military alliance against threat

Who hates America after this?

Columbia and Panama (they were ripped off!)

Who was better in the initial battles of the Civil War?

Confederacy -- great leadership and fought at home

What action was taken by congress to end this so-called "lash law"?

Congress passed the Force Acts of 1870

Wilmot Proviso

Congressional bill to prohibit slavery from land gained from war, it failed the senate but reintroduced the topic

T/F: Black legislatures elected during reconstruction were all corrupt

Corruption was due to economic environment, not legislators Indebted legislatures accepted bribes from railroad companies -- economic conditions of growth following debt

Little Big Horn

Custer's Last Stand Natives including Sitting Bull and the Sioux attack and kill Custer along with his men in the 7th cavalry, and the US wants them to assimilate.

Name some unsucessful Southern Rebellions

DENMARK VESEY: Planned a large SC rebellion, but his plan was found out and he along with others was hanged NAT TURNER: VA Rebellion where free slaves killed whites on plantations, same year as the Liberator published

Compromise of 1850

Dealt with Mexican Cessation (that destroyed both parties) Popular Sovereignty in cession CA free stricter fugitive slave law slave trade outlawed in DC Replaces Missouri compromise and allows slavery north of 36 30

What was the *Declaration of Sentiments?*

Declaration of Independence inspired document drafted at the Seneca Falls women's rights convention

King Philip/Metacom's War

Defeated by colonists, end of NA resistance to NE

How did this tariff affect the Democrats in the next election? A brief answer will do.

Democratic political fortunes suffered. The tariff, along with the depression, had dislodged the Democrats. It resulted in their loss in the congressional elections of 1894

What kind of bank did democrats want?

Democrats wanted a decentralized bank in government hands.

What party took spurned government attempts to impose a single moral standard on the entire society?

Democrats. They believed that differences had to be tolerated in such an imperfect world.

Name the Irish born demagogue who incited his followers to frightful violence against the Chinese.

Denis Kearney. They resented the competition of cheap labor from the more recently arrived Chinese. They regarded the Chinese as a menace, and cut off their pigtails or murdered them.

What were 2 controversial Jefferson did?

Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act of 1807

What did John Dewey believe should be the primary goal of the teacher?

Dewey, who made the most revolutionary contribution to educational theory during these years, believed that the workbench was as essential as the blackboard, and that "education for life" should be a primary goal of the teacher. He set forth the principles of "learning by doing" that formed the foundation of so-called progressive education, with its greater "permissive-ness."

Interchangable Parts

Eli Whitney, mass production

Southwest

Ex Pueblo Cliff dwellings, adobe/sandstone bricks, irrigation canals, 3 sister farming, roads

Positives and Negatives of Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants and diseases, African Slaves, Social classes, Horse, Indian uprising, drop in Indian population, black legend, encomienda, higher european life expectancy and lower infant death but more economic hardship, spanish inflation from finding gold, indian violence due to horses and guns

How did FDR respond to A. Phillip Randolph's threat to hold a massive "Negro March on Washington"?

Explosive tensions developed over employment, housing, and segregated facilities. Black leader Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened the march in 1941 to demand equal opportunities for blacks in war jobs and the armed forces. Roosevelt's response was to *issue an executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries.* He also *established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliance with his edict.*

What was the first action FDR took to fix the economy? Hint: This can be a short answer - I don't need a description of the act.

FDR boldly *declared a nationwide banking holiday, March 6-10, as a prelude to opening the banks on a sounder basis*. He then *summoned the mostly Democratic Congress into special session to cope with the national emergency*. For the so-called *hundred days*, members hastily cranked out an unprecedented basketful of remedial legislation. Some of it derived from earlier progressivism, but these new measures mostly sought to deal with a desperate emergency.

What was the biggest difference between the rules adopted by the League and those adopted by the United Nations?

FDR unlike Wilson moved to establish the new international body before the war's conclusion, so as to capitalize on the war-time spirit of cooperation and insulate planning for the UN from the potentially divisive issue of the peace settlement. The League adopted rules denying the veto power to any party to a dispute. The UN more realistically that *no member of the Security Council, dominated by the Big Five Powers* (US, Britain, USSR, France, China) could have action taken against it without its consent*. The League, in short, presumed great-power conflict; the UN presumed *great-power cooperation*. IT also featured the General Assembly, which could be controlled by smaller countries. It provided safeguards for American sovereignty and freedom of action, which the Senate loved

Why did the U.S. want Soviet help against Japan? Hint: A simple answer will work.

FDR wanted this because the atomic bomb had not yet been tested, and Washington strategists expected frightful American casualties in the projected assault on Japan. If Stalin entered the war, pinned down Japanese troops in Manchuria and Korea, he would *lighten American losses*. Bu Soviet casualties had already been enormous.

Describe FDR's court packing scheme.

FDR wanted to use a Court-packing plan to expand the Supreme Court. He *asked congress for legislation to permit him to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire.*

What are the First 100 Days?

FDR's first days where he passes *lots* of legislation to put people to work!

Federalists vs Jeffersonian Republicans?

FEDERALIST: Support Hamilton's manufacturing, loose, strong central government, pro England REPUB: Support agrarian society, strict, state rights, pro-french

*Lowell System*

Factories worked by NE farmer daughters then Irish

Whiskey Ring

Falsifying tax reports/unreported taxes out of liquor tax fund, secretary of war takes bribes

What percent of the U.S. workforce was involved in agriculture by the 21st century?

Farmers made up a slim *2%* of workers by the 21st century, yet fed most of the world. The family farm became an artifact as consolidation produced giant agribusinesses able to employ costly machinery. One farmer could produce food for over 50 people.

Who was *Ralph Waldo Emerson?*

Father of Transcendentalism Walden + Civil Disobedience

Who was Horace Mann?

Father of education

Samuel Slater

Father of the Factory System

Enforcement Act of 1870

Federal government with laws to prosecute crimes that violate civil rights

What were the *Alien and Sedition Acts?*

Federalist congress wanted to limit political opposition It consisted of: *Naturalization* Act: ↑ time from 5 to 14 years for citizenship (harder to vote) *Alien* Act: President can deport and arrest immigrants that are considered dangerous *Sedition Act:* Illegal to criticize government

How did the French Revolution divide America? What stance does America take?

Federalists want to avoid war with Eng Demo-Repub: This is an extension of our fight! Plus eng takes our ships BUT Washington declares us neutral in the Proclamation of Neutrality

Who was *Margaret Fuller?*

Female transcendentalist that applied the concepts to women, especially the need for social and psychological independence

Dutch/French Colonization

Fewer inhabitants Focused on [fur] trade Formed alliances with and married the Indians Didn't take native land or enslave them

Define Fordism. A short and brief definition will work.

Fordism is *the technique of the moving assembly line* -- Ford had dedicated himself with one track devotion to the gospel of standardization. It was quick and efficient, lowering both production costs and the price of the car.

David Walker

Free black who was an abolitionist

Misunderstandings between Indians and Europeans

Gender roles Land ownership Religion

True or False: George Creel was a failure. Explain your answer.

George Creel was a success. His Creel Organization, used words as effectively as weapons, having their "four-minute men" deliver countless speeches. His varied propaganda, from posters to pamphlets to movies, led America to pour scorn on the enemy, glorifying the "boys" in uniform. He did his job perfectly. The real failure was Wilson, who simply could not act as well as he was expected to. The resulting disillusionment both at home and abroad was disastrous.

What led to European exploration of Americas

Glory, Gold God Crusades opened eyes to spices Countries wanted more money New tech aided exploration(sextant, caravel, etc) Economic improvement (joint-stock) Marco Polo and his cheap spices The renaissance The rise of powerful nation states Fountain of youth Rediscovery of dark age youth

List 3 government policies that encouraged movement away from inner cities and into the suburbs.

Government policies included *Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (VA) home-loan guarantees* made it more economically attractive to own a home in the suburbs than to rent an apartment in the city. *Tax deductions for interest payments on home mortgages* provided additional financial incentive. *Government-built highways* sped commuters from suburban homes to city jobs, further facilitating the mass migration.

Social Contract

Government should ONLY protect life, liberty, and property. It's a necessary evil

What was the *tallmadge amendment?*

Gradual emancipation of Missouri slaves

Name the 2 cabinet members that were the worst (and unfit) for their jobs.

Harding promised to bring the "best minds" of the republican party, bringing Hughes [secretary of state], Mellon [secretary of Treasury], and Hoover [secretary of commerce]. They were offset by the worst, Senator *Albert B Fall* of NM, a scheming anti conservationist who took the role of Secretary of Interior like a wolf protecting sheep, and *Harry M. Daugherty*, a small town lawyer and big time crook in the Ohio Gang who became attorney general.

What action did Roosevelt take to impress the Japanese?

He *sent the entire battleship fleet on a highly visible voyage around the world.* The Great White Fleet received tumultuous welcomes in Latin America, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Australia. There was an overwhelming reception in Japan, and thousands of schoolchildren waved flags and sang the "Star Spangled Banner." It wasn't entirely useless though -- it gave the American navy a chance to practice with their boats, and learn the mechanical problems they might expect

Who was *Tecumseh?*

He and his brother organized a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and fought Harrison at the *Battle of Tippecanoe,* a huge blow to NA resistance

How did Hayes help stop the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

He called in federal troops to quell the unrest and brought the striking laborers an outpouring of working class support. Work stoppages spread quickly in cities from Baltimore to St Louis.

What military action did Roosevelt take to help the Panamanians win their revolution?

He had *US Naval forces prevent Colombian troops from crossing the isthmus to quell the uprising,* quickly recognized the insurrection, and had *Bunau-Varilla* who was now the Panamanian minister despite being a french citizen sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

List one [5] positive character trait of Harry S. Truman

He had *down-home authenticity, few pretensions, rock-solid probity*, and a lot of that old-fashioned character trait called *moxie*. He also *did not dodge responsibility*.

How did the Attorney General and Grover Cleveland justify the use of federal troops?

He justified it by stating that the strikers were interfering with the transit of the US mail, and the president agreed."If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered."

In what year did Andrew Johnson finally pardon all rebel leaders?

He pardoned them in 1868 as a Christmas present. However, this was probably because the rebel leaders such as Davis were released; no Virginian Court would ever convict them

What was Adam's reaction to the Quasi war?

He passed the Alien and Sedition Acts

Who is Ralph Waldo Emerson?

He was a transcendentalist who wrote "Self Reliance," encouraging others to follow their own self interest

What was Polk like? Who would he go against?

He was an expansionist democrat who promised CA and OR Clay and his Whigs

Why had Wilson been willing to compromise away some of his less cherished ideas?

He was because *he wanted to salvage the more precious League of Nations.* The allied powers were torn by conflicting aims, many of them sanctioned by secret treaties. There had to be compromise at Paris, or there would be no agreement.

Why was McKinley so popular? Just give one reason.

He was because he had won a war and acquired rich (though burdensome) real estate, he had safeguarded the gold standard, and he had brought the promised prosperity of the full dinner pail.

Three reasons for growth of slavery

High european demand for american goods Lack of indentured servants Its hard to enslave natives

How did his (Du Bois) demands differ from Washington's?

His demands were different in that they wanted complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic. However, only for the select few who deserved it [tenth]

What had been FDR's dream concerning the post war world?

His dream was of an *"open world," decolonized, demilitarized, and democratized, with a strong international organization to oversee global peace.*

What became TR's pet proverb?

His pet proverb was *"speak softly and carry a big stick, [and] you will go far."*

What was Andrew Mellon's view on taxes for the rich?

His view was that *such high levies forced the rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in the factories that provided prosperous payrolls*. They also argued that *high taxes not only discouraged business but brought a smaller net return to the Treasury than moderate taxes.*

What was Wilson's view of the presidency (or as this paragraph calls it - the chief executive)?

His view was that the *president should play a dynamic role. Congress could not function properly unless the president, like a prime minister, got out in front and provided leadership.*

What was TR's view of the presidency? Hint: This needs to come from the last paragraph in this section.

His view was that the president should lead, boldly. The president may take any action in the general interest that is not specifically forbidden by the laws of the Constitution. He had no real respect for the checks and balances system among the three branches of government.

Give the date Hitler invades Poland. This is the date WWII begins.

Hitler demanded from Poland a return of the areas wrested from Germany after WWI, and failing to secure satisfaction, he sent his mechanized divisions into Poland at dawn on *September 1, 1939*. Britain and France, committed to Poland, declared war. They realized the folly of continued appeasement, but were powerless to help the doomed Poland (Russia attacked it too!)

Be familiar with the term "honest graft". Look in the salmon colored section.

Honest graft is defined by Plunkitt as seeing an opportunity and taking it, rather than blackmailing others to make money. Using investments and foresight works well instead of making money dishonestly.

Dartmouth v Woodword

Honors charters/contracts

Name the 2 countries that saw a complete withdrawal of U.S. troops during the 1930's.

Hoover strove to abandon the interventionist twist given to the Monroe Doctrine by Roosevelt. Two countries included the *Republic of Haiti* in 1934 and *Nicaragua* in 1933.

Crop lien

How freedmen borrowed $ when crops failed

What did Europeans really debate about?

How to treat indians (sepulveda = treat them harsh; de las casas = same as us) black legend

Describe the stances of both the humanitarians and hard liners when it came to the treatment of the Indians.

Humanitarians wanted to treat the Indians kindly and persuade them thereby to "walk the white man's road." Hard-liners insisted on the current policy of forced containment and brutal punishment

Who immigrated in these 1850s?

IRISH GERMANS CHINESE

What were the immediate and long term goals of the TVA?

Immediate: The Tennessee Valley Authority was determined to immediately discover precisely *how much the production and distribution of electricity cost*, so that a long-term *"yardstick" could be set up* to test the fairness of rates charged by private companies. Longterm: Put thousands to work, that is, make jobs

Know that women's war work was a key reason women were finally given the right to vote.

Impressed by women's war work, Wilson endorsed woman suffrage as a "vitally necessary war measure." States began to vote for suffrage at the state level, while governments in Britain, Austria, Hungary and Germany followed.

How did Europe violate the US' neutrality

Impressment France issued the Berlin Decree saying they'd seize ships trading with England Eng 1806 Orders in Council: ships must stop in England finish

What were some Foreign Policy problems the US had with Britain? What did we do?

Impressment [stole our sailors!!1!) They were in forts in the West We sent Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate

What drove changes to the economies in Europe and the Americas concerning exploring

Improvements in maritime tech along with more organized methods of international trade (joint-stock)

Name the teacher, town, and both famous attorneys involved in the Scopes "Monkey" Trial.

In 1925 in *Dayton, Tennessee*, high school biology teacher *John T. Scopes* was indicted for teaching evolution. He was protected by nationally known attorneys, including the famed *Clarence Darrow*. Former presidential candidate *William Jennings Bryan*, an ardent Presbyterian Fundamentalist, joined the prosecution but was made to appear foolish by Darrow and 5 days later died of a stroke.

Give 3 actions taken by the government to root those suspected of disloyalty out of government

In 1947, *Truman launched a massive "loyalty" program. The attorney general drew up a list of ninety supposedly disloyal organization*, none of which was given the opportunity to prove its innocence. Now, they could not get a federal job or be in the military. The Loyalty Review Board investigated 3+ million federal employees, 3000 of which resigned or were dismissed, none under formal indictment. *Loyalty oaths* in increasing numbers were demanded of employees, especially teachers. The House of Reps in 1938 had *established the House Un-American Activities Committee to investigate "subversion."* Soviet agents did infiltrate certain government agencies, though without severely damaging consequence, and espionage may have helped the Soviets develop an atomic bomb sooner than they would have otherwise. But for many ordinary Americans, fighting off communism wasn't just about fending off the military threat of the Soviet Union. Men like Nixon and McCarthy led the search for communists in washington while conservative politicians discovered that any perceived social changes could be tarred with a red brush. Debtors, drinkers, and homosexuals were driven from their jobs as security risks. Some including Truman realized that it was turning into a witch hunt.

Name the 4 countries overrun by Germany following the period of "phony war".

In April 1940, Hitler overtook *Denmark* and *Norway*. The next month he took *the Netherlands* and *Belgium*, followed by a paralyzing blow at France.

Name the American entrusted with the overall command of the cross channel invasion.

It was *General Eisenhower*. He had already distinguish himself in the North African and Mediterranean campaigns for his military capacity and as a conciliator

What three new internal improvements did legislation and judicial systems support?

Roads, canals, and RR that connected the nation

Name the battle that was called the "graveyard of Hitler's hopes". Know that this battle is the high tide of the Germans in WWII. After this his fortunes gradually declined.

In Sept 1942 the Russians stalled the German steamroller at rubble-strewn *Stalingrad*. More than a score of invading divisions, caught in an icy noose, later surrendered or were "mopped up."

How many Supreme Court justices did FDR appoint while President?

In losing the battle, Roosevelt incidentally won his campaign. A succession of deaths and resignations enabled him in time to make *nine appointments* to the tribunal.

What was probably Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement?

It was *conservation, including reclamation.* He was buoyed in this effort by an upwelling national mood of concern about the disappearance of the frontier -- they created national characteristics like individualism and democracy.

What was the *2nd Continental Congress?*

In may 1775 in Philly There was a division whether or not to declare independence, and Continental Army was made with Washington commander (Bunker Hill ↑ confidence)

By 1963, what state had become the most populous in America?

In the 1950s, *California* alone accounted for ⅕ of America's population growth and outdistanced NY as the most populous state in 1963. (1 in 8 Americans or 36+ million people)

Where would one find strong support for the Democratic Party?

In the South and in the northern industrial cities, which had immigrants and were controlled by political machines.

What led to the steep decline in the number of American farmers? Hint: This answer can be really simple. I don't need anything about agribusinesses.

It was *consolidation* along with *mechanization, rich new fertilizers, government subsidies and price supports that made farmers much more efficient*

Where would one find strong support for the Republican Party?

In the midwest and the rural and small town northeast. Freedman in the south supported them, and so did members of the Grand Army of the Republic, a politically potent fraternal organization of several hundred thousand Union veterans of the Civil War.

Describe the sit-down strike.

In this revolutionary technique earlier used in both Europe and America, *they refused to leave the factory building of General Motors at Flint, Michigan, and thus prevented the importation of strikebreakers*. Conservative respectors of private property were scandalized. THe CIO finally won a resounding victory when its union, after heated negotiations, was recognized by General Motors as the sole bargaining agency for its employees. (+United States Steel Company gave rights of unionization to CIO-organized employees, "little steel" companies fought back, ex Memorial Day Massacre at Republic Steel Company)

Give an argument that a social Darwinist would likely use in support of the wealthy. A one sentence answer will work.

Individuals won their stations in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents. The wealthy and powerful had simply *demonstrated greater ability than the poor*. The millionares are a result of *natural selection.* These defenders of wide open capitalism relied more heavily on the *survival of the fittest* theories of English philosopher Herbert Spencer and Yale professor William Graham Sumner

Northern response to Fugitive Slave Act

Personal Liberty Laws

Compromise of 1877

Involves election of 1876, Rutherford B Hayes (R) v Samuel Tilden (D) Hayes wins in exchange for the formal end of reconstruction (great betrayal)

NE Indians

Iriquois Heavy forestation, waterways and animal paths, hunter/fisher/gatherer/farmer Long houses, women farmed Slash and Burn Agriculture Clothes in layers Animal bone tools Maple sytup Matrilineal created confederacy, democratic

What was an irreconcilable?

Irreconcilables, or "the Battalion of Death," were militant isolationists, led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, who composed the hard core of Republicans against the League of Nations.

Where did the Bureau achieve its greatest success?

Its greatest success was in education, teaching 200,000 blacks how to read. Many blacks were enthusiastic about learning since they wanted to be as smart as whites, taking away any opportunity for superiority. Additionally, they wanted to know how to read the bible.

Who won the Election of 1828? What does this mean?

Jackson Win of the common man

Bank War

Jackson withdraws federal money from National Bank and puts it in *"pet banks"*

What were the results of the Election of 1824?

Jackson won the popular vote, but JQA won in the House of Reps after the Electoral College couldn't decide

What was the *Force Bill of 1833*

Jackson's response to the Nullification crisis, where he made the federal government collect the tariff and not tolerating nullification

Give one sign that the economy was faltering in 1946-1947.

Joblessness and insecurity had pushed up the suicide rate, and babies went unborn as pinched budgets and sagging self-esteem brought a sexual depression. Observers warned that the war only temporarily alleviated the depression. The initial postwar economy faltered and threatened to confirm the worst predictions of the doomsayers. *Real gross national product (GNP) slumped in 1946 and 1947 from its wartime peak. Prices levitated by 33% due to the removal or wartime price controls, and strikes swept the country.*

Who was the new prez and vice prez? Why is this a problem?

John Adams and Jefferson... ADAMS IS A FEDERALIST WHILE WHILE JEFFERSON IS A DEMO REPUB. Fixed by 12th amend.

What crime led the House of Representatives to impeach Andrew Johnson?

Johnson dismissed Edwin Stanton in 1868 despite the fact that the Tenure of Office Act required him to acquire the consent of the Senate first.They said he had committed "high crimes and misdemeanors" along with "disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach."

Why was Johnson chosen as Lincoln's running mate?

Johnson was chosen out of necessity. Lincoln needed to appeal to the Southerners and War Democrats, so Johnson the Democrat seemed like a good choice. Although he had some good characteristics such as honesty and dedication, they were overshadowed by terrible ones, such as not understanding the North and not being trusted by the South.

Anglo-American Convention 1818

Joint occupy Oregon for 10 years, set N boundary of Louisana set at 49th parllel

Marbury v Madison

Judicial Review

Name the union that repeatedly walked out on strike during WWII.

Labor unions, whose membership grew from ~10 million to 13+ million workers during the war, fiercely resented the government-dictated wage ceilings. Despite the no-strike pledges of most of the major unions, labor walkouts plagued the war effort. Prominent among strikers were the *United Mine Workers*, who several times were called off the job by their chieftain John L. Lewis

How was wartime inflation was kept in check and whose goal was this?

Know that wartime inflation was kept in check by *government imposed wage and price controls*. Know that was the goal of the *Office of Price Administration*.

List all the parts of the Progressive Party platform.

La Follette's party fielded only a presidential ticket with no candidates for local office -- it was a head without a body. The platform called for *government ownership of railroads* and *relief for farmers, lashed out at monopoly and antilabor injunctions*, and *urged a constitutional amendment to limit the Supreme Court's power to invalidate laws passed by Congress.*

Bacon's Rebellion

Lack of land, Gov Berkeley didn't let people move west, Nathaniel bacon burnt down the Jamestown capital and killed Indians

Name the Allied Powers.

On the other side were France, Britain, Russia, and later Japan and Italy.

Who was Dorothea Dix?

Leading mental health reformer

Gettysburg

Lee wants to hurt Lincoln's reputation, high tide of confederacy

Native American Policy

Less conflict than Indian removal, but with white settlers now moving left of the Mississippi River, additional conflict occured

Election of 1860

Lincoln v. Douglas v. Breckenridge Lincoln wins due to division of democrats

How did Henry Cabot Lodge delay, muddle, and divide public opinion on the Treaty of Versailles?

Lodge read the entire 264-page treaty aloud in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and held protracted hearings in which people of various nationalities aired their grievances.

Who were Democratic Republicans?

Low/middle class farmers who liked state rights and the French, along with a strict interpretation of the constitution

Advocates of annexing western lands argued that ________ _______ and the _______________________ compelled the US to expand its borders west to the Pacific Ocean

Manifest Destiny Superiority of American INstitutions

Which wars were fought in Cuba?

Manila Santiago Bay

List 2 factors that left southern agriculture almost hopelessly crippled by wars end.

Many factors left southern agriculture almost hopelessly crippled by the end of the war including run down cotton fields, the fall of the slave labor system, the lack of seed, and the lack of livestock (it was stolen by "yankees").

Why were many northerners shocked and disgusted when the congressional delegations from the newly reconstituted southern states presented themselves at the capital in 1865?

Many former Confederate leaders had arrived. It was natural that the ex rebels appear, but it was a costly mistake. They were due to Southern voters voting for their experienced statesmen. This infuriated the republican congressmen

Know that "white flight" left the inner cities black, brown, and broke.

Migrating blacks from the south filled up the urban neighborhoods that were abandoned by the departing white middle class, importing the grinding poverty of the rural South into the inner cores of northern cities.

Vicksburg

Mississippi open for traffic; ends agitation for peace (Copperhead)

What was the *Missouri Compromise?*

Missouri is a Slave State Maine is a free state Above *36o 30'* slavery is prohibited

How many Americans were unemployed in 1932?

More than *11 million unemployed workers* and their families sank into the pit of poverty.

How many American businesses went bankrupt during this panic?

More than 15,000 American businesses went bankrupt. Unemployed rioters battled police in NYC. Black Americans were also hard hit -- depositors who'd entrusted 7 million or more lost their savings, and black economic development and black confidence in savings institutions went down with it.

How did the Steel companies break the largest strike in American history?

More than a quarter of a million steelworkers walked off their jobs in a bid to force their employers to recognize their right to organize and bargain collectively. The companies *resisted mercilessly, refusing to negotiate with union representatives and bringing in 30,000 African American strikebreakers to keep the mills running*. The steel strike collapsed after bitter confrontations that left more than a dozen workers dead.

Where did most of the money to finance the war come from?

Most of the money came from the Treasury Department's *promotion of four great Liberty Loan drives followed by a Victory Loan campaign, (ie bond)* which raised about $21 billion. The remainder was raised by increased taxes, which unlike the loan subscriptions, were obligatory. The money came from the people!

What pledge did America make when it joined NATO?

NATO, the 1948 European pact among Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, was an entangling alliance the US might normally avoid. However it would strengthen the policy of containing the Soviet Union, it would provide a framework for the reintegration of Germany into the European family, and would reassure jittery europeans that the US wasn't going to abandon them to Russia or Germany. The US signed the treaty on April 4, 1949. The twelve original signatories *pledged to regard an attack on one as an attack on all and promised to respond with "armed force" if necessary*. Greece, Turkey, and West Germany also joined in the mid-fifties,

Pequot War

NE almost wipe out Natives

Where were slaves

NE small farms N + S Port cities Plantations in Chesapeake and South Most sent to Caribbean

T/F: The klan was a small group of renegades from southern society's fringes

NO they were well respected like business leaders, farmers, ministers

Where did Irish immigrants live?

NY and Boston

Fill-in- the-blank: Forever after, race relations constituted a ___________, not a regional, issue.

National

What gradually provided some inflation that finally helped end the currency controversy?

Nature and science gradually provided some inflation. Discoveries of new gold deposits around the world brought huge quantities of golfe to world markets, as did the perfecting of the cheap cyanide process for extracting gold.

13th Amendment

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

What was the stance of most colonists?

Neutral

How did the heavy investment in machinery and plant change newspaper editorials forever. Hint:This can be a very simple answer.

Newspapers were spurred by the invention of the linotype in 1885, and they grew *afraid of offending advertisers and subscribers.* Consequently, bare-knuckle editorials were being *supplanted by feature articles and non-controversial syndicated material.* The day of slashing journalistic giants like Greely was passing.

T/F: Yankees and blacks conspired to exploit the south after the war

No, only a few in power, and many carpetbaggers present arrived BEFORE radical regimes

T/F: Everyone in the south was happy before the war.

No, only portrayed as happy by authors who glorified the Old South.

T/F: Confederate soldiers were heroes because their cause was noble

No, soldiers causes were not noble, just made out to be by women after their death

T/F: The north subjected the south to military rule during Reconstruction

No, very few troops in the south, and the troops there regulated very little. Most garrisoned in forts and never had anything to do with the enforcement or operation of southern states. Little to no power over south Only small clusters of troops, many fighting indians

National Economy

North and South helped each other's economy (Neo-Mercantilism)

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved south to benefit financially (Drs, lawyers, teachers, bankers, businessmen)

Gettysburg Address

Nov 19, 1863 Given at dedicated cemetery for battle casualties, redefines war in term of democracy and freedom, not preserving the Union

Of the 60 million Europeans that abandoned Europe approximately how many of them moved to the United States?

Of them, *more than half* of them moved to the United States while the others spread out to South America, Canada, Africa, and Australia

Know that while southern steel struggled competing with northern industry the south had considerable success in textile manufacturing.

Ok. An example is the Pittsburgh Plus pricing system in the steel industry, in which a Birmingham fee was placed on any Birmingham steel as if it was going from Pittsburgh despite where it was delivered

Give one nickname that was given to Calvin Coolidge.

One nickname was "*Silent Cal*." He embodied the New England virtues of honesty, morality, industry, and frugality. He had brilliant flashes of silence, and his dour/serious visage prompted the observation that he had been "weaned on a pickle." The hands-off temperament of "*Cautious Cal*" suited the times perfectly.

Describe one obstacle that lay in the path of southern industrialization.

One obstacle was the *paper barrier of regional rate-setting systems* imposed by the northern-dominated railroad interests. RRs gave *preferential rates to manufactured goods moving southward from the north*, but in the opposite direction they *discriminated in favor of southern raw materials*. It kept the South in a kind of *servitude to the Northeas*t- as a supplier of raw materials to the manufacturing metropolis, unable to develop a substantial industrial base of its own.

List one of Harry S. Truman's faults or character flaws.

One of his faults was his *confidence to the point of cockiness*, like when the Soviet foreign minister mentioned that he had never been talked to like that in his life. He also tended to *go off half-cocked or stick mulishly to a wrongheaded notion.*

Give one of the benefits that American imperialists believed that the annexation of the Philippines would bring? Hint: Think Wall Street.

One of the benefits was the profits that the Philippines would bring for Wall Street, which once opposed the war. Filipinos will provide cheap labor, and the Philippines will give the US cheap resources, leading to cheaper products

List one of the chief methods used by the AFL to get higher wages.

One of the methods was the walkout and the boycott, enforced by "we don't patronize" signs

Give one of the enduring footprints left by the Liberal Republican Party. In other words, give one positive piece of legislation that was passed because of their existence.

One was a general amnesty act, which removed political disabilities from all but 5 hundred former confederate leaders. Congress also moved to reduce high Civil War tariffs and to fumigate the Grant Administration with mild civil service reform (get rid of spoils system!).

List 3 of Al Smith's political handicaps.

One was that he was *"wet" at a time when the country was still devoted to the "noble experiment" of prohibition*. The New Yorker also seemed *too aggressively urban* for a country that had only recently moved to the city. He was *Roman Catholic in a prejudiced, Protestant land*. Many dry, rural, Fundamentalist Democrats gagged on his candidacy.

Name the 2 pieces of legislation passed by New Dealers that were designed to halt fraud and corruption on the stock market.

One was the *"Truth in Securities Act" or Federal Securities Act*, which required promoters to transmit to investors sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds. Another was the authorization of the *Sand Exchange Commission (SEC)* which was designed as a watchdog administrative agencies[like Martha Stewart.]. Now, stock markets were to operate more as trading marts and less as gambling casinos

How many Jews found refuge in the U.S?

Only *150,000 Jews*, mostly Germans and Austrians, found refuge.

Matthew Perry

Opened up the isolationist Japan to trade

How many people were employed at one time or another by the WPA?

Over a period of 8 years, *nearly 9 million people were given jobs*, not handouts.

Panic of 1819

Over-speculation of frontier lands

What did England do in response to the Tea Act?

Passed the *Coercive/Intolerable Acts* that closed the Boston port til the tea was paid for, reduced the power of Massachusetts legislature and banned the Town Hall Meetings, expanded the quartering act, and made it so that royal officials were Tried in England. They would be starved into submission!

What is patronage?

Patronage is the dispersal of jobs in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service. NY Senator Roscoe Conkling's "Stalwart" faction embraced swapping civil service jobs for votes, while Maine Congressman James G Blaine's Half Breeds fought with them over who would distribute the spoils. No one won.

Union Civil War Policies

Pay for war with high tariffs and government bonds

What might have made a difference?

Placing more emphasis on the amount of work required to make blacks independent citizens and how difficult it would be to take away white supremacy from the South may have helped people take more dramatic and effective actions towards protecting free slaves. If Thaddeus Steven's program of drastic economic reform s and heftier protection of political rights, things would have turned out differently.

Name 3 Indian groups

Plains, Great Basin, Southwest, NE, SE

What was Pontiac's Rebellion?

Pontiac forged a confederation and rebelled colonial settlements that were in their lands, and Britain was forced to send troops

Give one [3] positive result of the New Deal. Hint: The answer must come from the section titled "FDR's Balance Sheet."

Positive results include *the aversion of the collapse of America's economic system, a fairer distribution of the national income, and enabling citizens to regain and retain their self-respect*.

How did Enlightenment encourage colonial resistance

Promoted new ideas like liberty, natural rights, consent of the governed, separation of powers, etc that colonists agreed with and did not get from Britain

Roger Williams

Questioned puritans, founded RI, wanted separation of church and state along with religious tolerance that is true

Which colonies have religious freedom

RI, Pennsylvania, Maryland

How did Wilson manage to get the country to support the war? In other words, why did America fight?

Rather than try to break the people out of their firm isolationist ideals, Wilson decided to *radiate the spiritual fervor of his Presbyterian ancestors, declaring the supremely ambitious goal of a crusade "to make the world safe for democracy."* He acted righteously, hypnotizing the nation with his ideals. He contrasted the selfish war aims of other countries with *America's shining altruism -- America did not fight for riches or land, but to shape an international order in which democracy could flourish without fear of autocrats and militarists*. Lost was Wilson's "peace without victory" and found was "force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit!" [to keep the world PEACEFUL instead of DANGEROUS, DEMOCRATIC -- less war, death, $, tax → more spending]

When did reconstruction end? I am looking for the year.

Reconstruction ended in 1877, when the last federal soldiers left the south.

Know that Reed was in charge of the first "Billion-Dollar" congress.

Reed counted as present Democrats who had not answered the roll and who, rule book in hand, furiously denied that they were legally there. By such tactics "Czar" Reed utterly dominated the "Billion Dollar Congress"-- the first in history to appropriate that sum. Congress showed pensions on Civil War veterans and increased gov't purchases of silver. It also passed the Mckinley Tariff Act of 1890, boosting rates to their highest peacetime level ever.

Which party stressed that government should play a role in regulating both the economic and the moral affairs of society?

Republican party did, as they had Puritan roots and believed in strict codes of personal morality

Union League

Republicans in South work with enfranchised blacks to keep informed on politics and teach them voting procedure

List 4 [11] groups that the Klan opposed. Do not use that they were anti-black. That one is too obvious.

Resembling anti-foreign nativist movements of the 1850s, they were *antiforeign, anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish, anti pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti bootlegger, anti gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control*. It was pro-Anglo Saxon, pro- "native" american, and pro-Protestant. They were an extremist, ultra conservative uprising against many of the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture. They wanted immigration to be restricted, they were nativist, they hated s/e europe, they wanted religion in school, and wanted prohibition.

What is the Spoils System?

Reward political supporters with positions

Sumner and Brooks

Rips apart SC, intense, passionate Sumner beaten with a cane

Why did Roosevelt want to avoid a complete Russian collapse in their war against Japan?

Roosevelt *wanted the tsar's empire to remain a counterweight to Japan's growing power.* After all, Japan beat the inept Russians when they had attacked, the first serious military setback to a major European power by a non-European force since the Turkish invasions of the 1500s. So Roosevelt happily obliged when weakened Tokyo officials approached him in the deepest secrecy and asked him to help sponsor peace negotiations.

What was the purpose or central message of his first "fireside chat"?

Roosevelt's purpose was *to give assurances that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank than "under the mattress,"* and confidence returned with a gush along with banks beginning to unlock their doors.

Where did American officials believe the Japanese attack would occur?

Roosevelt, misled by Japanese ship movements in the Far East, expected the blow to fall on *British Malaya* or on the *Philippines*. No one in high authority in Washington believed that the Japanese were strong enough or foolhardy enough to strike Hawaii.

What historic decision was FDR forced to make as the Battle of Britain raged?

Royal Air Force's defense, the question of what foreign policy to embrace rose. *Roosevelt faced a historic decision: whether to hunker down in the Western Hemisphere, assume a "Fortress America" defensive posture, and let the rest of the world go it alone; or to bolster beleaguered Britain by all means short of war itself*.

Know how Russia's withdrawal from WWI affected the Western Front.

Russia's collapse underscored the need for haste. Russia's withdrawal released hundreds of thousands of battle-tested Germans from the eastern front facing Russia for the western front in France, where, for the first time in the war, they were developing a dangerous superiority in manpower.

Define either scalawag or carpetbagger.

Scalawags were the white allies of the freedmen who angered former slave owners. They were Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs. They were accused of plundering the treasuries of the southern states through their political influence in the radical governments. Carpetbaggers were sleazy Northerners who had packed all their worldly goods into a carpetbag suitcase at war's end and had come south to seek personal power and profit. Most were former union soldiers and northern businessmen and professionals who wanted to play a role in modernizing the New South.

Treaty of 1818

Share Oregon with Britain

Fletcher v. Peck

Sides with land contracts

Name 3 American outposts overrun by the Japanese. Hint: Do not include Pearl Harbor.

Simultaneously with the assault on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched widespread and uniformly successful attacks of various Far Eastern bastions. These included the American outposts of *Guam, Wake,* and *the Philippines.* In a short time, they Japanese invader seized not only the British-Chinese port of Hong Kong but also British Malaya with its rubber and tin. They also cut the Burma Road, the route over which the US had been trucking a trickle of munitions to the armies of the Chinese generalissimo Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) who was resisting Japan in China, so they had to fly supplies.

What had been the real purpose of Upton Sinclair's book?

Sinclair had actually wanted to *focus attention on the plight of the workers in big canning factories* -- American consumers hungered for safer canned products. He had aimed for the nation's heart but hit its stomach

Know the tribe led by each of the following chiefs: Sitting Bull, Chief Joseph, and Geronimo.

Sitting Bull: Sioux Chief Joseph: Nez Perce Geronimo: Apache

New land from MX led to debates over:

Slavery (are the new lands slave or free?) Status of Natives and Mexicans (Citizens?)

Describe Democrats

Small national government, federal government stay out of economic affairs and social issues

The variety of responses to emancipation illustrated the sometimes startling complexity of the master slave relationship. Give 3 examples used in the book

Some examples of the variety of responses to emancipation are loyal slaves resisting emancipation, freedmen robbing their previous owners, planters declaring to slaves their liberty, and blacks demanding respect from whites (having them address blacks as "Mr" or "Mrs"). Although it was a few years later, many black churches arose. Some blacks lashed their old owners

One of the chief goals of the progressives was to take power from the "interests" and give it back to the people. As a result they promoted a host of political reforms. List 6.

Some of the reforms were the *initiative* that let voters directly propose legislation themselves, *referendum* which would place laws on the ballot for final approval by the people, the *recall* which would enable voters to remove faithless elected officials like those bribed by bosses/lobbyists, the secret *Australian ballot* which counteracted boss rule, *direct election of US senators [17th]* which would combat the intimacy between greedy corporations and congress

Why had economic life creaked to a halt in the south? Give one reason.

Some reasons for the fall of economic life include the closure of banks, factories, and businesses due to inflation, the destroyed cities, and the lack of transportation due to Sherman having ruined the railroad tracks.

Why did some Americans oppose the Lend-lease program? Hint: Look at the picture at the bottom of the page.

Some such as the Massachusetts Woman's Political Club opposed and petitioned against it because they *feared that America's increasing involvement with the Allied cause would eventually draw their sons into battle, which it did* despite the president's assurances to the contrary.

Know at least 2 [3] ways the completion of this transcontinental line benefited America.

Some ways the completion of the line benefitted America include *welding the West Coast more firmly to the Union,* *facilitating a flourishing trade with Asia,* and *penetrating the arid barrier of the deserts* which paved the way for the phenomenal growth of the Great West.

What is an *Anti-Federalist*

Someone who says flip the constitution we want state rights

What is a "sooner"?

Sooners were people who illegally entered cast stretches of fertile plains formerly occupied by the Indians in Oklahoma territory. They were well-armed and overeager and had to be evicted by federal troops.

Scalawags

Southerners who sided with Republicans and Reconstruction

What was the Pinckney Treaty?

Spain agrees to let US use Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans, afraid of Eng

Encomienda System

Spanish Marshalled NA labor to support plantation agriculture

Kansas Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas Divide Nebraska Territory into KS (slave) and NE (free), popular sovereignty would overturn missouri compromise in the future leads to bleeding kansas and shows that popular sovereignty does not work -- political parties must pick a side

The Navigation acts were enforced more _______. Therefore, violators...

Strictly Were tried in *vice-admiralty courts* that violated their civil rights (no jury, guilty til proven innocent, etc)

John James Audubon

Studied and drew birds

How did farmers change?

Subsistence → wage slaves

Redeemer governments

Take control of local/state governments in the South to oust repubs, often through violence and intimidation

What amendment banned alcohol? When was it passed?

The *18th amendment*, the national prohibition amendment, was attached to the Constitution in *1919*.

Which of the above "alphabetical" agencies was probably the most popular?

The *Civilian Conservation Corps*

Which of the above territorial acquisitions was the most controversial?

The *Philippines* was the most controversial. The islands embraced a large area with extremely diverse people. McKinley did not feel that America could honorably give the islands back to Spanish misrule after it had fought a war to free Cuba. And America would be cowardly ignoring its responsibilities if they simply sailed away. All possibilities looked bad.

What ended the French and Indian war?

The *Treaty of Paris*, in which England gains Canada, Florida [Spanish territory], and the Appalachians

Name the 2 factors that were life-giving boons to the mining frontier.

The 2 factors were the conquest of the Indians and the coming of the railroad. California yielded pay dirt, and in 1858 an electrifying discovery convulsed Colorado. Fifty-niners or Pikes peakers rushed west to rip at the ramparts of the Rockies, but many of them didn't find any minerals. The railroad to Nevada proved useful when the Comstock Lode was uncovered - $340+ million dollars in gold was mined by "Kings of the Comstock"

Name the 2 publishers that used sex, scandal, sensationalism (or yellow journalism), and rumor to boost newspaper circulation.

The 2 publishers were *Joseph Pulitzer*, a leader in the techniques of sensationalism through his ownership of the st Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World. The other was Pulitzer's competitor, *William Randolph Hearst*, who built a powerful chain o newspapers beginning with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887.

Describe the AFL.

The AFL was a federation consisting of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence, with the AF of L unifying overall strategy. No individual laborer could join the central organization.

Name the American division that halted this advance at Bastogne.

The American division was the *101st Airborne Division* which had stood firm at the vital bastion of Bastogne. The commander, Brigadier General AC McAuliffe, defiantly answered the German demand for surrender with one word: "Nuts."

What does William Lloyd Garrison form?

The Anti Slave Society, to show its inherent evils

What advantages did the British have when it came to wooing the United States?

The British had close *cultural, linguistic, and economic ties to America* and had the added advantage of *controlling most of the transatlantic cables*. Their censors sheared away war stories harmful to the Allies and drenched the US with tales of German bestiality.

Briefly describe the following New Deal program: CCC

The CCC or Civilian Conservation Corps provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about 3 million un-uniformed *young men* [18-25, ie revolution age], many of whom might otherwise have been *driven by desperation into criminal habits*. Their useful work included *reforestation, firefighting, flood control, and swamp drainage*. The recruits were required to help their *parents* by sending home most of their pay. Both human and natural resources were conserved

Define the following new deal program: CWA

The Civil Works Administration was established by FDR himself in late 1933. As a branch of the FERA, Hopkins directed it. It was designed to provide purely *temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency* like leaf-raking and other make-work tasks, which were dubbed "boondoggling."

Define the following New Deal program: FERA

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, handed over to Harry L Hopkins, granted *$3 billion to the states for direct dole payments or preferably for wages on work projects* They gave 1$ for every 3$ spent on the poor!

What action did the French take in response to the senate spurning the Security Treaty?

The French, fearing that a new generation of Fermans would follow in their fathers' goose steps, undertook to build up a powerful military force. In response, Germany bebgan to rearm illigally.

How close did German forces get to Paris?

The German forces came *within 40 miles of Paris* , spearheaded by about ½ million troops who rolled forward with terrifying momentum. So dire was the peril that the Allied nations for the first time united under a supreme commander, French marshal Foch with the axiom "to make war is to make attack." Until then, the Allies had been fighting imperfectly coordinated actions.

How was the criticism of Hoover (the Great Humanitarian) unfair? Give 3 examples. Hint: All of them must come from the last paragraph of this section.

The Great Humanitarian was sneered at -- he would feed the faraway belgians but not use federal funds to feed needy americans. He would give gov't money to big bankers who caused the mess, and to agricultural organizations to feed pigs, but not people. This was unfair. His *efforts probably prevented a more serious collapse than did occur. And his expenditures for relief, revolutionary for that day, paved the path for the enormous federal outlays of his new deal successor, Franklin Roosevelt. His bootstrap pulling techniques had the potential to work, but in a crisis of this magnitude, people lacked boots*. [he paid businesses that people didnt like, like insurance -- after all, they would not get lazy or depend on gov't funds like people would]

Why did Napoleon try to sell all the Louisiana Territory for 15 million?

The Haitian Revolution and their fight against England

What marked the end of the Federalists?

The Hartford Convention - they looked like traitors for suggesting succession

Define the following New Deal program: HOLC

The Home Owner's Loan Corporation was designed to *refinance mortgages on nonfarm houses* and ultimately assisted about a million badly pinched households, not only bailing out mortgage-holding banks but also bolting the political loyalties of relieved middle-class homeowners securely to the democratic party. [reduce monthly payments→more $ to spend]

Describe the purpose of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The IMF, established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944, *encouraged world trade by regulating currency exchange rates*.

What happened to the Indians that wiped out Custer's command?

The Indians that wiped out Custer's 7th Cavalry when he tried to force them to return to the reservations were relentlessly hunted by the US Army for humiliating Custer.

What is the KKK?

The KKK or Invisible Empire of the South was a secret organization who resented the success and ability of black legislatures. They would cover themselves in sheets and scare or employ force towards upstart black people. They flogged, mutilated, and murdered blacks who persisted in being upstart. They sought to "keep blacks in their place."

Was the KKK successful? This does not need to be a long answer.

The KKK was successful in the sense that it was able to intimidate and disfranchise blacks, and continue after the Force Acts were issued.

What workers were included in the Knights of Labor?

The Knights of Labor sought to include all workers in "one big union." Their slogan was "an injury to one is the concern of all." Skilled and unskilled, men and women, whites and blacks were allowed. Only non producers -- liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers-- were excluded.

List the 3 R's.

The New Deal programs aimed at *relief, recovery, and reform*. Short range goals were relief and immediate recovery, especially in the first 2 years. Long-range goals were permanent recovery and reform of current abuses, particularly those that had produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe.

Who did the Nye Committee blame for American involvement in WWI?

The Nye committee sensationalized evidence regarding America's entry into WWI, the probers tended to shift the blame away from German submarines onto the *American Bankers and arms manufacturers*. Because the munitions makers had obviously made money out of the war, many leaped to the illogical conclusion that these scavengers caused the war to make money. This suggested that if the profits could be removed from the arms traffic, the country could steer clear of any world conflict that might erupt in the future.

Why did Britain need to send troops to Pontiac's Rebellion?

The Paxton Boys attacked random Indians

Name the Hawaiian Queen that blocked their efforts. Know why she blocked their efforts.

The Queen was *Liliuokalani* because she insisted that native Hawaiians should control the islands. She ultimately succeeded since Cleveland came into office soon after the attempt and withdrew the treaty.

Define Red Scare.

The Red Scare was the fear and suspicion of the presence of Communists and Bolsheviks in America. The rounding up and deporting of "suspicious" immigrants who had radical views, and the fear of a potential communist revolution in America. Criminal syndicalism laws were passed, anti-red statutes which made unlawful the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Free speech was denied, and 5 members of the NY legislature was denied their seats since they were socialist.

What was the Security Treaty?

The Security Treaty was a treaty in which *both Britain and America pledged to come to France's aid in the event of another German invasion*, part of a compromise in which the Saar basin would remain under the League of Nations for 15 years and then a popular vote would determine its fate (To France or to Germany?). However, the French later felt betrayed when this pact was quickly pigeonholed by the US senate, which shied away from all entangling alliances.

What culminated the competition among the British, French, and American Indians for economic and political dominance in North America?

The Seven Years'/French and Indian War

What played a huge roll in the Sunbelt's prosperity?

The South and Southeast were a new frontier for Americans after WWII who wanted jobs, a better climate, and lower taxes. There was an abundance of jobs. A Niagara of *federal dollars* accounted for much of the Sunbelt's prosperity, though ironically southern and western politicians led the cry against gov't spending. By early 21st century, states in the South and West were annually receiving some $444 billion more in federal funds than those in the North-east and Midwest. A new economic war between the states seemed to be shaping up

Name the agricultural chemist that discovered hundreds of new uses for southern agricultural products.

The chemist was *George Washington Carver*. He found uses for the peanut (shampoo, axel grease), sweet potato (vinegar), and soybean (paint).

How did the U.S. respond to the Soviet decision to block off all rail and highway access to Berlin?

The Soviets reasoned that the Allies would be starved out, in 1948 following controversies over German currency reform and four-power control. The US *organized the gigantic Berlin Airlift and for nearly a year*, flying some of the aircraft that recently bombed Berlin, *American pilots ferried thousands of tons of supplies a day to the grateful Berliners*. The Soviets, their bluff called by America's determination to honor its commitments in Europe, finally lifted their blockage in May 1949.

What Truman policy would vastly complicate American relations with the Arab world?

The Truman Policy was *the official recognition of the state of Israel on May 14, 1949*. Humanitarian sympathy for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust ranked high among his reasons, as did his wishes to preempt Soviet influence in the Jewish state and retain the support of American jewish voters. He defied arab wrath as well as the objections of his own State and Defense Departments and the European allies, all of them afraid to antagonize the oil-endowed Arabs.

Name the 3 passenger ships sunk by German U-boats. How many of those ships are American?

The U-boats sank 90 ships in the first months of 1915, in their war zone. One passenger liner was the British *Lusitania* which was torpedoed and sank off the coast of Ireland, shocking Americans but Germans claimed it was because it had much small-arms ammunition. Another British liner, the *Arabic*, was shot in 1915. Now, Berlin agreed not to sink unarmed and unresisting passenger ships WITHOUT WARNING. Then, Germans torpedoed the French steamer *Sussex*. None of these ships were American but played a part in America nonetheless

List one [4] of the early successes of the United Nations.

The UN helped *preserve peace in Iran, Kashmir, and other trouble spots. It played a large role in creating the new Jewish state of Israel*. The *UN Trusteeship Council guided former colonies to independence*. Through such arms as *UNESCO* (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), *FAO*, (Food and Agricultural Organization) and *WHO* (World Health Organization), the UN brought benefits to people the world over to make them independent.

How much land and money was the Union Pacific Railroad granted for each mile of track that it put down?

The Union Pacific Railroad was granted *20 square miles* of land alternating in 640 acre sections on either side of the track along with a generous federal loan ranging from *$16,000 on the flat prairie land to $48,000 on the mountains* for each mile of track it put down.

List 3 actions taken by the War Production Board to boost wartime production (the actions could also be to conserve critical resources).

The War Production Board *halted the manufacture of non-essential items such as passenger cars.* It also *assigned priorities for transportation and access to raw materials. It orchestrated American factories which poured forth an avalanche of weaponry*. When the Japanese invasion of British Malaya and the Dutch East indies snapped America's lifeline of natural rubber, the government imposed a national speed limit and gasoline rationing in order to conserve rubber and built 51 synthetic rubber plants. Farmers increased their output as well.

What 2 factors played a prominent role in the internment of Japanese Americans?

The Washington top command feared that Japanese people might act as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion and forcibly herded them together in concentration camps, though ⅔ of them were American-born citizens. This was authorized under Executive Order No 9066. A wave of *post Pearl-harbor hysteria* backed by the *long historical swell of anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast* robbed Americans of their good sense and sense of justice. The camps deprived Japanese of their basic rights, and internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property and foregone earnings.

What agreement was reached at Munich?

The Western European democracies, unprepared for war, *betrayed Czechoslovakia to Germany when they consented to the shearing away of the Sudetenland*. They hoped (along with Americans) that the concessions at the conference table would slake Hitler's thirst for power and bring "peace in our time." Hitler claimed that Sudetenland is the "last territorial claim I have to make in Europe."

Describe the Sherman Anti-trust Act.

The act *forbade combinations in restraint of trade*, without any distinction between "good trusts and "bad" trusts. *Bigness, not badness*, was the sin.

What was the purpose of the Dawes Act? Good luck.

The act struck directly at tribal organization and tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, ignoring the inherent reliance of traditional indian culture on tribally help land, literally pulling the land out from under them.

Which act did Samuel Gompers hail as the Magna Carta of Labor?

The act was the *Clayton Act*, as it legally lifted human labor out of the category of "a commodity or article of commerce"

What action forced Wilson to break diplomatic relations with Germany?

The action was on *January 31, 1917, when Germany announced to the world that they would wage unrestricted submarine warfare, sinking ALL ships, including America's, in the war zone. Germany desired to win the war before the US arrived -- as a democracy, it would take a while.* War with America was the last thing Germany wanted, but after 3 years of war, Germany's leaders decided the distinction between combatants and noncombatants was a luxury they could no longer afford, yanking that Sussex string in an attempt to bring down Britain before the US entered the war. However, the US refused to move closer to war unless Germans undertook "overt" acts against American lives.

Name the Quaker activist that led women's opposition to the war.

The activist was *Alice Paul*, who gave the pacifist progressive-era feminists a voice. She led the National Woman's Party, which demonstrated against "Kaiser Wilson" with marches and hunger strikes. However, the larger part of the suffrage movement supported the war, represented by the National American Woman Suffrage Association. They claimed that women must take part in the war effort to earn a role in shaping the peace, as the fight for democracy abroad was women's best hope for winning true democracy at home.

What "overt acts" finally forced Wilson to ask for a declaration of war?

The acts were German U-boats sinking four unarmed American merchant vessels in the first two weeks of March.

Describe the constitutional amendment that began to receive wide popular support.

The amendment *forbade a declaration of war by Congress -- except in case of invasion -- unless there was a favorable popular referendum*.

List 2 goals of the National Labor Union.

The arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight hour workday

Name the area of France where the cross channel invasion would occur.

The area was the less heavily defended *French Normandy*.

What arguments finally convinced congress to subsidize two cross continent railroad companies?

The arguments which *pleaded military and postal needs* convinced congress.

Name the author of "A Century of Dishonor."

The author was Helen Hunt Jackson, a Massachusetts writer of children's literature who pricked the moral sense of Americans. The book chronicled the sorry record of government ruthlessness and chicanery in dealing with the Indians.

Name the businessman that came to dominate the oil industry.

The businessman was John D *Rockefeller* who organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, the nucleus of the great trust formed in 1882, in 1870.

Who was the Populist Party candidate for president in 1892?

The candidate was James B Weaver, a general and old Granger.

Name the Republican candidate for President in 1896.

The candidate was former congressman William McKinley of Ohio. He was a major in the Civil War, and had served in congress. He was loved and helped by Marcus Hannam who organized a preconvention campaign for him. His party supported hard money while he had been kind to silver coinage in the past.

Name the 2 candidates in the election of 1916.

The candidates were supreme court justice *Charles Evan Hughes*, a cold intellectual who had achieved a solid liberal record when he was governor of New York. The republican platform condemned the Democratic Tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's wishy-washiness in dealing with Mexico and Germany. The other was *Wilson*, who ignored Hughes on the theory that one should not try to murder a man who is committing suicide. His campaign was built on the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War." TR refused to run and sounded the death knell of the Progressive party

Know the 4 candidates for president in 1912. Know the party that nominated each candidate.

The candidates were the *Democratic Wilson, Progressive Roosevelt, Republican Taft, and Socialist Debs.*

What city was the most spectacular example of the lawlessness associated with the illegal alcohol business?

The city was *Chicago*. Police were bribed, rival gangs waged war against each other, and bootlegging competitors killed each other. In the 1920s in Chicago, about 500 mobsters were murdered. Gangsters also moved into other profitable, illicit activities like prostitution, gambling, and narcotics, forcing merchants to pay protection money to avoid smashed windows or assaults on their employees. Racketeers even invaded the ranks of local labor unions as organizers and promoters.

What was the name given to the state level legal codes that were developed to govern segregation?

The codes were the Jim Crow Laws. They were developed in the 1890s.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

The colonies must fight together, therefore representatives from each would meat and plan how to best defeat France in the French and Indian War and then get the Iriquois on our side

According to the constitution, who was to count the electoral votes? Hint: This is a trick question.

The constitution never specified who needs to count the votes. In this situation, neither the president of the Senate or the Speaker of the house could count: If the president of the senate counted, the republican returns would be selected. If the speaker of the house counted, the democratic returns would be chosen.

Name the tiny nation overrun by the Soviets in the early months of WWII.

The country was *Finland*, in an effort to secure strategic buffer territory. The Finns were speedily granted $30 million by an isolationist congress for nonmilitary supplies, but were quickly flattened by the Soviet steamroller

What was the court's ruling in Adkins v Children's Hospital? Make sure you include the court's justification for its decision in this case.

The court *reversed its own reasoning in Muller v Oregon* which declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace, and *invalidated a minimum wage law for women*. Its strained ruling was that *because women now had the vote [19th amendment], they were the legal equals of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation*.

List the 4 groups that FDR had forged into a powerful new coalition.

The four groups were *blacks, urbanites, the poor, southerners, and the "New Immigrants" -- mostly the Catholics and Jews.*

In later years many Americans were critical at the giveaway of such valuable lands to the railroad companies. Why were criticisms of that giveaway somewhat misguided?

The criticisms were misguided because the government did *receive beneficial returns such as long term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic* from the giveaway, granting land was a *"cheap" way to subsidize* a transportation system as it *avoided new taxes* for direct cash grants, and the land was *not valuable* until railroad tracks were built on it.

Name the culture responsible for creating jazz music.

The culture was the *migrating blacks moving up from New Orleans*. White people stole the style and profited.

Give the date the stock market crashed. Know this is called "Black Tuesday".

The date was *October 29, 1929*. Millions of shares of stocks were sold in a save who may scramble.

What was the "Destroyer Deal"?

The deal was Roosevelt, on Sept 2, 1940, *agreeing to transfer to Great Britain 50 old-model, four-funnel destroyers left over from WWI. In return, the British promised to hand over to the US eight valuable defensive base sights*, stretching from Newfoundland to South America. The bases were to remain under the US for 99 years. This was not neutral

Name the American doctrine cited by Cleveland to justify our intervention in Venezuela.

The doctrine was the *Monroe Doctrine.* They also informed the world's #1 naval power that the US was now calling the tune in the western hemisphere. However, unimpressed British officials shrugged off the salvo and stated that the affair was not America's business.

What was the most immediate emergency facing FDR when he became President in 1933?

The emergency was *banking chaos*.

Name the essay written by Frederick Jackson Turner.

The essay was "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in 1893, inspired by the "closing" of the frontier.

What event shook Americans to the core and moved them to make an enormous effort to prepare for possible war against the aggressors?

The event was *France's sudden collapse*. Stouthearted Britons were all that stood between Hitler and the death of constitutional government in Europe. If Britain went under, Hitler would have at his disposal the workshops, shipyards, and slave labor of Western Europe. He might even have the British fleet as well. This frightening possibility which seemed to pose a dire threat to American security steeled the American people to an effort.

What event first forced Wilson to eat his anti-imperialist words?

The event was *political turmoil in Haiti*. The climax of the disorders came in 1914-15, when an outraged populace literally tore to pieces the Haitian president. Wilson reluctantly dispatched marines to protect American lives and property, remaining from 19 years and making Haiti an American protectorate.

What event started World War I? A simple explanation will do.

The event was when *a Serbian patriot killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo*, and an outraged Vienne government, backed by Germany, presented a stern ultimatum to neighboring Serbia. Tiny Serbia, backed by Russia, refused to bend the knee sufficiently. The Russian tsar began to mobilize his war machine, menacing Germany on his east, even as his ally, France, confronted Germany on the west. The Germans struck suddenly at France through unoffending Belgium, to knock their ancient enemy out of action so they would have two free hands to repel Russia. Great Britain, its coastline jeopardized by the assault on Belgium, was sucked into the conflagration on the side of France.

List 3 [4] of the evils that the progressives attacked.

The evils they attacked included *monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.* The progressive army was large, diverse, and widely employed, crying "Strengthen the State!"

What was the fatal handicap of the Knights?

The fatal handicap was that they *included both skilled and unskilled workers*. Unskilled workers could be easily replaced by strikebreakers/scabs, which gave high class craft unionists a superior bargaining position and they deserted the group for the AFL.

Give one reason striking workers had little chance to win higher wages or benefits.

The federal courts, United States Army, stated militias, and local police all fought for the big businesses and against the workers. Racial and ethnic fissures among workers fractured labory unity: divisions were bad between the Irish and Chinese in California.

Name the 2 famous sports figures discussed in this section.

The figures are baseball player *George H. ("Babe") Ruth* and boxer *Jack Dempsey*. Sports were big business in the consumer economy of the 20s, and people knew their sport figures better than most statesmen.

Name the first naval battle to be fought entirely by carrier based aircraft.

The first naval battle fought in this way was the *Battle of the Coral Sea*, in May 1942. The Japanese onrush was checked by the battle in which an American carrier task force, with Australian support, inflicted heavy losses on the victory-flushed Japanese. Neither fleet saw or fired a shot directly at the other.

Name the first organization created for farmers?

The first organization was The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, aka The Grange, organized in 1867 by Kelley.

Name the first pilot to fly across the Atlantic.

The first pilot was *Charles A. Lindbergh*.

Name the first story sequence to reach the screen.

The first story sequence, in 1903, was *The Great Train Robbery*, a breathless melodrama featured in 5-cent theaters often called "nickelodeons."

Name the gangster that was branded public enemy number one.

The gangster was "Scarface" *Al Capone*, a murderous booze distributer who began 6 years of gang warfare in 1925 that made him millions of blood-splattered dollars. He was not convicted of a 1929 Valentine's Day Massacre of 7 disarmed members of a rival gang.

What was the general story in Edward Bellamy's book "Looking Backward"?

The general story was a *hero, falling into a hypnotic sleep, awakening in the year 2000 and "looking backward," finding that the social and economic injustices of 1887 have melted away under an idyllic government, which has nationalized big business to serve the public interest. A UTOPIA!* The book had a magnetic appeal and sold over a million copies. Scores of Bellamy Clubs sprang up to discuss this mild utopian socialism, influencing American reform movements.

Name the general that was sent to evict the Bonus Army.

The general was *General Douglas MacArthur*, armed with bayonets and tear gas.

What immigrant group provided much of the labor on the Central Pacific Railroad?

The group was *Chinese laborers* who were found to be cheap, efficient, and expendable.

Know the 2 groups the Clayton Act exempted from anti-trust prosecution.

The groups were *labor and agricultural organizations*. Conservative courts had unexpectedly been ruling that trade unions fell under the antimonopoly restraints of the sherman act. For example, striking hatmakers in Connecticut were assessed triple damages of $250,000+ which caused them to lose their savings and homes. This act *legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.*

Farms and factories found themselves so short of personnel that new workers had to be found - name the 2 groups that helped fill the void left by departing GI's.

The groups were thousands of *Mexican agricultural workers called braceros* who were brought across the border to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West -- the Bracero program outlived the war by ~20 yrs, becoming a fixed figure if the agricultural economy in many western states. *Women* also marched onto the factory floor. 6+ million women took up jobs outside the home and over half of them had never worked for wages.

*Why did colonial rivalry intensify between Britain and France in the mid 18th century?*

The growing population of the British colonies thanks to their unlimited immigration policies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and Indian Autonomy [OHIO RIVER VALLEY

Name the 3 have-not powers.

The have not powers were *Germany, Italy, and Japan*. They resented the ungenerous Treaty of Versailles. It demanded space for its teeming millions

Name the head of that agency.

The head was the ailling but energetic *Hopkins*

What incident nearly led to war between the U.S. and Japan in 1906? This does not need to be a long answer.

The incident was when a new wave of Japanese immigrants flooded California, and *San Francisco's school board, coping with the aftermath of a frightful earthquake and fire, ordered the segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students in a special school to free more space for whites.* The japanese regarded this as an insult to them and their children.

Describe the innovations made by the Levitt brothers.

The innovations included *Levittowns*, suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses. Specialized crews working from standardized plans made while others raised factory-assembled framing modules, put on roofs, strung wires, installed plumbing, and finished the walls in record time and with cost cutting efficiency.

What invention boosted southern agriculture in the 1880's?

The invention was machine-made *cigarettes* which replaced the roll-your-own variety. Tobacco consumption shot up, and James Buchanan Duke took full advantage of the technology to mass produce tiny "coffin nails."

Which invention of the era had the biggest impact on America?

The invention was the *automobile*. It heralded an amazing new industrial system based on assembly-line methods and mass-production techniques. An enormous industry sprang into being as Detroit became the motorcar capital of America.

What issue became more prominent in politics as a result of this depression?

The issue of greenbacks became more prominent. During the war $450 million of "folding money" had been issued, but it had depreciated under a cloud of popular mistrust and dubious legality. By 1868 the Treasury had already withdrawn $100 million of the "battle born currency" from circulation.

What issue probably gave Wilson his small margin of victory?

The issue was *keeping the country out of war*. Voters relied on such implicit assurances to ensure his victory.

What was the key assumption made by the men behind NSC - 68? Good luck

The key assumption was *that the enormous American economy could bear without strain the huge costs of a gigantic rearmament program*. It was a key document of the Cold War period, not only because it marked a major step in the militarization of American foreign policy, but also because it vividly reflected the sense of almost limitless possibility that pervaded postwar American society.

Name the most effective leader of this new generation of female reformers.

The leader was *Carrie Chapman Catt*, a pragmatic and businesslike reformer of relentless dedication.

Name the location where preservationists lost a major battle in 1913. It is considered the worst loss by the western preservationists.

The location was at *Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park,* where the Federal Government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam for its municipal water supply. This conflict laid a deep division between conservationists.

What was the main goal of the CIO? Good luck. Make sure the answers mentions the type of worker he is trying to help.

The main goal was to show sympathy for the cause of unskilled labor, especially blacks. They wanted *unskilled workers to organize themselves into effective unions*. The AF of L suspended the upstart unions associated with the newer organization. Lewis was *trying to create industrial unions where everyone in an industry would be put in one big union.*

What was the main idea supported in the Republican Party platform of 1868?

The main idea was a clarion call for continued Reconstruction of the South under the force of Federal Troops.

What major change occurred as a result of this sharp economic decline?

The major change was *Roosevelt frankly and deliberately embracing the recommendations of the British economist John Maynard Keynes*. The New Deal had run deficits for several years , but all of them had been rather small and none intended. Now in April 1937, Roosevelt announced a bold program to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending. *Keynesianism, the use of government spending and fiscal policy to "prime the pump" of the economy and encourage consumer spending -- became the new economic orthodoxy and remained so for decades.*

What became the major issue in the election of 1896?

The major issue was the gold standard vs the coinage of silver. Free silver was the main issue, both religious and financial. Some populists sided with Bryan simply because he supported silver - they endorsed "fusion", creating the "Demo-pop" party and sacrificing their identity in the mix.

What regions and groups were supportive of Wilson's reelection?

The regions and groups included *Mid-westerners and westerners* who were attracted by Wilson's progressive reforms and anti-war policies. There were also the *working class and renegade bull moosers*.

What was the major problem faced by farmers on the Great Plains? Hint: Think John Wesley Powell.

The major problem was farmers pushing farther west onto the poor, marginal lands beyond the 100th meridian. The line separated two climatological regions:: a well-watered area to the east and a semiarid area to the west. Powell warned that beyond the 100th meridian so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation. Farmers ignored him, and quickly went broke as a six year drought in the 1880s further desiccated the dusty region.

Name the man that created (and led) the American Federation of Labor

The man was *Samuel Gompers*. He was elected president of the AFL every year except 1 from 1886 to 1924. He adopted a down to earth approach, soft pedaling attempts to engineer sweeping social reform. A bitter *foe of socialism*, he shunned politics for economic strategies and goals.

Name the man who organized the American Railway Union.

The man was Eugene V Debs, a charismatic labor leader.

Of all of the books, historical criticisms and scientific ideas that were disrupting the churches - which one was the most unsettling?

The most unsettling was the *writings of the English naturalist Charles Darwin.* He set forth the theory that higher forms of life had slowly evolved from lower forms, through a process of random biological mutation and adaptation. He broke new ground with his idea of *"natural selection"*. Nature blindly selected organisms for survival or death based on random, inheritable variations that they happened to possess.

What secret code name was given to the project to build the atomic bomb?

The name was the *Manhattan Project*. On August 6, 1945, a bomb was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Some 180,000 people died of burns, radiation, and even immediate death.

Be able to explain how the railroad network helped spur the amazing economic growth of the post-civil war years. [manufacturing, agriculture, steel, cities]

The network helped spur the amazing economic growth of the post civil war years by stitching North America together ocean to ocean, *opening up the West with its wealth of resources.* Trains *hauled raw materials to factories and sped them back as finished goods for sale across the continent*, making the United States the largest integrated national market in the world. [manufacturing] The creation of the rails themselves generated the *largest single source of orders for the adolescent steel industry.* [steel industry] It took *farmers out to their land, carried the fruits of their toil to market, and brought them their manufactured necessities*. [agriculture] The railways were also a boon for cities and played a leading role in the great cityward movement of the last decades of the century.

Name the new political party that emerged out of the Farmer's Alliances in the 1890's.

The new party was the People's Party, aka The Populists.

Give the nickname attached to the thousands of immigrants fleeing the Dust Bowl and heading for California.

The nickname was *"okies"* and *"arkies,"* referring to the 350,000 Oklahomand and Arkansans who fled their ruined acres. They found a new home in the San Joaquin Valley, but the transition was cruel.

What was the cynical nickname given to the tin and paper shanty-towns that sprung up across the U.S. during the Great Depression?

The nickname was *Hoover-villes*. "Ragged individualists slept under Hoover blankets [newspapers], fought over the contents of trash cans, and cooked their findings in old oil drums.

Name the one group that suffered the most in the post war decade. Give one statistic to prove your answer.

The one group was *labor*. They no longer had friendly government support. A bloody strike in the steel industry was ruthlessly broken in 1919, both by exploiting ethnic/racial divisions among the workers and by branding them "reds." *The Railway Labor board ordered a wage cut of 12% in 1922, provoking a 2 month strike*, which ended when Attorney General Daugherty clamped on the strikers one of the most sweeping injunctions in american history. *Unions wilted in the hostile political environment, membership shriveling by nearly 30% between 1920-1930*.

Name the only candidate that proposed to take a softer stance on the Soviet Union.

The only candidate was *Henry A. Wallace*. He was nominated by the new Progressive party, a bizarre collection of disgruntled former New Dealers,, starry-eyed pacifists, well-meaning liberals, and communist-frontiers. He assailed "dollar imperialism" from the stump, taking an apparently pro-soviet line

Why was the original purpose of the Farmer's Alliance?

The original purpose was socialization along with breaking the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. However, it weakened itself by ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farm workers. It also excluded blacks, ½+ of the agricultural population of the South.

What was the original purpose of the Grange?

The original purpose was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. It worked - farmers were attracted to the activities and Kelley's passwords, secret rituals, and four-ply hierarchy. Their goals raised from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers' collective plight

Give another name for the open shop.

The other name, used by employers who made their own antiunion campaign was the *American Plan*.

What was the overall purpose of the Agricultural Marketing Act? Hint: Don't say to get farmers to help themselves.

The overall purpose was to *set up the Federal Farm Board*, with a revolving fund of ½ Billion dollars at its disposal. Money was lent generously to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses. In 1930, the Board created the Grain Stabilization Corporation and the Cotton Stabilization Corporation to bolster sagging prices by buying up surpluses.

How did American tariff policies help prolong the postwar chaos? Good luck.

The policies prolonged the chaos because *the impoverished Europe needed to sell its manufactured goods to America if they wanted to recover economically and pay its huge war debt to Washington.* It also didn't help the US, either -- it needed to give foreign nations a chance to make a profit from it so that they could buy its manufactured articles and repay debts. [they could not sell in quantity unless they bought in quantity -- or lent US dollars]

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe

The potato allowed population growth and new sources of mineral wealth, facilitating the European shift from feudalism to capitalism

Describe the Truman Doctrine. Know more than it gave $400 million to bolster the defense of Greece and Turkey.

The president went before Congress on March 12 1947 and requested support for the Truman Doctrine. Word that heavily burdened Britain could no longer bear the financial and military load of fedending Greece against communist pressures spurred Truman to action because if Greece fell, then Turkey would collapse, and the strategic Mediterranean would become Soviet. *The doctrine stated that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting outside pressures," a sweeping and open-ended commitment of vast and worrisome proportions*. Critics state that promising unlimited support to anyone claiming to resist Communist aggression was an overreaction, and that it needlessly polarized the world into pro-soviet and pro-American, acting as if the threat was primarily military in nature. Theologians like liberal protestant clergyman Niebuhr supported the battle between good and evil (children of light v. darkness). *It was to provide diplomatic, economic, and even military (ex, Korea, Viet, Berlin Airlift, Marshall Plan, Etc) assistance*

How was the annexation of the Philippines different from all of America's previous acquisitions?

The previous acquisitions were thinly populated and eligible for ultimate statehood. They were contiguous to the US and people will easily go there The Philippines was thickly populated tropical area with a different culture, language and gov't institutions -- they might not assimilate. They could not be a state, and large amounts of Americans could not go.

Why was the primary reason Great Britain eventually submitted to arbitration?

The primary reason was the *rising challenge from Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany* as well as a *looming war with the Dutch-descended Boers* in South Africa.

What was the unintended problem created by the Pendleton Act?

The problem was that the act made politicians look elsewhere for money, and they turned to the "bulging coffers" or financial reserves of big corporations. It created a new breed of boss which was less skilled at mobilizing small armies of immigrants and other voters, but more adept at making money from manufacturers and lobbyists. It drove politicians into "marriages of convenience" with big business leaders.

What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Information?

The purpose was mobilizing people's minds for war, both in America and abroad, an urgent task facing Washington. It was headed by Creel, whose job was to sell America on the war and sell the world on Wilsonian war aims. They really needed to SELL people -- actually take action, not just a bumper sticker

List one of the methods Hoover used to encourage to people to cut back on consumption.

The quaker-humanitarian Hoover deliberately rejected issuing ration cards. He used other methods, waging a whirlwind propaganda campaign through posters, billboards, newspapers, pulpits, and movies. One method was the voluntary *wheatless Wednesday* and *meatless Tuesday* to preserve food. Another was *"victory gardens"* to create more food and ease the pressure on the food supply. Congress *severely restricted the use of foodstuffs for manufacturing alcoholic beverages*, accelerating the wave of prohibition that was sweeping the country. Thanks to Hoover, farm production increased by ¼ and food exports to the Allies tripled in volume.

What was the unemployment rate in 1936? What had it been in 1933?

The rate was about *15% in 1936*, down from the grim *25% of 1933* but still miserably high.

15th Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. [education! yes literacy tests nor women]

What was the court's ruling in Muller v. Oregon?

The ruling was *laws protecting women workers were constitutional, as factory labor had harmful effects on women's weaker bodies.* Although discriminatory and closing male jobs to women, progressives hailed Louis Brandeis' (the attorney) achievement as a triumph over existing legal doctrine which gave employers total control over the workplace. Generally the welfare which emerged from female activism focused on protecting women and children rather than granting benefits to everyone.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the Insular Cases?

The ruling was that the flag did outrun the Constitution, and American laws such as tariff laws and the Bill of rights did not apply full force to the new windfall -- Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule but did not enjoy all American rights.

What striking shift took place in the election of 1932?

The shift was of *blacks, traditionally grateful to the Republican party of Lincoln, over to the Roosevelt camp*. They became a vital element in the *Democratic party*, notably in the great urban centers of the North.

What was the most serious shortcoming concerning the nation's banking and currency system? Hint: The answer comes in the first paragraph under "Wilson Battles the Bankers".

The shortcoming dealt with the *country's financial structure -- the panic of 1907 exposed the inelasticity of the currency*. Banking reserves were heavily concentrated in NY and a handful of other large cities and could not be mobilized in times of financial stress into areas with less money.

List 4 of the small but dangerous conflicts (or near wars) that America became involved in during the 1890's. I don't need a ton of detail on these answers - just know the main conflict. Do not include the conflict with Great Britain and Venezuela.

The small conflicts included the *American and German navies nearly fighting over the faraway Samoan Islands* [pego pego harbor] in the South Pacific that were formally divided between them in 1899, the *lynching of 11 italians* in New Orleans which led to tension between Italy and America, *American demands on Chile after the deaths of 2 american sailors* in the port of Valparaiso in 1892, and an *argument between the United states and Canada over seal hunting* near the Pribilof Islands of the coast of Alaska (solved by arbitration). These all showed America's new national mood of aggression.

Describe the strategy of "leapfrogging". Know that it is also called "island-hopping".

The strategy called for *bypassing some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, capturing nearby islands, setting up airfields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing*. Deprived of essential supplies from the homeland, Japan's outposts would slowly wither on the vine "island-hopping".

** Note to Mr. Hagert: Go through loss of money, Korematsu v. U.S. and reparations.

The supreme court upheld the constitutionality of Japanese relocation in Korematsu v. US, but in 1988 the Government apologized and paid $20,000 reparations to each camp survivor.

What was the main task given to the Resettlement Administration?

The task was *removing near-farmless farmers to better land*.

The "safety valve theory" does have some merit. Explain why.

The theory states that when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered the city pavements merely moved west, took up farming, and prospered. This is largely untrue. However: free acreage did *lure to the west a host of immigrant farmers* who otherwise might have remained in the eastern cities, making things worse. And the possibility of westward migration may have induced urban employers to *maintain wage rates high* enough so their workers wouldn't leave. In *western cities*, failed farmers, busted miners, and displaced easterners found ways to seek their fortunes.

List the three "C's" of his program. Do not give one word answers.

The three C's of the program were *control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.*

Name 3 groups that were not allowed to join the AFL.

The three groups were unskilled laborers, women, and blacks

Which 2 groups of the earlier arriving immigrants (that means they arrived mostly before 1880) had faced the most virulent nativism?

The two groups were the *Irish* and the *Chinese*. The latter were legally excluded in 1882.

Name the 2 groups that were not sharing in the large profits of the 1920's.

The two groups were the *unorganized wage earners* and especially the *disorganized farmers.*

Name the American vessel torpedoed on May 21, 1941.

The vessel was the *Robin Moor*, an unarmed American merchantman, which was destroyed by a German submarine in the South Atlantic outside a war zone.

Know how the war changed after the Second Battle of the Marne. I don't need a long or detailed answer - just tell how the tide of battle changes.

The war changed as this battle marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never effectively reversed. In Sept 2928 9 American divisions joined 4 french divisions to push the Germans from the St Mihiel salient, a German dagger in France's flank.

As American manufacturers seemed to master the problems of production what became their primary concern?

Their concern became *consumption*. Could they find the mass markets for the goods they had contrived to spew forth in such profusion?

Name one bill republicans passed while the south had been "out."

There are three total: the Morrill Tariff, the Pacific Railroad Act, and the Homestead Act.

What happened after the War of 1812?

There was a surge in *nationalism* and the Era of Good Feelings began, as only the Democratic Republicans were in power

How many different religious denominations could one find in America by 1890?

There were *150* different denominations, 2 of them brand new. One was the band-playing Salvation Army, who did much practical good, especially with free soup. The other was the Church of Christ, Scientist founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. She preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.

Describe the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937.

These acts stipulated that when the president *proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or makes loans to a belligerent*. America falsely assumed that the decision for peace or war lay in its own hands, not in those of the satanic forces already unleashed in the world. It failed to recognise that it might have used its enormous power to shape international events.

Why did some feminist leaders oppose the passage of the 14th and 15th amendments?

These amendments did not allow women to vote, despite the prominent role they played in the prewar abolitionist movement. They felt as if they lacked a civil right.

What are the *Federalist Papers*

These papers that persuaded people to support ratification of the Constitution, promising a BIll of Rights

Define the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law.

This law *boosted schedules from 27% under Wilson's Underwood Tariff to 38.5%*, almost as high as Taft's Payne-Aldrich tariff. *Duties on farm produce were increased*, and the principle was proclaimed that the *general rates were designed to equalize the cost of American and foreign production*. A promising *degree of flexibility was introduced* for the first time to reduce or increase duties by as much as 50%.

Know 3 [4] changes wrought by the industrial revolution (or changes that occurred in America or to Americans as a result of the industrial revolution).

Three changes include early* jeffersonian ideals withered* as the concepts of free enterprise with neither help nor hindrance from Washington were being thrown out the factory window, older ways of life wilted as the *concept of time was revolutionized* by the factory whistle, *Women were propelled into industry by the invention* of the typewriter and telephone switchboard, so millions of stenographers and "Hello girls" discovered new economic and social opportunities. Also there was a *greater separation of classes*

Describe 3 changes taking place in America's universities.

Three changes were university educators *abandoning moral instructions* and divorcing "facts" from values, the *elective system* where students chose "practical" courses was gaining popularity, and *specialization* rather than synthesis became the primary goal of a university education. Technical and professional schools also arose

Give 3 factors that made Grover Cleveland the most unpopular man in the country.

Three factors are debtors remembering his intervention in the Pullman strike, the backstairs Morgan bond deal, and his stubborn hard-money politics. He was ultraconservative in finance and looked more like a republican than a democrat on the money issue.

Give 3 examples of the changes occurring in women's fashion during the era.

Three of the changes were *elevated hemlines, rolled stockings, taped-flat breasts, rouged cheeks, and red lips which smoked*. Also *one-piece bathing suits*.

Know 3 parts of the Platt Amendment.

Three parts are Cubans were forced to agree *not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence [in America's opinion]*, *not to take on debt beyond their resources [as America measured it]*, and the *US might intervene with troops to restore order when it saw fit.* Cubans also promised to *sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations, ultimately two and then only one (Guantanamo), to their powerful "benefactor."*

List 3 parts of the 1892 Populist Party platform. `

Three parts are the demanding of inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver at the rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one ounce of gold, the establishment of a graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone, the direct election of US senators, a one term limit on the presidency, the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly, a shorter workday, and immigration restriction

List 3 parts of the Compromise of 1877.

Three parts are: The Republican returns were accepted; the Democrats agreed that Hayes could take office in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from the two states that had them, Louisiana and South Carolina; the Democrats would have a place at the "presidential patronage trough" and Republicans would support a bill subsidizing the Texas and Pacific Railroad's construction of a southern transcontinental line.

List 3 parts of the strong progressive platform the Democrats dubbed the "New Freedom" program.

Three parts were *calls for stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reductions*. On the other hand, TR was to become the Progressive Republican candidate, with a Pro-Roosevelt convention assembling in Chicago.

What penalties befell a black who "jumped" their labor contract? Give 3 examples.

Three penalties are forfeiting wages, being fined and then forced to work in order to pay the fine, and making the person work another year with even worse pay. Blacks could even be caught by people who hunted them, "negro-catchers."

List 3 of the problems confronting the country when Cleveland took office. Hint: These do not need to be long answers.

Three problems were that debtors were up in arms, workers were restless, and the advance shadows of panic were falling.

Republicans demanded a huge private bank with 15 branches.

True

List 2 actions taken by FDR and congress to prepare America for war.

Two actions were *FDR calling upon an already debt burdened nation to build huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy*, which could also check Japan. *Congress*, jarred out of its apathy toward preparedness, within a year *appropriated the sum of $37 billion*, more than the total cost of WWI. Congress also *passed a conscription law*, approved Sept 6, 1940, which as America's first peacetime draft *made provision for training each year 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves*. The Latin American bulwark also needed bracing, since Germany might claim any New World colonies abandoned by countries it crushed. At the Havana Conference of 1940, the US agreed to share with its new world neighbors the responsibility of upholding the monroe doctrine.

Name the two countries that the Marshall Plan helped save from communism.

Two countries are *Italy and France*, two keystone countries in which the communist parties lost ground. Also *Germany*

How did Andrew Johnson's plan differ from Lincoln's 10 percent plan? Give 2 differences.

Two differences are Johnson disfranchised powerful leading Confederates who had taxable property valued $20,000+, and it called for state conventions to repeal the ordinances of secession, reject Confederate debt, and ratify the 13th amendment which freed slaves. Now, Aristocrats liked Johnson and he felt powerful.

Name the 2 possible locations for the canal.

Two possible locations were *Nicaragua*, but agents of the French Canal Company were eager to salvage something from their costly failure at Panama, and *Panama*.

Adams-Onis Treaty

US gets Florida

What led to the initiative to create ties with Asia?

US interest in expanding trade

Why were the Soviets demanding that America and Great Britain open a second front in France? Hint: This is not answered directly in your text - you will have to use your huge craniums to deduce the answer.

USSR was overrun by Hitler's armies. Much fewer Americans and British people had been killed, so they were fit to assist the weak Soviet Union. German forces needed to be diverted. Additionally, if America did not provide assistance, Russia may seek a peace with Germany and leave the US to fight Hitler alone.

What was the new argument used by suffragists? What had been the old argument?

Under Catt, the suffragists *deemphasized the argument that women deserved the vote as a matter of right because they were in all respects the equals of men.* Instead Catt stressed the *desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers* in the increasingly public world of the city. Women had special responsibility for the health of the family and the education of children, the argument ran. In the city, they needed a voice on boards of public health, police commissions, and school boards.

Martin Van Buren

Van RUIN

Know the books and subject matter of the authors Thorstein Veblen and Jacob Riis.

Veblen assailed the new rich with his pen in *The Theory of the Leisure Class, which attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption."* In his eyes, the parasitic leisure class engaged in wasteful "business" -- making money for money's sake -- rather than productive "industry" -- making goods to satisfy real needs. He urged that social leadership pass from these superfluous titans to truly useful engineers. Jacob Riis, a reporter, wrote *How the Other Half Lives*, a damning *indictment of the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of New York slums.* It influenced a future NYC police commissioner, TR.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Violates Tenure of Office act by removing a cabinet member without approval NOT taken from office

Spanish Colonization

Wanted to convert Natives to christianity and gain wealth from tight control over colonies Wanted money, were mostly men and interrmarried, leading to the Casta system of mestizos. Wanted precious metals, and encomienda system, SA and SW US

What was the *Whiskey rebellion?*

West PN farmers refused to pay the Whiskey tax, challenging the new federal government. Washington overtook the state militia and stopped the rebellion with force (WE DON'T NEED A NEW SHAY)

Fill-in- the-blanks: 1.6 million blacks left the south to seek jobs in the war plants of the ______and _______.

West; North

What was the *"corrupt bargain?"*

What Jackson supported denounced Adams seemed to have bribed Henry Clay with the position of Secretary of State to become president

What enabled "Dollar Mark" Hanna to shine as a money raiser? This does not need to be a long answer.

What enabled Hanna was widespread fear of Bryan and the "silver lunacy." He "shook down" the trusts and plutocrats and piled up an enormous "slush fund" for a "campaign of education" [propaganda.] Reminding the voters of Cleveland's "democratic panic," Republicans appealed to the "belly vote" with their slogan "McKinley and the Full Dinner Pail." They had about $16 million in their campaign chest, and were accused by Bryanites of buying the election.

What led to the near extermination or extinction of the buffalo?

What led to it was the railroads, where they made up much of the food supply, they were slain for their hides, their tongues and other choice cuts, and just for amusement. "Sportsman" on trains would lean out the windows and kill them for excitement.

What was the Revolution of 1800?

When Jefferson was elected, the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties

Harper's Ferry

When John Brown stole weapons from the Federal Arsenal in VA to arm slaves in 1859, but failed after there were very few slaves

What was the *Boston Tea Party?*

When Sons of Liberty dumped tea in the Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act

What is manumission?

When masters freed their slaves willingly, but illegal in Virginia

What was the calculated risk that Wilson was taking when he demanded that America had a right to claim profitable neutral trading rights? Hint: Make sure the answer includes Wilson's warning on "strict accountability".

Wilson would continue to claim profitable neutral trading rights, risking the possibility that a high-seas incident would result in war. He warned Germany that it would be held to "strict accountability" for any attacks on American vessels or citizens.

What did old military strategy say?

Wipe out your flank

What was *Republican motherhood?*

Women had to raise their children to be good citizens in their private sphere, which made them feel more important They also began needing education, in order to learn these values

Who were the *Daughters of Liberty?*

Women who held spinning bees to create cloth so we didn't have to buy it from England, leading to the Townshend acts being repealed.

What was *"Common Sense"*?

Written by Paine, it stressed a republic based on natural rights, sparking revolution

Western Expansion

YES

Know that the League's criticism of Japan's invasion of Manchuria eventually led Japan to leave the League.

k

Describe the 3 major scandals that occurred during Harding's administration. The 1 st and 3 rd can be relatively simple descriptions while the Teapot Dome scandal will need a little more detail.

*1.* In 1923, Colonel *Charles R. Forbes, onetime deserter from the army, was found to have embezzled about $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals* [with his hand in the till] and reigned as head of the Veterans Bureau. *2.* [Teapot Dome Scandal] In 1921, secretary of the interior *Albert Fall induced his colleague, the secretary of the navy, to transfer the priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome WY to the interior department*. Hardin indiscreetly signed the secret order, and Fall quietly leased the lands to oilmen Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny after *receiving a bribe* ("loan") of $100,000 from Doheny and 3x that amount from Sinclair. Details leaked out in March 1923, Fall, Sinclair, and Doheny were indicted the next year, and Fall was found guilty and sentenced to 1 year in jail. *RESERVE OIL TO OIL TYCOONS* *3.* The senate investigated Daugherty for the illegal sale of pardons and liquor permits. He was forced to resign, and tried in 1927 but released after a jury couldn't agree. He hid behind the now-dead Harding by implying that probing might uncover crookedness in the White House.

Fill in the blank: By the time FDR took office _____ in ______ workers were unemployed.

*1; 4*. Banks were closing, people kept and hid their paper money, and Hooverites accused Roosevelt of deliberately permitting the depression to worsen so that he could emerge the more spectacularly as a savior.

Which church was the most positively engaged with these new immigrants? Good luck. The book doesn't really answer this question. Take an educated guess.

*Catholic church* -- most of the new immigrants were catholic

Know the target or subject matter of the following muckrakers; David Phillips, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Ray Stannard Baker and John Spargo.

*David Phillips* wrote "The Treason of the Senate" (1906) that charged that 75 of the 90 senators did not represent the people but the RRs and trusts. He impressed TR but was fatally shot *Ida Tarbell* published a devastating, factual exposé of the Standard Oil Company, who had ruined her father *Lincoln Steffens *wrote "The Shame of the Cities," unmasking the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government *Ray Stannard Baker* wrote "Following the Color Line" (1908) and spotlighted the sorry subjugation of America's 9 million blacks, of whom 90% were living in the South and ⅓ were illiterate. *John Spargo* wrote "The Bitter Cry of Children" which brought luridly to light the abuses of child labor.

Fill-in- the-blank: He helped preserve ____________ in America in a time when ____________ abroad were disappearing down the sinkhole of dictatorship.

*Democracy; Democracies.*

Who was called the "conscience of the New Deal"?

*Eleanor Roosevelt* FDR's political career was as much hers as it was his own, and she considered herself "his legs."

True or False: The Federal Reserve Board had the power to increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation.

*False* - It can only increase it. This act was a red-letter achievement, carrying the nation with flying banners through the financial crises of WWI.

True or False: The size of the home owning middle class shrank significantly in the postwar era.

*False* - it grew. The middle class doubled from pre-Depression days and included 60% of people by mid-1950s. Almost 60% of people owned their homes vs <40% in the 1920s Prosperity underwrote social mobility; it funded new welfare programs like Medicare and gave Americans the confidence to exercise unprecedented international leadership in the Cold War Era

True or False: Lend-lease was approved by slim majorities in congress.

*False* It was finally approved in March 1941 by sweeping majorities in both houses of Congress.

True or False: Soviet casualties were much smaller than American casualties.

*False*. American casualties from wounds were largely reduced by blood plasma and miracle drugs like penicillin. Soviet allies had more than 25 million people killed. WWII was the first war in which more civilians died than armed combatants.

True or False: Hoover deserved being attacked for his heartlessness.

*False*. He did inaugurate a significant new policy. In previous panics the masses had been forced to "sweat it out." Slow though Hoover was to abandon this 19th century bias, by the end of his term he had started down the road toward gov't assistance for needy citizens [Norris Laguardia Anti-Injunction Act which outlawed "yellow dog" contracts and forbade injunctions against strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing]

True or False: FDR received little support at the ballot box from organized labor.

*False*. He received valuable support at ballot box time from labor leaders and many appreciative workingpeople. Around the same time, the CIO break completely from the AF of L in 1938 and turned into the CONGRESS of Industrial Organizations.

True or False: The public supported FDR's court packing scheme.

*False*. He was vilified for attempting to break down the delicate checks and balances among the 3 branches of government. He was accused of grooming himself as a dictator by trying to browbeat the judiciary -- citizens saw that basic liberties seemed to be in jeopardy.

True or False: FDR won a very close election in 1932.

*False*. He won by a landslide -- Republicans only carried 2 states.(only maine and vermont). The popular vote was 27,752,869 to 16,674,665 and the electoral count was 523 to 8 -- the most lopsided in 116 years. Jubilant democrats could now claim more than 2/3s of the seats in the House and a like proportion in the senate. The bitter battle of 1936 partially bore out Republican charges of class warfare. Even more so than in 1932, the needy economic groups were lined up against the so-called greedy economic groups. CIO units contributed generously to FDR's campaign chest, and many left-wingers and appreciative blacks turned to Roosevelt. He had appealed to the "forgotten man"

True or False: FDR knew exactly where he was going with these reforms.

*False*. However he was delighted to exert executive leadership. He was inclined to do things by intuition.

True or False: Dewey's force was quickly annihilated by the Spanish navy.

*False*. In reality, Dewey quickly destroyed the entire collection of Spanish antiquated and overmatched vessels. He was sent by the fiery Roosevelt, although approved by McKinley. A loss of nearly 400 Spaniards was met without the loss of a single American life. Dewey became a national hero overnight.

True or False: This policy tended to balance the scales evenly between the dictators and U.S. allies.

*False*. It actually overbalanced them in favor of the dictators, who had armed themselves to the teeth. By declining to sue its vast industrial strength to help its democratic friends and defeat its totalitarian foes, it helped goad the aggressors along their path of conquest.

True or False: Hitler's attack of the Soviet Union was good for the allies.

*False*. It only seemed that way to the democratic world at the time. The two fiends could now slit each other's throats on the icy steppes of Russia, if the Soviets did not collapse as quickly as military experts predicted. Sound American strategy seemed to dictate speedy aid to Moscow while it was still afloat. FDR promised assistance and made some military supplies available. The lend lease law was interpreted to mean that the defense of the USSR was now essential for the defense of the US, and FDR extended $1 billion in lend-lease. With the surrender of the USSR still possible, the Atlantic Conference was held in Aug 1941, and British prime minister Winston Churchill secretly met with FDR.

True or False: One of the most beneficial results of the war was the further widening of the "bloody chasm" between the North and South.

*False*. It was the further closing it -- thousands of patriotic southerners had flocked to the Stars and Stripes, and General Joseph Wheeler, a former confederate cavalry hero, was given command in cuba.

True or False: Hitler's forces in Italy put up little resistance against the allied invaders.

*False*. Italy dropped out of the war but the Germans did not drop out of Italy. The troops stubbornly resisted the allied invaders and unleashed their fury against the Italians, who had turned their coats and declared war on Germany in Oct 1943.

True or False: The Klan yielded little political influence.

*False*. Its influence was potent

True or False: Cars did not affect morality

*False*. Many felt as if it made people less moral, an Indiana juvenile court judge calling the car "a house of prostitution on wheels." Even crimes were benefitted by the motorcar, for gangsters could now make quick getaways.

True or False: The majority of Americans earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.

*False*. Most Americans were anti-German from the outset, as Kaiser Wilhelm II seemed the embodiment of arrogant autocracy, an impression strengthened by Germany's strike at neutral Belgium. German and Austrian agents made this worse when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports.

True or False: Wilson enjoyed little success in appealing over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people.

*False*. Rather, he enjoyed dramatic success, both as governor and as president, in appealing over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people.

True or False: The treaty improved American relations with Japan but not with Russia.

*False*. Relations with Russia, once friendly, soured as the RUssians implausibly accused Roosevelt of robbing them of military victory.America also savagely massacred Russian Jews. Japan felt cheated out of its due compensation, and they became rivals in Asia

True or False: MacArthur's amphibious assault at Inchon was a disaster.

*False*. The gamble succeeded brilliantly, and within 2 weeks the NKs has scrambled back behind the 38th parallel.

True or False: The great majority of women worked for wages during WWII.

*False*. The great majority of American women, especially those with husbands at home or small children, did not work for wages but continued their traditional roles.

True or False: Americans supported the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War.

*False*. The pipeline from communist Moscow chilled the natural sympathies of many Americans, especially Roman Catholics, for the republican Loyalists. Other Americans wanted to defend the struggling republic, and some 3000 people headed to Spain to fight as volunteers in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade.

True or False: Both Wilson and Roosevelt favored a less active government role in economic and social affairs.

*False*. They both favored a more active gov't role in economic and social affairs, but disagreed sharply over specific strategies -- Roosevelt wanted New Nationalism while Wilson wanted New Freedom. Whose variety of progressivism would prevail?

True or False: The League did not have the power to stop the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.

*False*. They could have had the power to cause Mussolini's war machine to creak to a halt -- if they had only dared to embargo oil. But when the League quailed rather than risk global hostilities, it merely signed its own death warrant.

True or False: The U.S. resisted all attempts to revitalize Germany.

*False*. They realized the fact that the reality that an industrial, healthy German economy was indispensable to the recovery of Europe. It was the Soviets who feared another blitzkrieg who resisted efforts.

True or False: African Americans served in integrated combat units during WWII.

*False*. They were drafted but generally were assigned to service branches instead and subjected to petty degradation such as segregated blood banks. But in general, the war helped to embolden blacks in their long struggle for equality. They wanted a "Double V" -- victory over the dictators abroad and over racism at home. They enlisted in very high numbers and proportions

True or False: Harding and Coolidge were far more friendly to tariff reductions than increases.

*False*. They were friendlier to increases than reductions, authorizing 32 upward changes in 6 years, including even vital commodities like dairy products, chemicals, and pig iron. Only 5 reductions were ordered, including mill feed and such trifling items as bobwhite quail, paintbrush handles, phenol, and cresylic acid.

True or False: America was drawn into the war by munitions makers and Wall Street bankers.

*False*. This was only a myth. In reality, Wilson had lost his gamble that America could pursue the profits of neutral trade without being sucked into the ghastly maelstrom. These munitions makers and bankers were already thriving, unhampered by wartime gov't restrictions and heavy taxation - they would have loved neutrality forever. In the end, it was Germany crossing the line with their submarines that led to war

Finish the sentence: He saw himself as a political lightning rod to protect capitalists against....

*Popular indignation*[protest] and *socialism*, which he regarded as "ominous."

True or False: Eleanor Roosevelt had little influence on the policies of the national government.

*False*. Through her lobbying of her husband, her speeches, and her syndicated newspaper column, Eleanor powerfully influenced the politics of the national government. At one Birmingham meeting, she confounded local authorities and flouted the segregation statutes by deliberately straddling the aisle separating the black and white seating sections. Condemned by conservatives and loved by liberals, she was one of the most controversial yet consequential public figures of the 20th century.

True or False: The Filipinos welcomed compulsory Americanization.

*False*. Washington poured millions of dollars into the islands to improve roads, sanitation, and public health. Important economic ties, including trade in sugar, developed between the 2 peoples, and American teachers set up a great school system to help make English a second language. All of this was ill-received. -- Filipinos hated this Americanization and pined for liberty. Until they were independent on Independence Day 1946, they emigrated to the US

True or False: Speculation on the stock exchange pushed the market up to dizzy peaks.

*False*. While speculation did run wild, it was actually an orgy of boom-or-bust trading which did this. The stock market became a veritable gambling den.

True or False: Wilson and Roosevelt agreed on American involvement in WWI.

*False*. Wilson considered himself "too proud to fight," standing his ground. He took a measured approach in an attempt to bring the German warlords sharply to book. Roosevelt assailed the spinless simperers who heeded the "weasel words" of Wilson.

True or False: Woodrow Wilson applauded "dollar diplomacy".

*False*. Wilson was suspicious of Wall Street and detested the so-called dollar diplomacy of Taft. In office only a week, Wilson declared war on dollar diplomacy, proclaiming that the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in Latin America and China. American bankers pulled out of the Taft-engineered six-nation loan to China the next day.

True or False: The New Deal ended the Great Depression.

*False.*

True or False: The vast majority of working women were married.

*False.* Employment for wives and mothers was considered taboo, so the vast majority of working women were single. Their jobs depended on their race, ethnicity, and class. Although hours were often long, pay low, and advancement limited, a job still bought working-women some economic and social independence.

True or False: Taft was a good judge of public opinion.

*False.* His candor made him a chronic victim of "foot in mouth" disease

True or False: The Foraker Act gave Puerto Ricans citizenship.

*False.* It accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and banned cockfighting. They were granted citizenship in 1917 but withheld full self rule. Although the American Regime worked many improvements in education, sanitation, and transportation, many inhabitants wanted to be fee and ultimately moved to NYC.

True or False: TR's rewriting of the Monroe Doctrine did a great deal to help end America's reputation as a "Bad Neighbor" in Latin America.

*False.* It did more than any other single step to promote the "Bad Neighbor" policy begun in these years. The new corollary was used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of the marines -- the Caribbean became a "Yankee Lake"

True or False: The treaty improved American relations with both Russia and Japan.

*False.* It guided the warring parties to a settlement that satisfied neither side and left the Japanese, who felt they won the war, resentful. They had to drop their demands for a cash indemnity

True or False: The Klan never had a large membership.

*False.* It spread rapidly, especially in the Midwest and the Bible Belt South where Protestant Fundamentalism thrived. At its peak in the mid 1920s, it had about 5 million dues-paying members [out of 120 million people-- huge!!] and wielded potent political influence.

True or False: Family size was increasing.

*False.* It was decreasing because more children meant more mouths to feed, more crowding, and more human baggage to carry in the uphill struggle for social mobility. The decline affected rural Americans as well as urban dwellers, and old stock natives as well as New Immigrants.

True or False: America rarely intervened in Latin American affairs.

*False.* Many latin americans saw TR's rewriting of the Monroe Doctrine as a cloak behind which the US sought to strangle them.

True or False: Taft adopted a confrontational attitude toward congress.

*False.* Recoiling from the clamor of controversy, he generally adopted an attitude of passivity toward Congress.

True or False: State governments did far more to help immigrants than the federal government.

*False.* They did even less than the federal government.

True or False: The Rough Riders received almost no help in their charge up San Juan Hill, El Caney, and Kettle Hill.

*False.* They were supported strongly by two crack black regiments. They suffered heavy casualties, but Roosevelt seemed to have had a great time.

Which family member felt the most guilt and shame as a result of the depression?

*Fathers* felt guilt and shame since they could no longer provide for their family., even though it was the fault of the economic system, not themselves.

Fill-in- the-blank: America never did get its money but it harvested a bumper crop of ___ _____.

*Ill will*

Fill-in- the-blank: ______________contributed a great deal to FDR's development of patience, compassion, and strength of will.

*Infantile paralysis* [polio]. Suffering humbled him to the level of common clay. In courageously fighting his way from complete helplessness to hobbling mobility, he schooled himself in these virtues.

Name the first Jew to be named to the Supreme Court.

*Louis D Brandeis*

How many banks collapsed in the first 3 years of the depression?

*Over 5000 banks* collapsed, carrying with them the life savings of tens of thousands of ordinary citizens.

True or False: The American population in 1914 was both ethnically and racially diverse.

*True.* One in 7 of the 76 million Americans was foreign-born.

True or False: FDR's Quarantine Speech triggered a wave of protest from isolationists in the U.S.

*True*. FDR shrewdly refused to declare Japan's invasion of China a war in order to avoid the Neutrality legislations and allow China to keep receiving crucial munitions from the US and Japan to buy massive amts of war supplies. In this speech, FDR, alarmed by the recent aggressions of Italy and Japan, called for *"positive endeavors" to "quarantine" the aggressors* -- presumably by economic embargoes. Isolationists and other foes of involvement thought a moral quarantine would lead to a shooting one, and Roosevelt, startled, retreated and sought less direct methods

True or False: Wilson's reforms made reactionary New Jersey one of the more liberal states.

*True*. Filled with righteous indignation, Wilson revealed irresistible reforming zeal, burning eloquence, great leadership, and appealed over the heads of the scheming bosses to the sovereign people.

True or False: The attack on Pearl aroused and united America.

*True*. Following the fall of France, the Americans were confronted with a devil's dilemma: they desired to stay out of the conflict, yet they did not want Britain to be knocked out. They wished to halt Japan's conquests in the Far East, which menaced not only American trade insecurity but international peace as well. To keep Britain from collapsing, FDR felt compelled to extend the unneutral aid that invited German submarine attacks. To keep Japan from expanding, Washington cut off Japanese supplies with embargoes that invited retaliation.

True or False: The zeal of American prohibition agents on occasion strained diplomatic relations with Canada.

*True*. Foreign rum runners, often from the West Indies, had their inning, and countless cases of liquor leaked down from Canada.

True or False: Japan was through as a sea power after the battle of Leyte Gulf.

*True*. General MacArthur clashed with Japan at Leyte Gulf, fighting in sea and in air. It was actually three battles and the Americans won all of them, though they almost lost when Admiral Halsey was decoyed away by a feint.

True or False: Japan made a phenomenal economic recovery after WWII.

*True*. General MacArthur found much success in his reconstruction as the Japanese cooperated to an astonishing degree. They saw that good behavior and the adoption of democracy would speed the end of the occupation, and a MacArthur-dictated constitution was adopted in 1946, recouncing militarism, provided for women's equality, and introduced Western-style democratic government.

True or False: Mellon's policies shifted much of the tax burden from the wealthy to the middle class.

*True*. He did reduce the national debt by 10 billion, but many think he should have done more. He also indirectly encouraged the bull market. If he had absorbed more of the national income in taxes, there would have been less money left for frenzied speculation.

True or False: Times were too good for La Follette's reforming message to win the election.

*True*. He had injected a badly needed liberal tonic into a decade drugged on prosperity.

True or False: Woodrow Wilson disliked TR's big stickism.

*True*. He recoiled from an aggressive foreign policy, hating imperialism and repelled by big stick tactics.

True or False: Coolidge was so transparently honest that the Harding scandals did not rub off on him.

*True*. He slowly gave the Harding regime a badly needed moral fumigation. The public, initially shocked by the scandal, quickly simmered down, and an alarming tendency developed in certain quarters to excuse some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that they had "gotten away with it" -- America's moral sensibility was being dulled by prosperity.

True or False: Coolidge approved of Mellon's efforts to reduce taxes.

*True*. He sympathized fully with Mellon's efforts to reduce taxes and debts. No foe of industrial bigness, he let business have its head. :Coolidge luck" held during his 5½ prosperity-blessed years.

True or False: Wilson was the first president from one of the southern states to reach the White House since the election of Zachary Taylor.

*True*. He was born in Virginia following the Civil War.

True or False: Roosevelt initiated over 40 legal proceedings against trusts.

*True*. His big stick smashed them. The Supreme Court in 1905 declared the beef trust illegal, and the heavy fist of justice fell upon monopolists controlling sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key products.

True or False: Harding admitted he had a mediocre mind.

*True*. His exterior was charming but he quickly found himself beyond his depth in the presidency. He could not tell that his associates were evil and found himself surrounded by cronies of the "Ohio Gang." He also hated saying no, which some political leeches capitalized on. If Washington couldn't tell a lie, then Harding couldn't tell a liar.

True or False: In WWII there was almost no witch-hunting of minority groups.

*True*. However, a painful exception was the plight of ~110,000 Japanese Americans, concentrated on the Pacific Coast.

True or False: Wilson refused to recognize the government of Huerta.

*True*. However, most foreign powers acknowledged Huerta's bloody-handed regime.

True or False: Efforts to organize labor unions foundered on the rocks of ethnic differences.

*True*. Immigrant workers on the same shop floor might share a common interest in wages and working conditions, but they often had no common language with which to forge common cause. Employers played upon *ethnic rivalries* to keep their workers divided and powerless; *ethnic variety thus undermined class and political solidarity*. Others like *Kallen and Bourne promoted* it -- the melting pot would eliminate ethnic differences. Kallen stressed the preservation of *identity (pluralism)* while Bourne advocated greater *cross-fertilization among immigrants (cosmopolitanism)*

True or False: Appeasement turned out to be merely surrender on the installment plan.

*True*. In March 1939 (6 mo later), Hitler suddenly erased the rest of Czechoslovakia from the map, contrary to his vows. The democratic world was stunned.

True or False: Radio drew many Americans back to their homes.

*True*. In this way, radio was much different than other inventions like the automobile. It knitted the nation together. It helped families bond over the shared experience, although it was eventually filled with commercials, making radio another vehicle for American free enterprise.

True or False: The war debts fiasco contributed powerfully to the storm-cellar neutrality legislation that was passed by congress in the 1930's.

*True*. Irate French crowds sometimes attacked American tourists, and throughout Europe Uncle Sam was caricatured as greedily whetting his knife for the last pound of allied flesh.

True or False: The National Recovery Administration was by far the most complex and ambitious effort by New Dealers to combine both recovery and reform.

*True*. It also integrated immediate relief. It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed

True or False: The Immigration Act marked the end of a period of virtually unrestricted immigration.

*True*. It claimed the nation was filling up, and immigration dwindled to a trickle. For the first time in 1931, more foreigners were leaving than coming. Quotas made America sacrifice something of its tradition of freedom and opportunity, as well as its future ethnic diversity

True or False: America refused to build up its armed forces during the 1930's.

*True*. It could not deter aggressors. It allowed its navy to decline in relative strength. They were not prepared, since they thought large fleets led to large wars (and large taxes) so when Roosevelt called for preparation, they called him a warmonger.

True or False: During the New Deal the U.S. government became the largest single employer in the Country.

*True*. It had hundreds of thousands of employees, becoming incomparably the largest single business in the country, as the states faded further into the background.

True or False: America's task was far more complex in WWI than in WWII.

*True*. It had to feed, clothe, and arm itself, as well as transport its forces to far regions. It also had to send a vast amount of food/munitions to hard-pressed allies from USSR to Australia.

True or False: Our insistence on unconditional surrender guaranteed that Germany would have to be totally reconstructed after WWII.

*True*. It helped destroy the German government utterly

True or False: During the 20's the Supreme Court axed progressive legislation.

*True*. It killed a federal child labor law, stripped away many of labor's hard-won gains, and rigidly restricted government intervention in the economy.

True or False: The Grand Coulee dam transformed an entire region.

*True*. It made possible the irrigation of million of new acres of farmland, at a time when the gov't was trying to reduce farm surpluses. It created a large amount of electrical power, and transformed the region with abundant water and power.

True or False: The Wagner Act is often considered the Magna Carta of Labor.

*True*. It proved to be a major milestone for American workers.

True or False: These economic policies deepened the international economic distress.

*True*. It provided one more rung on the ladder by which Adolf Hitler scrambled to power.

True or False: Ford's new techniques cut production costs and lowered the cost of the automobile. Hint: Check the charts.

*True*. It put the automobile within reach of the workingperson's purse. So economical were his methods that by mid 1920s he was selling the Ford Roadster for $260, a price a thrifty worker could afford.

True or False: The GI Bill helped nurture the robust economic expansion that took hold in the late 1940's.

*True*. It raised education levels and stimulated the construction industry

True or False: The war led to large shifts in the American population.

*True*. It was a demographic cauldron and many of the 15 million [wo]men in uniform chose not to go home. War industries sucked people into boomtowns like LA, Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge. Cali grew by nearly 2 million.

True or False: The movement of over 5 million blacks in the three decades following WWII was one of the greatest migrations in American history.

*True*. It was comparable in size to the immigrant floods from Ireland, Italy, and Poland. By 1970 half of all blacks lived outside the South, and urban was almost synonymous with black.

True or False: The Hawley-Smoot Tariff was the highest tariff in the nation peacetime history.

*True*. It was designed to assist the farmers and Hoover had promised to bring about minimal changes in the tariff, but high pressure lobbyists made many amendments. The average duty on nonfree goods was raised from 38.5% to nearly 60%.

True or False: The government was beginning to recognize it had a responsibility to its citizens.

*True*. It was largely inspired by the example of some of the more highly industrialized nations of Europe. In the agricultural America of an earlier day, there had always been farm chores for all ages, and the large family cared for its own dependents -- but the boom or bust cycles of the urbanized economy were different. By 1939 over 45 million people were eligible for SS benefits. In subsequent years further categories of workers were added. Workers also had to be employed and in certain kinds of jobs to get coverage.

True or False: Prior to the 20's a kiss had been the equivalent of a proposal of marriage.

*True*. It was much more normalized as Freud insisted that both please and health demanded sexual gratification and liberation.

True or False: Lend-lease was an economic declaration of war.

*True*. It was one of the most momentous laws ever to pass Congress and was a challenge hurled directly into the teeth of the Axis dictators. America pledged itself to bolster those nations that were indirectly defending it by fighting aggression. When the operation ended in 1945, America had sent about $50 billion worth of arms and equipment to those nations fighting aggressors. It marked the abandonment of neutrality, and most people realized this. The bill would admittedly involve a grave risk of war, but most Americans were prepared to take that chance rather than see Britain collapse and then face the diabolical dictators alone

True or False: Japanese war criminals were tried just like those in Nazi Germany.

*True*. Japanese reconstruction was simpler because the occupying American army under General Douglas MacArthur sat in the driver's seat. He went ahead inflexibly with his program for the democratization of Japan, and had top japanese "war criminals" tried in Tokyo from 46-48, 18 of which went to prison and 7 of which were hanged.

True or False: The war led to the retirement of many New Deal programs.

*True*. Many programs including the Civilian Conservation Corps, Works Progress Administration, and National Youth Administration were wiped out by the conservative Congress elected in 1942. Roosevelt declared in 1943 that Dr. New Deal was retiring and would be replaced by Dr. Win-the-War -- the era of new deal reform was over.

True or False: The government set up some 3,000 day care centers to care for "Rosie the Riveter's" children.

*True*. Many working women were mothers and needed their children to be watched while they worked hard. Even when the war ended they didn't put down their tools -- they wanted to keep working and often did.

True or False: In contrast to WWI, WWII actually speeded up the assimilation of many ethnic groups into American society.

*True*. Millions of Italians and Germans in America loyally supported the nation's war program. Immigration had been choked off for almost two decades before 1941, and America's ethnic communities were now composed of well-settled members whose votes were crucial to FDR's Democratic party

True or False: Women workers tended to cluster in a few low paying jobs.

*True*. Most americans now lived in urban areas. These jobs included retail clerking and office typing or "women's work"

True or False: The Lend-lease program was hotly debated throughout the country.

*True*. Most of the opposition came from isolationists and anti-Roosevelt Republicans. The scheme was criticized by Senator Wheeler as the new AAA -- a measure designed to "plow under every fourth American boy."

True or False: Movies eclipsed all other forms of amusement in popularity.

*True*. Movie stars of the first pulchritude commanded larger salaries than the president. Actors and actresses were better known than the nation's political leaders. They also eroded the insularity of ethnic communities as immigrants' children were attracted.

True or False: Wilson waged a passionate reform campaign as the governor of New Jersey.

*True*. NJ bosses needed a respectable "front" candidate for the governor and chose Wilson since he would likely lead the novice by the nose. Unexpectedly, he assailed the "predatory" trusts and promised to return state government to the people. He was a progressive, and the "Schoolmaster in Politics" was swept into office.

True or False: Apologists for FDR accepted the principle that the federal government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation.

*True*. New Dealers admitted there had been some waste, , but relief, not economy, had been the primary object of their multiwar front on the depression. Apologists further declared that the New Deal had relieved the worst of the crisis in 1933. It promoted the philosophy of "balancing the human budget" and accepted the principle that the federal government was morally bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by "managing" the economy. .

True or False: Wilson often found compromise difficult.

*True*. Not only did he look down upon those less intelligent than him, but he had a sense of moral righteousness that was such he found it difficult: black was black, wrong was wrong, and one should never compromise with wrong.

True or False: Wilson strove as best he could to steer a moral course in Mexico.

*True*. People like Hearst wanted war, but Wilson refused to practice dollar diplomacy, as it was "perilous" to determine foreign policy "in the terms of material interest." So he sent his aggressive ambassador packing, imposed an arms embargo, and refused to recognize officially the murderous government of "that brute" Huerta.

True or False: The demands of suburban housewifery and the realities of employment eventually sparked the feminist revolt of the 1960's.

*True*. Popular culture glorified the traditional feminine roles of homemaker and mother.

True or False: Federal authorities have never enforced a law where the majority of the people were hostile to it.

*True*. Prohibitionists overlooked this along with the tenacious America tradition of strong drinking and of weak control by the central government, especially over private lives. They ignored the fact that one cannot make a crime overnight out of something that millions never regarded as a crime.

True or False: The deficit doubled during the New Deal.

*True*. Promises of budget balancing, to say nothing of other promises, had flown out the window -- so foes of the New Deal pointed out. The national debt skyrocketed to 40,440,000,000 by 1939.

True or False: Essential goods were rationed during WWII.

*True*. Rationing held down the consumption of critical goods such as meat and butter, though some "black marketeers" and "meatleggers" cheated the system.

True or False: Secretary Hughes eventually secured for American oil companies the right to share in the exploitation of the Middle East's oil riches.

*True*. Remembering that the Allies had floated to victory on a flood of oil, experts recognized that liquid "black gold" would be as necessary as blood in the battles of tomorrow.

True or False: By 1938 the New Deal had clearly lost its momentum.

*True*. Roosevelt could find few new reforms to impress the public with. In the congressional elections of 1938, the Republicans, for the first time, cut heavily into the New Deal majorities in Congress, through failing to gain control of either house. The international crisis that came to a boil in 1938-1939 shifted public attention away from domestic reform and no doubt helped save the political hide of the Roosevelt "spendocracy."

True or False: Beyond punishing the Nazis, the allies could agree on little concerning post war Germany.

*True*. Some American Hitler-haters at first wanted to dismantle German factories and reduce the country to a potato patch. Soviets, denied American economic assistance, wanted to rebuild their land with enormous German reparations they would extract. Both clashed with the reality that an industrial, healthy German economy was indispensable to the recovery of Europe.

True or False: The film "Birth of a Nation" glorified the KKK.

*True*. The 1915 film defamed blacks and carpetbaggers. Blacks were outraged at the film and angrily organized protest marches, petition campaigns, and public hearings.

True or False: Marcus Garvey inspired strong feelings of self confidence and self reliance among blacks.

*True*. The 4 million black UNIA followers were inspired and helped these newcomers to northern cities fain self-confidence and self-reliance.

True or False: The collapse of the London Conference played directly into the hands of power mad dictators.

*True*. The 66 nation London Economic Conference hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. Roosevelt initially agreed, but changed his mind because he wanted to continue inflationary policies at home as a means of stimulating American recovery -- an international agreement to maintain the value of the dollar might tie his hands. He sent a radio message scolding the conference and withdrawing America, and its collapse strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism.

True or False: The brutal eviction of the Bonus Army made Hoover even more unpopular.

*True*. The Democrats, not content with Hoover's vulnerable record, employed professional "smear" artists to drive him from office. People said that Hoover "ditched, drained, and damned the country."Hoover had been oversold as a wizard, and he failed to do what the public expected.

True or False: The chaos in Mexico accelerated a massive migration to the United States.

*True*. The Mexicans were poor, and fed up with their miserable lot, the revolted. It took an ugly turn in 1913 when a conscienceless clique, with the support of Taft's Ambassador to Mex, murdered the popular new revolutionary president and installed Victorian Huerta, an Indian, as president. They built highways and railroads or followed the fruit harvest as pickers in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The revolutionary bloodshed also menaced American lives and property in Mexico, and cries for intervention burst from the lips of American jingoes.

True or False: Hoover won several southern states in the election.

*True*. The South shied away from Al Smith since he was a concoction of Catholicism, wettism, foreignism, and liberalism brewed on the sidewalks of New York. A huge Republican majority was returned to the House of Reps. Dry southern Democrats rebelled against Smith, and Hoover even carried a state that had seceded.

True or False: Lend-lease had the added benefit of gearing up U.S. factories for all out war production.

*True*. The enormously increased capacity thus achieved helped save America when the war began.

True or False: The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to throw out or kill all foreigners in China.

*True*. The patriotic chinese did not care to be used as a doormat by the western powers. This super-patriotic group murdered more than 200 foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians and besieged the foreign diplomatic community in the capital, Beijing (Peking). The rebellion was quickly quelled by a multinational rescue force of some 18,000 soldiers. They acted angrily and vindictively, assessing prostrate China an excessive indemnity of $333 million, of which America's share would be $24.5 million.

True or False: The overseas demand for American goods helped end the Great Depression.

*True*. The unneutral neutrality law did hurt China, which was blockaded by the Imperial Japanese navy, but clearly favored the European democracies against the dictators. AS the British and French navies controlled the Atlantic, European aggressors could not send their ships to buy America's munitions.

True or False: European nations responded to high American tariffs by raising their tariffs on American products.

*True*. These hurt not only American-made goods but the products of European countries as well.

True or False: Both Einstein and Oppenheimer opposed the building of an "H" bomb.

*True*. These scientists warned that this bomb was so deadly that it "becomes a weapon which in practical effect is almost one of genocide." Einstein declared that "annihilation of any life on earth has been brought within the range of technical possibilities." But the nation's two most famous scientists could not Persuade Truman, anxious over communist threats in east Asia.

True or False: By this time most Americans considered our involvement in WWI a colossal blunder.

*True*. They also nursed bitter memories of the ungrateful and defaulting debtors. Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act, which prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing further in the United States.

True or False: Roosevelt's promise in 1942 that he would open a 2nd front by the end of the year proved utterly impossible to keep.

*True*. They feared that the Soviets, unable to hold out against Germany, might make a separate peace as they had in 1918 and leave the Western Allies to face Hitler's fury alone. FDR rashly promised this. This also worsened American-Soviet relations

True or False: The League had the economic and naval power to halt Japan.

*True*. They just lacked the courage to act --they could not rely on America's support.

True or False: American officials had cracked the top secret code of the Japanese before the attack on Pearl.

*True*. They knew that Tokyo's decision was for war, but the democratic US could not shoot first.

True or False: Many old timers felt the chimes had struck "sex o'clock" in America.

*True*. They saw a veritable erotic eruption.

True or False: The Supreme Court became more sympathetic to New Deal legislation after FDR revealed his court packing scheme.

*True*. They saw the ax hanging over its head, and whatever his motives, Justice Owen J Roberts, formerly regarded as a conservative, began voting on the side of his liberal colleagues. It upheld the Wagner Act and Social Security act, and upheld the principle of a state minimum wage for women, thereby reversing its stand on a different case a year earlier. Roosevelt's court-packing when Congress voted full pay for justices over 70 who retired, whereupon one of the oldest conservative members resigned, to be replaced by new dealer Justice Hugo Black.

True or False: Automobiles, radios, and the motion picture all contributed to the standardization of American life.

*True*. They set the stage for the emergence of a working-class political coalition that, for a time, would overcome the divisive ethnic differences of the past.

True or False: Cars led to the growth of suburbs.

*True*. They spread out still farther from the urban core as America became a nation of commuters.

True or False: Many American citizens feared that communist spies were undermining the government and misdirecting foreign policy.

*True*. They thought they were paid with moscow gold.

True or False: Industrialization gave Americans more time to play.

*True.* People sought their pleasures fiercely, as they had overrun their continent and built their cities fiercely.

True or False: Most "new immigrants" strove mightily to preserve their traditional culture.

*True.* Catholics expanded their parochial school systems, Jews established Hebrew Schools, foreign language newspapers abounded, yiddish theaters, kosher-food stores, polish parishes, greek restaurants, and italian social clubs all attested to the desire to keep old ways alive. However, *time took its toll* - the children of the immigrants grew up fluent in english, and rejected the old country manners of their parents in their desire to plunge into the mainstream of American life.

True or False: American forces used brutal tactics in their war against the Filipino rebels.

*True.* For example, the "Water cure" - they forced water down victim's throats until they wielded info or died. They built reconcentration camps that rivaled those of Butcher Weyler in Cuba. They captured Aguinaldo, and the lives of 5,324 Americans and as many as 600,000 filipinos were claimed altogether.

True or False: The pioneering work of Addams, Wald, and Kelley helped blaze the trail that many women later followed into careers in urban reform and social work.

*True.* For these female reformers and for many other women, the city offered a new kind of frontier opportunity.

True or False: Roosevelt believed in multiple-use resource management.

*True.* Foresters and engineers under him sought to combine recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the same expanse of federal land. Westerners learned how to take advantage of new agencies like the Forest service and especially the Bureau of Reclamation. Single-person enterprises were shouldered aside for efficiency while big business and government worked together.

True or False: Roosevelt promised a balanced budget and berated heavy Hooverian deficits.

*True.* He attacked the Republican Old Dealers.

True or False: FDR may have saved the American system.

*True.* He deflected popular resentments against business and may have saved the American system of free enterprise. Roosevelt's quarrel was not with capitalism but with capitalists; he purged American capitalism of some of its worst abuses so that it might be saved from itself. He may even have headed off a more radical swing in the left by a mild dose of what was mistakenly reviled as "socialism." The increase in national debt was due to WWII not the New Deal. He provided bold reform without a bloody revolution.

True or False: Roosevelt was a middle of the road reformer.

*True.* He strenuously sought the middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism. He also attempted to mediate between the romantic wilderness-preservationists and the rapacious resource-predators in his conservation crusade, his most typical and long lasting achievement.

True or False: The Good Neighbor Policy was a success.

*True.* His earnest attempts to usher in a new era of friendliness, though hurting some US bondholders, paid rich dividends in goodwill among the peoples to the south. Roosevelt was cheered with tumultuous enthusiasm when, as a "traveling salesman for peace," he journeyed to the special InterAmerican conference at Buenos Aires, Argentina.

True or False: Hoover combined small town values with wide experience in modern corporate America (i.e. business).

*True.* However, he was quite shy, not knowing how to deal with the new circumstances and thin-skinned to criticism. He did not adapt as readily that he needed to. His real power was in his integrity, his humanitarianism, his passion for assembling the facts, his efficiency, his talents for administration, and his ability to inspire loyalty in close associates.

True or False: Lindbergh is perhaps the first media made hero of the 20th century. Hint: Check the picture.

*True.* However, his reputation lost some credibility when he later voiced anti-Semitic sentiment and opposed American entry into WWII.

True or False: Marriages were being delayed.

*True.* However, they were still evolving

True or False: Many upstanding Americans jumped to the conclusion that labor troubles were fomented by Bolsheviks.

*True.* Hysterical fears of red Russia colored American thinking for years after the Communists came to power in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which spawned a *tiny communist party* in America. Tensions were heightened by an epidemic of strikes in the Republic at the war's end. It was highlighted by the *bombing* of Palmer's home, and the *deportation of the Buford ship*, containing 249 alleged alien radicals, to Russia.

True or False: NAWSA limited it membership to whites.

*True.* It did this in fear that an integrated campaign would compromise its efforts to get the vote. Black women, however, created their own associations. Ida B WElls inspired blacks women to mount a nationwide anti-lynching crusade and helped launch the black women's club movement.

True or False: The dissolution of the Northern Securities Company jolted Wall Street and angered big business.

*True.* It greatly enhanced TR's rep as a trust-smasher. He dared to challenge the most regal potentates of the industrial aristocracy -- Morgan and Hill.

True or False: McKinley declared war after Spain had agreed to end the reconcentration camps and signed an armistice with the Cuban rebels.

*True.* It was because he had little faith in Spain's oft-broken promises.

True or False: McKinley did not want hostilities.

*True.* Madrid had already gave in to the US' demands - an end to the reconcentration camps and an armistice with Cuban rebels. However, McKinley also did not want Spain to remain in possession of Cuba, or want a fully independent Cuba over which the US could exercise no control.

True or False: This was the first time the federal government had ever threatened force against the owners.

*True.* Never before had the government used federal force against capital rather than labor. On this note, TR attempted to fix the antagonization of Capital and Labor by making the Dept of Commerce and Labor, which was split in 1913, 10 years later. An arm was the Bureau of Corporations, which was useful in breaking the stranglehold of monopoly and clearing the road for the era of trust busting.

True or False: New health promoting precautions led to a measurable increase in life expectancy.

*True.* New scientific gains were reflected in improved public health. Revolutionary discoveries such as those by Pasteur and Lister left their imprint on America.

True or False: The Democrats failed to pass a resolution condemning the KKK.

*True.* They fell short one vote. Deadlocked for an unprecedented 102 ballots, the convention at last turned wearily towards famous, wealthy, and conservative lawyer John W Davis. The field was now wide-open for a liberal candidate. Bob La Folette sprang forwarfd to lead a new progressive party, gaining the endorsement of the AF of L and the support of the shrinking socialist party. Most importantly, he had the support of the penniless farmers.

True or False: By the last decades of the century most of the "old" European immigrants had been largely accepted as "American".

*True.* They had adjusted well to American life by building supportive ethnic organizations and melding into established farm communities or urban craft unions. Although many still lived, worked, and worshiped among their own, they were largely accepted as American by the native-born

True or False: The federal government did virtually nothing to ease the assimilation of immigrants into American society.

*True.* They only performed minimal checking to weed out criminals and the insane

True or False: The American Protective Association would support immigration restriction.

*True.* They were extremely nativist, and urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates. They would be happiest if no immigrants entered the country at all.

True or False: More couples were using birth control.

*True.* They were learning the methods so as not to have more children and therefore more mouths to feed.

True or False: After 1870 more and more states were making at least a grade school education compulsory.

*True.* This gain incidentally helped check the frightful abuses of child labor.

True or False: Many old line churches were slow to raise their voices against social and economic vices.

*True.* This reflected the wealth of their prosperous parishioners.

True or False: Settlement houses and the women's club movement introduced many middle class women to a broad array of urban problems.

*True.* This was especially important since this was a time in which women could neither vote nor hold political office. These problems included poverty, political corruption, and intolerable working and living conditions -- the houses gave them the skills and confidence to attack those evils.

True or False: The U.S. used much of its indemnity to educate a selected group of Chinese students in the United States.

*True.* Washington discovered that the original $24.5 million was more than enough to pay expenses and remitted about $18 million to be used for the education of the selected group of Chinese students - an initiative to further westernization

True or False: Taft had little of Roosevelt's zest for the fray.

*True.* While TR had led the conflicting elements of the Republican party by the sheer force of his personality, Taft had none of the arts of a dashing political leader and none of the zest.

True or False: More women began to attend college in the decades after the civil war.

*True.* Women's colleges such as Vassar were gaining ground, and universities open to both genders were blossoming, notably in the Midwest. By 1880 every third college graduate was a woman.

By 1900 how many American workers depended on wages? What did this result in?

*Two of every three* working Americans depended on wages. With dependence on wages came vulnerability to the swings of the economy and the whims of the employer.

Fill in the blank: ________________, not reconciliation was the treaty's dominant tone.

*Vengeance*. The Germans felt betrayed.

Define vertical integration, horizontal integration, trust, and interlocking directorates. Know the industrial leader who pioneered the use of each of the above terms.

*Vertical integration*, pioneered by *Carnegie*, *combined into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing.* (he *improved efficiency* by making supplies more reliable, controlling the quality of the product [*better and cheaper*] at all stages of production, and eliminating middlemen's fees) *[HONEST and ETHICAL]* *Horizontal integration*, pioneered by *Rockefeller*, was *allying with competitors [buying them out] to monopolize a given market*. A *trust*, also pioneered by Rockefeller, was a device for controlling bothersome rivals where *stockholders in smaller oil companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of his Standard Oil Company.* Then it consolidated and converted the operations of the previously competing enterprises. Weaker competitors, left out of the trust agreement, were forced to the wall. *[DISHONEST and UNETHICAL]* *Interlocking directorates*, pioneered by *Morgan*, consolidated rival enterprises and ensured future harmony by *placing officers of his own banking syndicate on their various boards of directors.*

Which segment of the population got the majority of the jobs created in the postwar period?

*Women* reaped the greatest rewards. More than ever, urban offices and shops provided a bonanza of employment for female workers. The majority of new jobs went to women as the service sector of the economy outgrew the industrial and manufacturing sectors.

What ended the Great Depression?

*World War II blazing forth in Europe solved the unemployment headache.*

Middle colonies

-NY Originally Dutch New Amsterdam [James Duke of York] -Pennsylvania founded by Penn as refuge for Quakers, very liberal, ,fair to natives, religiously tolerant, women's rights -diverse religious and ethnic diversity -colonial policy

What did George Washington warn in his *Farewell Address?*

Avoid permanent alliances (isolationism) Political parties are dangerous!

Darwin's theory split the religious community into two camps. Describe the different views held by the two camps.

A *conservative minority stood firmly behind the Scripture as the infallible word of god, condemning what they thought was the "bestial hypothesis" of the Darwinians.* Their rejection of scientific consensus spawned a muscular view of biblical authority that eventually gave rise to fundamentalism. Most religious thinkers, *"accommodationists," flatly refused to accept the Bible in its entirety as either history or science.* They feared that hostility toward evolution would alienate educated believers. They heralded Darwinism as a newer and grander revelation of the ways of the Almighty

What was the *Quartering Act?*

A 1765 act that said colonists must feed and house british soldiers

What was the *Stamp Act?*

A 1765 tax placed on legal documents and other items without the consent of the governed (Virtual Representation)

Define Bird of Passage.

A Bird of Passage is an immigrant who *never intended to become an American.* Rather, they were single men who worked in the US for several months/years and then *returned home with their money.* They made up some 25% of the nearly 20 million people who arrived between 1820 and 1900.

Who were the *Shakers?*

A celibate utopian society that believed in sexual equality

What did British attempts to assert tighter control over the colonies lead to?

A colonial independence movement and the Revolutionary war

In what year did the baby boom reach its peak?

It reached its peak in *1957* and was followed by a deepening birth dearth.

Know 2 other major contributions Roosevelt made that lasted beyond his presidency. Hint: All of the answers will come from the last paragraph in the section titled "The Rough Rider Thunders Out".

A contribution is *enlarging the power and prestige of the presidential office, masterfully developing the technique of using the big stick of publicity as a political bludgeon. Another is helping shape the progressive movement and beyond it the liberal reform campaigns later in the century* -- his Square deal was a grandfather of the New Deal. He also *opened the eyes of American sto the fact that they shared the world with other nations.* The biggest thing: he was the first person to involve the government in the average person's daily life. Anti lasseiz faire. Government is your friend!

What is the National Nominating Convention?

A convention in which the people pick their presidential nominee, allowing a greater degree of democracy

Give a criticism of the AAA.

A criticism is that it *resulted in the "sinful" destruction of food at a time when thousands of citizens were hungry*, increasing condemnation of the American economic system by many left-leaning voices. Mules were forced to ploy under young plants, and millions of pigs were killed, much of their meat distributed to people on relief but some used as fertilizer. *Paying the farmers not to farm actually increased unemployment*, at a time when other New Deal agreements sought to decrease it. It was also too late to have a large effect.

Who shot James Garfield?

A disappointed and mentally deranged office seeker named Charles J Guiteau shot President Garfield in the back in a Washington railroad station.

Who was *Edmund Genet?*

A french minister who tried to get Americans to support France

Define Muckraker.

A muckraker [negative nickname] was a bright young reporter nicknamed by TR who wrote pugnaciously and researched extensively for news, financed by their editors. They boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in american society.

What is *Transcendentalism?*

A philosophical movement of the 1820s/30s in reaction to the rapid industrialization/urbanization/immigration It said that people must escape the corruption of modern society and find truth in nature

Roosevelt Corollary

A policy of "preventive intervention" organized by Roosevelt. He announced that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin American nations, the US would intervene, take over the customshouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic. Because Latin America was in debt to European countries, Roosevelt feared that if the German or British got their foot in the door as bill collectors, they might remain in Latin America, in flagrant violation of the Monroe Doctrine. This became effective in 1905, when the US took over the management of tariff collections in the Dominican Republic

Who was Henry David Thoreau?

A transcendentalist who wrote "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience"

Name one other goal he had at the Paris Peace Conference.

Another goal was preventing any vengeful parceling out of the former colonies and protectorates of the vanquished powers.Wilson tried to force through a compromise between naked imperialism and Wilsonian idealism. The victors would not take possession of the territory outright, but would receive it as trustees of the League of Nations.

What is a "redeemer"?

A white democrat who reassumed political power in the south after the Republican regimes had collapsed from withdrawal of troops. They exercised their power ruthlessly, causing blacks who attempted to assert their rights to face unemployment, eviction, and physical harm.

What fraction of our nations' senators professed to favor the treaty?

About ⅘ of the senators did, with or without reservations, yet a simple majority could not agree on a single proposition. So strong was public indignation that the Senate brought up the treaty again, with the Lodge reservations tacked on. Unless the Senate approved the pact with the reservations, the entire document would be rejected.

Name one other country where Wilson sent leather necked U.S. marines.

Another was the *Dominican Republic* and the *Virgin Islands*, purchased from Denmark in the West Indies.

What was *Jay's Treaty?*

British areed to leave their forts, but American HATE because they already SAID THEY WOULD DO THAT IN THE TREATY OF PARIS. They would pay for damages but nothing was said about impressment or arming the Indians, and Americans would pay pre-revolution debts

How did the Germans initially respond to this naval blockade? Hint: Think February 15.

Britain controlled the sea-lanes, throwing a noose-tight blockage of mines and ships across the North Sea so that Germany couldn't pass but they still weren't violating international neutrality laws. *In February 1915, Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles. The submarine was so new that existing international law could not be made to fit it,* and they no longer had to stop and board a merchant man as laws stated. Berline officials declared that they would try not to sink neutral shipping, but mistakes would probably happen.

Dominion of New England

Britain's attempt to enforce the navigation acts but it was unpopular and overthrown by the glorious revolution

What did Russians do as Germans invaded?

Burn their cities

Sand Creek Massacre

CO militia attacked and killed Cheyanne Indians

Changes to Indians by Europeans [3]

CULTURAL: lost land, were assimilated ECONOMIC: land lost and altered DEMOGRAPHIC: decrease in population

Grant and Sherman

Capable generals with severe tactics (Grant takes heavy losses, Sherman destroys southern RR with his scorched earth policy)

How did Africans preserve their autonomy

Combined christianity with African religions and made maroon communities of runaway slaves

SYncretism

Combining of different societies, cultures, and traditions

What decision did congress finally make after the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk? Hint: Think merchant ships.

Congress, responding to public pressures and confronted with a shooting war, *voted in mid-Nov 1941 to pull the teeth from the now-useless Neutrality Act of 1939. Merchant ships could henceforth be legally armed, and they could enter the combat zones with Munitions for Britain*. Americans braced themselves for wholesale attacks by Hitler's submarines.

What is *Worcester v Georgia?*

Court case that said Cherokees can't be moved by the US gov Jackson ignores, enforces *Trail of Tears* 1836

Examples of slave resistance

Covert: work slow, break tools, fake sick Overt: Rebel sabotage

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divides south to 5 military districts to monitor federal law compliance and enforce election laws, suffrage to blacks NOT EX CONFEDERATES

Finish the sentence: Instead of depicting life as it ought to be lived or supposedly existed in times gone by, realism sought to...

Document contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its raw and raucous and sometimes even scandalous detail.

Describe Dollar Diplomacy.

Dollar Diplomacy was Taft's approach to foreign policy where he used the level of American investments to boost american political interests abroad. Washington encouraged Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the US, especially in the far east and regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. By preempting investors from rival powers such as Germany, NY bankers would thus strengthen American defenses and foreign policies while bringing further prosperity to America and themselves.

Confederacy War Policies

Don't raise taxes, print more money and cause inflation

How the Columbian Exchange revolutionized life

EUROPE: Increase in food (corn/potato) leading to pop growth, shift from feudalism to capitalism NATIVES: Diseases killed them, horses and guns helped hunting and warfare AFRICANS: Increase in slave trade

Describe the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Hint: Don't say this agency became a government lending bank. I need more than that.

Early in 1932 Congress, responding to Hoover's appeal to veto the Muscle Shoals Bill, this bill was established. *With an initial working capital of ½ a billion dollars, this agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state/local gov'ts.* But to preserve individualism and character, there would be no loans to individuals from this "billion dollar soup kitchen." "Pump priming" loans were beneficial to all, but were implemented too late for maximum usefulness. Its projects were self-liquidating and the gov't profited. Because giant corporations profited, it was called the "millionaire's dole."

Panic of 1873

Economic downturn and repub congress won't spend more money in Southern reconstruction (schools/freedmen's bureau)

Define the GI Bill of Rights.

Enacted partly out of fear that the employment markets would never be able to absorb 15 million returning veterans at war's end, this bill *made generous provisions for sending the former soldiers to school*. Most attended technical and vocational schools, but colleges and universities were crowded to the blackboards as more than 2 million ex-GIs arrived. The total eventually spend for education was some $14.5 billion in taxpayer dollars.

What COULDN'T the Articles do, leading to their failure and a call for a stronger central government?

Enforce laws [no legislative branch] Regulate trade Tax Draft Soldiers Needed 9/13 votes to pass laws and all states only got 1 vote

Eng v America

Eng: Superior military and economy, loyalists, weak government structure under Continental Congress Amer: Fought at home, guerrilla, resilient military and political leaders, ideological commitment, support from European allies [France]

Why was the War of 1812 declared?

England armed natives England violated US neutrality War Hawks in congress wanted it [land, honor, etc] Democratic Republicans were on France's side

SE

Ex Canocia Master maize farmers, huge trading network, absolute monarch, large towns, earthen mounds for spiritual sites

List 2 [5] factors that led WWII to being the best fought war in American history.

Factors included *the nation's relative preparedness from buckling on its armor about a year and a half before the war started*, its resourcefulness, toughness, and adaptability -- *it was able to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless*. Another factor was *American military leadership was of the highest order* as a new crop of war heroes emerged in brilliant Generals like Eisenhower, MacArthur, and Marshall and in admirals like Nimitz and Spruance. Another factor was *FDR and Prime Minister Churchill collaborating closely in planning strategy. Assembly lines* proved as important as battle lines - the enemy was almost literally smothered by bayonets, bullets, bazookas, and bombs. The American way of war was simply more -- more men, more weapons, more machines, more technology, and more money than any enemy could match.

True or False: Gompers and the AFL opposed the war.

False - they loyally supported it, though some smaller and more radical labor organizations like the Industrial Workers of the World, did not. The "I Won't Works" engineered some of the most damaging industrial sabotage. They were victims of some of the shabbiest working conditions in the country, beaten, arrested, or run out of town if they complained.

T/F: Emancipation for all blacks took place immediately following the emancipation proclamation

False! In the south, many people were confused about how "free" black people were, and their freeing was uneven and unsteady. Some southerners claimed that slavery was still legal until the supreme court made it illegal. Union armies would periodically free blacks, but they were often enslaved again after. Sometimes enslaved blacks escaped from Texas for freedom but were attacked and taunted with corpses.

True or False: The standard of living fell sharply during the era.

False. It rose sharply, and well fed American workers enjoyed *more physical comforts* than their counterparts in any other industrial nation.

True or False: The Interstate Commerce Act represented a popular victory over corporate wealth.

False. One of the leading corporation lawyers of the Day, Richard Olney, shrewdly noted that the new commission "can be made of great use to the railroads. It satisfies the popular clamor for a government supervision of railroads, at the same time that *such supervision is almost entirely nominal... *the part of wisdom is not to destroy the Commission, but to utilize it." However, this isn't so unexpected : the Act tended to *stabilize, not revolutionize*, the existing business system.

True or False: Few workers were killed in the building of the Transcontinental Railroad.

False. Scores of people, including both Irish railroad workers and Indians, died when the *Indians attacked* in futile efforts to protect what once rightfully had been their land. Hundreds of Chinese laborers died in *premature explosions* and other mishaps.

True or False: America was the first country to grant women the right to vote.

False. Although its individual states allowed women suffrage early on, it was only after other countries such as Britain granted women the right to vote that the USA as a whole did.

True or False: Union membership shrank during WWI.

False. At war's end, the AF of L had more than doubled its membership to over 3 million, and real wages in the most heavily unionized sectors (coal, manufacturing, transportation) had risen 20%+ over prewar levels.

True or False: The Germans were included in the negotiations at Paris.

False. Excluded from the negotiations, Germany had capitulated in the hope that it would be granted a peace based on the Fourteen Points.

True or False: America was the arsenal of democracy in WWI.

False. General Pershing in some ways depended more on the Allies than they did on him. His army purchased more supplies from Europe than it shipped from the USA, all of his aircraft were provided by the British and French, and those countries transported a majority of the doughboys to Europe.

True or False: Warren G. Harding was against the League of Nations.

False. He issued muddled and contradictory statements on the issue from his front porch so both pro and anti-league people claimed that Harding's election would advance their cause. He suggested that if elected he would for for a vague Association of Nations -- a league but not the league.

True or False: The McKinley Tariff helped the Republicans gain even more support from farmers in the south and west.

False. It brought fresh woes to farmers as debt burdened farmers had no choice but to buy manufactured goods from high-priced protected American industrialists, but were compelled to sell their own agricultural products into highly competitive, unprotected world markets. Many rural voters rose in wrath.

True or False: Bankruptcy was rare for farmers.

False. It fell like a blight on the farm belts. The static money supply caused a deflationary pinch for the debtor -- there were not enough dollars to go around and prices were forced down. They were caught on a treadmill: they operated year after year at a loss, plus their farm machinery increased their output of grain, lowering the price of grain, and driving them deeper into debt. Mortgages with ruinous interest rates also engulfed homesteads. By 1880 ¼ of all American farms were operated by tenants.

True or False: Labor now held a position equal to that of capital.

False. Management still held the whip-hand, and several decades were to pass before that happened.

True or false: Both sides showed great respect for Native American culture.

False. Neither side showed much respect for the culture. Christian reformers, who often administered educational facilities on the reservations, sometimes withheld food to force the Indians to give up their religions and assimilate.

True or False: Most pioneer families got their land from the government via the Homestead Act.

False. Of the half a million families that got land from the act, five times that many families purchased their land from the railroads, the land companies, or the states.

True or False: Strikes were rare during WWI.

False. Some 6,000 strikes, many stained by blood, broke out in the war years.

True or False: Political corruption was confined to the south.

False. The crimes of the Reconstruction governments weren't any worse than the scams and felonies in the North that happened at the same time, especially in Boss Tweed's New York.

True or False: Large riots occurred in opposition to the draft.

False. The draft machinery, on the whole, worked effectively and registration day was a day of patriotic pilgrimages to flag-draped registration centers. However, some 337,000 "slackers" escaped the draft, and about 4,000 conscientious objectors were excused.

True or False: American forces made major contributions on the battlefield.

False. They had only fought 2 major battles, at St Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne, both in the last 2 months of the 4 year war, and they were still grinding away in the Meuse-Argonne, well short of their objectives, when the war ended. It was the prospect of endless US troop reserves, rather than America's actual military performance, that eventually demoralized the Germans.

Know which of these two African Americans would match the following; Founder of the NAACP, a former slave, founded Tuskegee institute, and challenged segregation.

Founder of NAACP: Du Bois Former Slave: Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute: Washington Challenged segregation: Du Bois

1607 - 1754

Founding of Jamestown French and Indian War Start

List 4 [8] amusements that were popular during the era. Do not use the answers for question 83.

Four amusements include the *legitimate stage* flourishing, *Vaudeville* which continued to be popular with its jokes and acrobats, southern *Minstrel Shows* now performed by black singers rather than black-faced whites, the *Circus* which emerged full-blown by Barnum and Bailey, *"Wild West Shows"* which were even more distinctively american, *Baseball* which spread rapidly and became wildly popular, *spectator sports* rather than participative sports like football, and *pugilism* such as boxing.

Give 4 examples of how bosses helped out these needy immigrants. These do not need to be long answers.

Four examples are *finding housing* for new arrivals, *tiding over the needy* with gifts of food and clothing, *patching up minor scrapes with the law*, and helping get *schools, parks, and hospitals built* in immigrant neighborhoods. However, they only did this in return for the immigrants' support at the polls.

Give 4 examples of industries or new jobs that boomed as a result of the car.

Four examples are *industries of rubber, glass, and fabrics, highway construction, service stations and garages, and the petroleum industry.* America's standard of living rose to an enviable level. *Speedy marketing of perishable foodstuffs increased, and a new prosperity enriched outlying farms.*

Give 4 factors that led to American intervention on behalf of the Cuban revolutionaries. Hint: None of these need to be terribly long, one should deal with Hearst and Pulitzer, and another should involve Dupuy De Lome.

Four factors are American business had an *investment stake of about $50 million in Cuba and an annual trade stake of about $100 million that could be lost by revolutionary upheaval,* the nation that controlled Cuba also *controlled the much-anticipated Gulf of Mexico and Panama Canal*, Hearst and Pulitzers' *"yellow journalism" that both reported and invented stories about the atrocities [concentration camps]* in Cuba (want war for $), (they sent Remington to draw sketches who realized that it wasn't so bad) and the publicization of a letter by Dupuy de Lome by Hearst that described McKinley in unflattering terms [We won't keep promises if McKinley doesn't - we can't trust him], forcing his resignation and further infuriating America.

List 4 factors that helped cause the Dust Bowl. Hint: 2 of them need to be caused by the human hand.

Four factors include a 1933 *prolonged drought striking the states of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains along with wind*. A third is *high grain prices during WWI enticed farmers to bring countless acres of marginal [too dry to be successful] land under cultivation.* Worse, *dry-farming techniques and mechanization had revolutionized Great Plains agriculture. The steam tractor and disk plow* tore up more sod than oxen every could, leaving a powdery topsoil.

Know 4 factors that helped create this miraculous industrial expansion between 1860 and 1894.

Four factors include the *increasing abundance of liquid capital* [more money to spend], [OR] *investors from abroad loaning more money to the United States* in the US in the post war period than any country had previously received, Europeans (Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland) *owning all or part* of an American business, *Innovations in transportation* which brought *abundant natural resources* like coal, oil, and iron to the factory door, The *American system of manufacture* which introduced mass production methods that no longer required skilled workers, *New inventions* transformed America and created new industries, therefore creating more jobs

Know 4 [6]factors that helped create the prosperity of the 20's. Hint: At least 2 of the answers must come from the first paragraph in the section titled "The Mass Consumption Economy".

Four factors included *the good economy from 1921-1928, the recent war and Treasury Secretary Mellon's tax policies favoring the rapid expansion of capital investment, ingenious machines powered by relatively cheap energy increasing the productivity of the laborer, the near perfection of assembly-line production, the sprouting of great new industries such as electrical power for new machines, and the automobile.*

List 4 [7] inventions that helped transform America.

Four inventions are the cash register, the stock ticker, the typewriter, the refrigerator car, The electric dynamo, and the electric railway. Also the telephone

Name 4 other groups that benefited from progressive legislation that was passed during Wilson's term.

Four other groups were *laborers*, who made gains as the progressive waves moved forward and benefitted from the Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916 (assistance to federal civil service employees during periods of disability), *sailors*, who were once treated brutally and now were given relief by the La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915 (decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships), *child workers*, who benefitted when child labor was restricted on products flowing into interstate commerce, and *railroad workers* when the Adamson Act of 1916 established an 8 hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime

Name 4 prominent writers, painters, or musicians that were part of the Harlem Renaissance.

Four prominent members of the Harlem Renaissance included the *writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston*, and the *jazz artists like Louis Armstrong and Eubie Blake*.

List 4 services provided by settlement houses like Hull House.

Four services include *offering instruction in English*, *counseling* to help newcomers cope with American big city life, *child-care services* for working mothers, and *cultural activities* for neighborhood residents.

What is Webster's 2nd Reply to Hayne?

He promoted nationalism over sectionalism

Why had he killed him?

Guiteau killed Garfield because Guiteau was a Stalwart, and now the Stalwart henchman of a vice president, Chester A Arthur, would become president. The implication was that now the Conklingites would all get good jobs.

What was probably Hanna's strongest ally and Bryan's worst enemy? A one-word answer will work but leave space as I will add more in class.

Hanna's ally and Bryan's enemy was fear. Republican businessmen made contracts with manufacturers that would only happen depending on the election of McKinley. Factory owners paid off their workers and told them not to come back to work if Bryan won. Employers threatened to pay their employees in 50 cent pieces, not dollars, if Bryan won. Bryan lost.

What was the *Northwest Ordinance of 1787?*

It set up a system for territories to enter the union as new states, banning slavery in NW territory above the Ohio River

What was Stalin's chief goal at the conclusion of WWII?

He aimed above all to *guarantee the security of the Soviet Union*. The USSR had twice in the 20th century been stabbed by attacks across Eastern Europe. Stalin made it clear from the outset of the war that *he was determined to have friendly governments along the Soviet western border, especially in Poland*. By maintaining an extensive Soviet Sphere of influence in Eastern and Central Europe, the USSR could *protect itself and consolidate its revolutionary base as the world's leading communist country*. To Americans, spheres of influence seemed like an empire.

What did Mark Hanna believe was the prime function of government?

He believed the prime function was aiding business, a Hamiltonian belief. He believed in some measure that prosperity trickled down to the laborer. Critics assailed this idea as equivalent to feeding the horses in order to feed the sparrows.

What did William Jennings Bryan claim was the paramount issue in the election of 1900?

He claimed the issue was *Republican overseas imperialism.*

Why did FDR decide to run for a third term?

He decided to run against the liberal Willkie despite what he described as his personal yearning for retirement along with precedent because he *avowed that in so grave a crisis he owed his experienced hand to the service of his country and humanity*.

How did Jacob Coxey believe the government could relieve unemployment?

He demanded the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program, supported by some $500 million is legal tender notes to be issued by the Treasury. [He named his baby LEGAL TENDER.] The "Commonweal Army" of Coxeyites went into the nation's capital, but was arrested for walking on the grass.

What were Roosevelt's definitions of both "good" and "bad" trusts?

He determined that there were *"good" trusts, with public consciences, and "bad" trusts, which lusted greedily for power.* He was determined to respond to the popular outcry against the trusts but was also determined not to throw out the baby with the bathwater by indiscriminately smashing all large businesses.

Why did Harding, after much indecision, seize the initiative on disarmament?

He did because *he was prodded by businesspeople unwilling to dig deeper into their pockets for money to finance the ambitious naval building program started during the war. A deadly contest was shaping with Britain and Japan, which watched with alarm as the oceans filled with American vessels*. America claimed that the US would soon overtake Britain's great navy.

Why did W.E.B. Du Bois criticize Washington as an "Uncle Tom"?

He did because Washington was condemning blacks to manual labor and perpetual inferiority.

Why did Roosevelt encourage the Panamanians to revolt against Columbia?

He did because the Colombian Senate rejected an American offer of $10 million and annual payment of $250,000 for a 6 mile wide zone across Panama, frustrating Roosevelt's ambitions.

Why did Roosevelt receive the vice-presidential nomination? Hint: Think New York Political bosses.

He did because the New York Political Bosses found him headstrong and difficult to manage as the governor of NY and decided to kick him upstairs into the vice presidency.

Why did Wilson decide to make a speechmaking tour? Hint: This does not need to be a long answer - a sentence will do.

He did because the bulky treaty was bogged down in the Senate, while the nation was drifting into confusion and apathy. He decided to take his case to the country, appealing over the heads of the Senate to the sovereign people. He said he was willing to die, like the soldiers he had sent into battle, for the sake of the new world order.

How did Roosevelt help end the 1902 coal strike?

He did by *summoning representatives of the striking miners and the mine owners* to the White House. He then *threatened to seize the mines and operate them with federal troops, and owners grudgingly consented to arbitration.*

How did Cleveland disrupt his party at the very outset of his term?

He disrupted it by using his job-granting power to break William Jennings Bryan's Silver Supporting filibuster in the Senate. He thus alienated the Democratic silverites like Bryan.

Overall, what was John Marshall's court like?

He dramatically increased power of the federal government

What was *Hamilton's Financial Plan?*

He wanted a program to pay of debt and develop manufacturing *1. Pay state debts with Assumption Plan* (good for N, bad for S), paid new holders, not original holders *2. Have high tariffs and excise taxes* on specific, luxury items like whiskey (protect industry, raise revenue to pay debt) *3. Create a National Bank* Create a stable, healthy economy. Can we do this?? Loose says yes, strict says no

What was foreign policy like under Adams?

He wanted to avoid war with France and sent US diplomats to Paris, leading to the XYZ affair

Name the blustery and profane commander of America's armored divisions that were began making spectacular lunges across France.

He was *General George S. "Blood 'n' Guts" Patton*. The allied beachhead, at first clung to with fingertips, was gradually enlarged, consolidated, and reinforced. After desperate fighting, the invaders finally broke out of the German iron ring that enclosed the normandy landing zone. With the assistance of the French "underground," Paris was liberated in August 19444 amid manifestations of joy and gratitude.

Why was Hoover opposed to giving out government handouts? Hint: Don't say because he believed in "rugged individualism".

He was distressed by the misery, but he was *deeply enrooted in an earlier era of free enterprise* and shrank from the heresy of government handouts. *He was convinced that industry, thrift, and self-reliance were the virtues that had made America great, fearing that a government doling out doles would weaken or destroy the national fiber.*

Why was McKinley hesitant to give the Filipinos their independence? 2 reasons

He was hesitant because if Filipinos freely governed themselves, there'd be *anarchy.* One of the *major powers* like Germany or Japan then might try to seize them, sucking the US into a major war. Seemingly the best idea for national honor and safety was to acquire all the Philippines and then maybe give them *freedom later.* He also did not want the *return of Spanish misrule.*

Was JQA a good president?

He was ok, but never had much support with the charges of corruption that hung over him He was a great secretary of state though

What made him so popular? Good luck.

He was popular because he was the first to *fly solo from west to east* over the Atlantic, from NY to Paris. Americans were fed up with the cynicism and debunking of the jazz age, *viewing the wholesome and handsome youth as a genuine hero*. He dramatized and popularized flying, while giving a strong boost to the infant aviation industry.

Why was he sent to jail for 11 years?

He was sent to jail for *income-tax evasion* (falsifying his income-tax returns), and emerged a syphilitic wreck.

What was Wilson's final solution for ending the deadlock on the treaty?

He was set on this solution, explaining why he refused to compromise with Lodge. His final solution was to *settle the treaty issue in the forthcoming presidential campaign of 1920 by appealing to the people for a "solemn referendum."* This was sheer folly, for a true mandate on the League in the noisy arena of politics was an impossibility.

Why was FDR referred to as the "forgotten man" of the Democratic convention?

He was the "indispensable man" of the Democrats, up against Dewey and VP Bricker -- their platform called for an unstinted prosecution of the war and the creation of a new international organization to maintain peace. No other figure was available, and the war was grinding to its finale. He was also the forgotten man *because in view of his age, an unusual amount of attention was focused on the vice presidency*. The VP was Harry Truman of Missouri -- no one had much against him or on him.

What was Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference?

His ultimate goal was a world parliament to be known as the League of Nations

Why would going off of the gold standard be very bad for America?

It would be very bad because doing that would render the nation's currency volatile and unreliable as a measure of value and that would also mortally cripple America's international trade.

What was the *Anapolis Convention?*

In 1786 when 5 states discussed trade and commerce, agreeing to meet in Philly in 1 year

What was the *Constitutional Convention?*

In 1787 where 55 delegates intended to revise the Articles but just got ride of them and made a stronger central government

What additional bad news came on the heels of China's fall to communism?

It came in September 1949 when *President Truman announced that the Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb, which was approximately three years earlier than many experts had thought possible*. American strategists since 1945 had counted on keeping the Soviets in line by threats of a one-sided aerial attack with nuclear weapons, but now atomic bombing was a game two could play. Truman ordered the development of the "H-bomb" or hydrogen bomb, a city-smashing thermonuclear weapon 1000x more powerful than the atomic bomb.

Describe the new national culture

It combined american elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities

List 3 actions taken by the Democratic administration to forestall an economic downturn.

It *sold factories and other government installations to private businesses at fire-sale prices*, and it *secured passage of the Employment Act of 1946 making it government policy to "promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power."* It created a 3 member Council of Economic Advisors to provide the president with the data and the recommendations to make that policy a reality. Most dramatic was the passage of the *Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, better known as the GI Bill of Rights or GI Bill.*

What was the *Embargo Act of 1807?*

It banned all US trade with foreign nations, plummeting the economy and contributing to the Industrial Revolution in NE It was in response to violations of America's neutrality

How did the Wilson-Gorman tariff help prove to Populists the courts were merely the tools of plutocrats?

It proved this because the Wilson Gorman tariff only slightly lowered tariffs, and the income tax that it established was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1895 as it violated the direct act clause. It did not work because Cleveland and others did not like it.

List the first part of the 14th Amendment.

It conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding the franchise, on the freedmen.

How did the Supreme Court later undermine this act?

It declared that the 14th amendment prohibited only government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals, and stated the act was unconstitutional.

How did the panic of 1893 strengthen the Populist Party? Good luck.

It did by strengthening their argument that farmers and laborers alike were being victimized by an oppressive economic and political system. Armies of the unemployed began marching to protest their plight. The Populists say the hordes of displaced industrial toilers as potential political allies.

Why does the Interstate Commerce Act still rank as a red-letter [very important] law?

It does because it was the *first large scale attempt by Washington to regulate business in the interest of society at large*. It heralded the arrival of a series of independent regulatory commissions in the next century, which would commit the government to the daunting task of monitoring and guiding the private economy

How did the Louisiana Purchase effect America?

It doubled the size and supported Jefferson's vision of an agrarian society

Why did the NRA eventually fail?

It failed because *too much self-sacrifice was expected of labor, industry, and the public for such a scheme to work*. An age of chiselry dawned as certain businesspeople (chiselers) displayed the bird in their windows but secretly violated the codes. The eagle was shot down in the Schechter "sick chicken" decision -- Congress could not "delegate legislative powers" to the executive, and congressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to a local fowl business.

What was *Shay's Rebellion?*

It followed the economic postwar depression in which farmers were hit hard. Shay led farmers in Massachusetts, demanding lower taxes, no foreclosures, paper money, and stop prisoning people for debt *CALL FOR STRONGER CENTRAL GOVERNMENT*

What did the Truman Doctrine do to what two countries? And how did America feel post-WWII?

It gave $400+ million to bolster the defense of Greece and Turkey. We think Europe needs our help after WWII

List 2 effects the baby boom generation had on the American economy. Hint: There are way more than 2.

It had many effects. As *toddlers in the 1940s and 1950s they made up a lucrative market for manufacturers of canned food and other baby products*. As *teenagers in the 1960s, they spent $20 billion a year on clothes and recorded rock music*. In the 1970s the consumer tastes of the boomers changes again, and the *most popular jeans maker began marketing pants with a fuller cut* for the former kids. In the *1980s, the boomers jostled one another in the job market*, struggling to get a foothold on the ladder of social mobility. There was a *second boom in the 90s* due to their amount. They will continue to ripple in the 21st century, placing enormous *strains on the Social Security system*.

How did the Haymarket Square incident help ruin the Knights of Labor?

It helped by associating the Knights of Labor with Anarchists in the public mind. During a labor disorder *organized by the Knights* on May 4 1886, a bomb killed several dozen people in Chicago. It blew the props from under the group.

How did his attempt to "pack" the court hurt both FDR and the New Deal in the long run?

It hurt because *he so aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress that few New Deal reforms were passed after 1937*, the year of the fight to "pack" the bench. With this catastrophic miscalculation, he *squandered much of the political goodwill that had carried him to such a resounding victory* in the 1936 election.

How much did life expectancy increase between the years 1901 and 1929?

It increased from *50 years in 1901 to 59 years in 1929*, thanks to the wiping out of hookworm, better nutrition, and health care

What was the most controversial aspect of the TVA? Do not answer this question. I will answer it in class.

It is "creeping socialism" in disguise! Now, the government is competing with private companies which is unfair-- the gov't doesn't need to make a profit or pay any taxes! They're running private companies out of business!

What is *trancendentalism?*

It is an 1830s movement that encouraged communication with God and Nature

What is a "Buffalo Soldier"? This answer can be brief.

It is an African American soldier, which made up ⅕ of the US Army personnel on the frontier. They called them this because their hair looked like bison fur.

When is D-Day?

It is on *June 6, 1944*, the day the enormous operation which involved ~4600 vessels unwound. Stiff resistance was encountered from the Germans who were misled into expecting the blow farther north. The Allies already achieved mastery of the air over France and blocked reinforcements by crippling the railroads, while worsening German fuel shortages by bombing gasoline-producing plants.

What was the *Tea Act?*

It made tea a monopoly for the British East India Company and actually made that type of tea cheaper than American tea

What was the *Quebec Act?*

It made the boundary into the Ohio Valley, and was Roman Catholic in which Gov was representative assembly and there was no trial by jury. Colonists DESERVED this land and were *PISSED*

How did agriculture change Native Americans?

It made them less nomadic and more sedentary, as villages developed around fields and they planted the 3 sister crops. It also resulted in social stratification as labor was divided

What was the Proclamation Act of 1763?

It prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains, to the colonists' anger

What was Gag Order?

It prohibited the introduction of abolitionist bills in the House of Reps

What aspect of the Underwood Tariff makes it a landmark in tax legislation?

It substantially reduced import fees. *Under authority granted by the recently ratified 16th Amendment, Congress enacted a graduated income tax, beginning with a modest levy on incomes over $3,000*. That was considerably higher than the average family's income, and by 1917 revenue from the tax shot ahead of receipts from the tariff.

How long did it take Roosevelt to recognize the independence of Panama?

It took him *three days*

Which candidate was pushing for a vigorous enforcement of the antitrust laws.

It was *Wilson.* This gave voters not only a choice concerning policies but one also including political and economic philosophies.

Which of the 14 points was considered the capstone point?

It was *number 14, which foreshadowed the League of Nations, an international organization that Wilson dreamed would provide a system of collective security*. He prayed that this new scheme would effectively guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all countries, large or small, along with preventing big wars

How was the red scare a godsend to conservative business people?

It was *they used it to break the backs of the fledgling unions*. Labor's call for the closed/all-union shop was denounced as "Sovietism in disguise." Employers hailed their own campaign for the open shop, the *American plan*.

What was the *Declaratory Act?*

It was England letting us know that even though they repealed the Stamp Act, they still have power over the colonies!! And guess what, Charles Townshend is the new Chancellor!

Describe New Nationalism.

It was TR's ideal, inspired by Croly and his The Promises of American Life. Roosevelt wanted *continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions, paralleled by the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington*. He also campaigned for *women's suffrage and a broad program of social welfare*, including minimum wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance.

Define New Freedom.

It was Wilson's ideal, which *favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship and the free functioning of unregulated and non monopolized markets*. Democrats *shunned social-welfare proposals and wanted competition*. The keynote of Wilson's campaign was *fragmentation of the big industrial combines.*

What was the Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine?

It was a *policy of "preventive intervention" organized by Roosevelt. He announced that in the event of future financial malfeasance by the Latin American nations, the US would intervene, take over the customshouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome Europeans on the other side of the Atlantic.* Because Latin America was in debt to European countries, Roosevelt feared that if the German or British got their foot in the door as bill collectors, they might remain in Latin America, in flagrant violation of the Monroe Doctrine. This became effective in 1905, when the US took over the management of tariff collections in the Dominican Republic

How did the Homestead Act and its 160 acres often turn out to be cruel hoax for many westward moving pioneers?

It was a hoax because the standard 160 acres, quite adequate in the well-watered Mississippi basin, frequently proved inadequate on the rain-scarce Great Plains. Thousands of homesteaders (maybe ⅔) were forced to give up the struggle against drought.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

It was an 1882 act that prohibited nearly all further immigration from China, keeping the doors shut until 1943. Some exclusionists even tried to strip native born chinese americans of their citizenship, but they constitutionally had gained it thru the 14th amendment.

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

It was an act that supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. Much of the act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Civil Rights Cases in 1883.

What was the "Gentlemen's Agreement"?

It was an agreement where *Tokyo agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American mainland by withholding passports in exchange for the Californians to repeal the offensive school order.*

How was this invasion seen a proof of the "containment doctrine"?

It was because it showed that *even a slight relaxation of America's guard was an invitation to communist aggression somewhere*.

Why did textile mills prove to be a mixed blessing for the economically blighted south?

It was because they slowly wove an industrial thread into the fabric of southern life, but at a human cost. *Cheap labor* was the south's major attraction for potential investors, and keeping labor cheap became almost a religion among southern industrialists. Rural southerners worked from *dawn to dusk*, were *paid at half the rate* of their northern counterparts, and often received their *compensation in the form of credit* at a company store, to which they were habitually in debt. SCHRUTE BUCKS The whole industry depended on *cheap labor* and was therefore very *anti-labor, pro-management.* It gave southerners little say in their jobs Northern capitalists had erected cotton mills in the South in response to Tax benefits and the prospect of cheap non-unionized labor

What is buying stocks "on margin"?

It was buying stocks *with a small down payment*. Little was done by Washington to curb money-mad speculators. The national debt had rocketed during the wartime days of Wilson. However, a Bureau of the Budget was made by a Republican congress.

Why was it essential to get Germany first?

It was essential because *if Japan was attacked first, Hitler might crush the Soviet Union and Britain, becoming unconquerable in Fortress Europe. If instead Germany was knocked out first, the combined Allied forces could be concentrated on Japan, and its daring game of conquest would be up*. It encountered much ignorant criticism from Americans who wanted revenge.

How would building the canal benefit America? I need 2 reasons.

It would benefit America by *augmenting the strength of the navy by increasing its mobility*, and it would *make easier the defense of such recent acquisitions as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines*, while *facilitating the operations of the US merchant marine*.

Why was it essential for the allies to gain the upper hand against the U-boat and win the Battle of the Atlantic?

It was essential because of Hitler's initial success in the pacific with his ultramodern submarine wolfpacks. The tide of subsea battle turned with agonizing slowness, but old techniques like escorting merchant vessels and dropping depth bombs from destroyers were strengthened by air patrol, the new radar technology, and bombing submarine bases. If they had not won the Battle of the Atlantic, *Britain would have been forced under with their supply lines cut, and a second front could not have been launched from its island springboard*.

Even though the Sherman Act was largely ineffective why was it an important piece of legislation?

It was important because it had written a *revolutionary new principle* into the law books, and for the first time the* iron grip of monopolistic corporations was being threatened*. *Private greed should be subordinated to public need.*

What was the *Boston Massacre?*

It was in 1770 when British Troops killed 5 colonists after being assaulted with snow rocks Paul Revere made a propaganda engraving based on this, but *John Adams* defended the soldiers against a murder charge

How did mining play a vital role in conquering the continent?

It was magnet-like, attracting population and wealth while advertising the wonders of the Wild West.

Why was it more difficult for Cleveland than previous presidents to battle for pension reform?

It was more difficult because Cleveland was both a democrat and non veteran who had no experience or business in war pension reform, even though pension was being awarded to people who had no business receiving it either (deserters, bounty jumpers, men who never served, and former soldiers who had acquired unrelated disabilities). However, he read each bill carefully, vetoed several hundred of them, and penned individual veto messages for Congress.

Where was prohibition unpopular?

It was popular in the South and West, but unpopular in *larger eastern cities*. Old world styles of sociability were built around drinking in beer gardens and corner taverns.

Why was the Maine sent to Cuba? Don't say for a friendly visit.

It was sent to protect and evacuate Americans if a dangerous flare-up should occur and to demonstrate Washington's concern for the island's stability.

What was the most damning indictment of the New Deal?

It was that *it failed to cure the depression*. It had merely administered aspirin, sedatives, and band-aids. Many economists came to believe that better results could have been achieved by much greater deficit spending.

What was the main criticism of our insistence that we would only accept Germany's unconditional surrender?

It was that it *steeled the enemy to fight to a last-bunker resistance, while discouraging antiwar groups in Germany from revolting*. However, no one can prove if this shortened or lengthened the war.

Which of the above "alphabetical" agencies was designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency of 1933? The agency was often criticized for the type of work it created.

It was the *Civil Works Administration*

Name the act passed by congress to implement that law.

It was the *Volstead Act*. Together these laws made the world "safe for hypocrisy."

What was Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"?

It was the *doctrine he proclaimed in response to the splitting of the Republican party, urging the national government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses.* Roosevelt began to change his views about third terms as he saw Taft, hand in glove with the hated Old Guard, discard "my policies." A taft-roosevelt explosion was near in June 1912, when the Republican convention met in Chicago and Rooseveltites were short 100 delegates of the nomination. They challenged the right of 250 Taft delegates to their seats, arbitrarily settled in favor of Taft whose supporters were incontrol. Rooseveltians cried fraud and theft, refused to vote, and Taft won.

In the United States, what was the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles?

It was the *liberation of millions of minority peoples, such as the Poles, from the yoke of imperial dynasties.* Wilson's disappointments and his critics to the contrary, the settlement was almost certainly a fairer one because he had gone to Paris.

What undercut the League of Nation's from the start?

It was the *refusal of the mightiest power, America, to join it*. The Allies themselves were largely to blame, but also blamed America. THe complicated pact, tied in with 4 other peace treaties through the League Covenant, was a top heavy table with a missing leg -- America.

What was the triple wall of privilege that Wilson planned to assault?

It was the *tariff, the banks, and the trusts*. He had a clear program and it was destined to be achieved.

What amendment banned alcohol in the United States?

It was the 1919 *Eighteenth Amendment*

What was the *Quasi War?*

It was the undeclared naval war between France and the US

What was the real heart of the progressive movement?

It was to *use government as an agency of human welfare.*

What was the *Stamp Act Congress*

It was when 9 colonial representatives met up to oppose British policies and a large move toward inter-colonial unity

What was the "Crime of 73"?

It was when the Treasury declared an ounce of silver to be worth only 1/16 as much as an ounce of gold, and dropped the coinage of silver dollars in 1873. Westerners and debtors were outraged.

How did marriage shift in this time?

It went from arranged to based on love, aka *Republican Marriage* or *companionate ma Power and property were still in the hands of the husband

What two acts did Madison pass when he became president in 1809?

NON-INTERCOURSE: US can trade with everyone but France and England MARON's BILL: US ends embargo if a country respects our neutrality and freedom of the sea

List 2 other government agencies that imitated Hoover's methods.

One agency was the *Fuel Administration* which exhorted Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays," "lightless nights," and "gasless Sundays." Another was the *Treasury Department* who sponsored huge parades and slogans like "Halt the Hun" to promote 4 great LIberty Loan drives, followed by a Victory Loan campaign in 1919.

Give 2 examples forceful federal government actions to help organize or support the war effort

One example was the *War Industries Board issuing production quotas, allocating raw materials, and setting prices for government purchases*. Another was *Washington taking over the RR*s. America controlled time itself when the entire country was ordered to observe *daylight savings time* to extend the workday and save on fuel.

Give one example of how attitudes towards organized labor were beginning to change.

One example was the public beginning to concede the right of workers to organize, to bargain collectively, and to strike. *Labor day* was made a legal holiday by act of congress in 1894.

Give the 2 reasons Americans grew increasingly alarmed by the European vivisection of China.

One reason was worry concerning the *missionary strongholds of the churches*, and another was *merchants feared that Europeans would monopolize Chinese markets.* The american public demanded that Washington do something!

Hudson River School

Nationalist landscape paintings, implying nature is a great source of wisdom/inspiration

Things Indians/Europeans adopted from each otherr

Natives got tech like guns and horses Europeans got agricultural techniques

Name one method used by railroad moguls to manipulate the public.

One method was *"stock watering"* in which stock promoters *grossly inflated their claims* about a given line's assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds *far in excess of the railroad's actual value*, gaining "promoters' profits." Railroad managers had to charge *extortionate rates* and wage ruthless competitive battles in order to pay off the exaggerated financial obligations with which they were saddled.

Name 4 authors. After each name list the name of one of their books (preferably the one that is the most well known).

One author is the realistic *William Dean Howells* who wrote The Rise of Silas Lapham in 1855, *Mark Twain* who wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884, *Henry James* [psychological realism] who wrote The Portrait of A Lady in 1881, *Edith Wharton* [verged on naturalism] who wrote The House of Mirth in 1905, *Stephen Crane* , the naturalist, who wrote The Red Badge of Courage in 1895, *Jack London* who wrote The Call of the Wild in 1903, *Frank Norris* who wrote The Octopus in 1901, *Theodore Dreiser* who wrote Sister Carrie, The regionalist *Harte* who wrote The Luck of Roaring Camp in 1868, *Paul Lawrence Dunbar* who wrote Lyrics of Lowly Life in 1896, *Charles W Chesnutt* who wrote short stories, *Kate Chopin* who wrote The Awakening in 1899, *Henry Adams* who wrote The Education of Henry Adams in 1907

Give one reason members of the middle class were deaf to the outcry of the workers.

One reason was they were annoyed by recurrent strikes. *American wages were the highest in the world. The strikes seemed socialistic and unpatriotic, like an import from a foreign country*

Describe one of the 2 acts passed to help out the nation's farmers.

One act was the *Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916* which made credit available to farmers at low rates of interests. Another was the *Warehouse Act of 1916* that authorized loans on the security of staple crops. [All were populist ideas!] Other laws benefitted rural America by providing for highway construction and the establishment of agricultural extension work in the state colleges.

Give one action taken by Cleveland that helped narrow the old north-south chasm.

One action is Cleveland naming to his cabinet two former confederates.

List one action taken by Japan that could have triggered war with the United States. Hint: Do not say the invasion of China. Find something else.

One action is the *December 1937 bombing and sinking of American gunboat Panay by Japanese aviators* in Chinese waters -- two were killed and 30 were wounded. Tokyo apologized and paid an indemnity to prevent war, but Japanese militarists subjected American civilians in China to slappings and strippings.

Know the 2 actions taken by Wilson to secure passage of the Underwood Tariff.

One action was *appearing in person before a joint session of Congress and presenting his appeal eloquently and effectively [instead of a board clerk -- he broke precedent!!]*. Another action was *issuing a combative message to the people, urging them to hold their elected representatives in line.* He did this *in response to a swarm of lobbyists seeking to disembowel the bill in the senate*, and the tactic worked -- the force of public opinion, aroused by the president's oratory, secured late in 1913 final approval of the bill Wilson wanted.

Name or describe 2 actions taken belatedly by Wilson to prepare for war. These do not need to be long or detailed. Brief is good.

One action was *creating a civilian Council of National defense to study problems of economic mobilization*. Another was *launching a shipbuilding program* (as much to capture the belligerents' war-disrupted foreign trade as to anticipate America's possible entry into the war)/ He also *endorsed a modest beefing-up of the army.*

Describe one aggressive action taken by Italy.

One action was Mussolini, seeking both glory and empire in Africa, *brutally attacked Ethiopia in 1935 with bombers and tanks* and quickly won.

Describe one aggressive action taken by Japan in the 1930's.

One action was Tokyo terminating the *Washington Naval Treaty*. They were denied complete parity, and walked out of the conference and *accelerated their construction of giant battleships*. By 1935 Japan quit the League of Nations and joined arms with Germany/Italy in the Tripartite Pact.

The text mentions that Wilson's sureness of touch deserted him just before he headed to Europe to negotiate the peace treaty. He did this by making the leaders of the Republican Party angry. Describe 3 actions he took that antagonized the republicans.

One action was* personally appealing for a Democratic victory in the congressional elections of November 1918*, but voters instead returned a narrow Republican majority to Congress. Wilson's reputation, staked on the outcome, lowered as he went to Paris a diminished leader without the legislative majority at home. Another was his decision to *go in person to Paris to help make the peace*, which infuriated Republicans. At that time no president travelled to Europe, and Wilson's journey looked to his critics like flamboyant grandstanding. A third action was Wilson *snubbing the Senate in assembling his peace delegation and neglecting to include a single Republican senator in his official party*. An ideal choice would have been Lodge of Massachusetts, but he would have been problematic for Wilson -- the senator's mind was "naturally barren but highly cultivated." The men loathed each other.

List 4 causes of the Great Depression

One cause is *overproduction by both farm and factory as the depression was one of abundance, not want*. The ability to produce outrun the ability to consume. *Too much money was going to the wealthy who invested in factories/producers, not into salaries and wages*. *Overexpansion of credit through installment-plan buying overstimulated production*. It caused consumers to dive in beyond their depth. *Normal technological advancement, caused by new labor-saving machines, added to the unemployment of the 30s*. Depression in america was given a further downward push by a *chain-rxn financial collapse of in Europe*, following the failure in 1931 of a prominent Vienna banking house. A drying up of international trade, moreover, had been hastened by the shortsighted *Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 which dried up international trade*. European uncertainties over reparations, war debts, and defaults on loans owed to America caused tensions that reacted unfavorably over the US. *A terrible drought scorched the Mississippi Valley in 1930, and thousands of farms were sold at auction for taxes*. Other factors like the plunge of the stock market, low farm prices, and banks collapsing also contributed.

List 3 of the big changes occurring on American farms. Hint: Only one of them will come from the first paragraph in this section. Do not include anything on California farms.

One change was that farms focused on growing single cash crops like wheat or corn and use the profits to buy foodstuffs at the general stores and manufactured goods in town or by mail order -- they were both consumers and producers. Another change is large-scale farmers becoming both specialists and business people [mechanization of agriculture] - they were tied to banking, railroading, and manufacturing in order to plant, harvest, and sell their goods. A third change is widespread use of costly equipment that required first-class management to use. The farmers, unskilled as businesspeople, were inclined to blame the banks and railroads, or the volatility of the global marketplace for their losses.

Name one city that was convulsed by a race riot.

One city was *St Louis, Missouri*, in which an explosive riot in July 1917 left 9 whites and at least 40 blacks dead. Another is *Chicago*, in which a July 1919 reign of terror descended on the city for nearly 2 weeks. Black and white gangs roamed the streets, killing 15 whites, and 23 blacks.

Name one Latin American country where America took over debt collections.

One country was the Dominican Republic -- areas around the Caribbean.

Name 2 crazes that swept the country in the closing decades of the 20th century.

One craze was *croquet*, although it was condemned by moralists because it exposed feminine ankles and promoted flirtation. Another was the *low-framed "safety" bicycle* that replaced the high-seated model. It offered freedom rather than tedium.

List one of the demands made by the Liberal Republican Party.

One demand was purification of the Washington administration as well as an end to military Reconstruction.

List the 2 globe shaking events that marked the course of WWII before the attack on Pearl Harbor.

One event was the *fall of France in June 1940* and the other was *Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941*. Hitler wanted to crush his conspirator, seize the oil and other resources of the Soviet Union, and then have two free hands to snuff out Britain. He assumed that his armies would subdue Stalin's "mongol half-wits" in a few short weeks.

Give proof that prohibition was not entirely a failure. Give 2 examples.

One example is *bank savings increased, and absenteeism in industries decreased*, presumably because of the newly sober ways of formerly soused barflies. Overall, *probably less alcohol was consumed than in the days before prohibition.*

Give one [3] example of how the U.S. and the Soviet Union resembled one another in the arena of Foreign affairs.

One example is *both countries had been largely isolated from world affairs before WWII, the US through choice, the Soviet Union through rejection by the other powers*. Both nations also had a *history of conducting a kind of "missionary" diplomacy -- of trying to export to the world the political doctrines precipitated out of their respective revolutionary origins*. The wartime grand alliance of the US, Soviet Union, and Britain had been a misbegotten child of necessity, kept alive only until the mutual enemy was crushed. When Hitler fell, the conflict between communistic, despotic Russia and capitalistic, democratic US were inevitable in the Cold War. They were both also *unaccustomed to being world leaders.*

Give 2 examples of postwar corruption.

One example is freewheeling railroad promoters leaving gullible bond buyers with only "two streaks of rust and a right of way." A second example is unethical stock market manipulators being a cinder in the public eye. Another example is judges and legislators putting their power up for hire. Cynics said that an honest politician was one who when bought would stay bought.

Give at least one example of the sordid side of railroad building.

One example is the *gross overoptimism of Pioneer builders*. Avidly seeking land bounties and pushing into areas that *lacked enough potential population* to support a railroad, they sometimes laid down rails that led from "nowhere to nothing." They went into *bankruptcy*, carrying down with them the savings of trusting investors.

List the 3[6] major factors that produced America's unprecedented postwar prosperity. Hint: Do not include any thing on agriculture.

One factor was *WII itself, which provided a powerful stimulus that built up American factories and helped the depression-plagued economy*. Another factor was the *underpinnings of colossal military budgets* and *massive appropriations for the Korean war*. Pentagon dollars *primed the pumps of high-technology industries* like aerospace, plastics, and electronics, and the *military budget financed much scientific research development*. Also, *cheap energy* fueled the economic boom. American and European companies controlled the flow of abundant petroleum from the MIddle East and kept prices low.

Give one [2] factor that helped increase the productivity of American workers.

One factor was *increasingly harnessing the forces of nature in their hands and the rising educational level of the workforce*. By 1970 nearly 90% of the school-age population was enrolled in educational institution, a dramatic contrast to the opening years of the century where only ½ went to school

What 2 factors helped lead to the farm crisis of the 1920's? I'm looking for what led prices to drop making it impossible for farmers to pay off their debts.

One factor was *peace*, aka loss of massive purchased by other nations, as foreign production reentered the stream of world commerce. They relied on constant prices for sustenance to pay for their increased equipment and land. Another factor was *machines* which threatened to plow the farmers under their own overabundant crops. Such improved efficiency by things like the gasoline-engined tractor and steel mule piled up more price-dampening surpluses.

What 2 factors prevented FDR from taking greater steps in admitting potential Jewish refugees like those on board the St. Louis?

One factor was *restrictive immigration laws* together with *opposition from southern Democrats and Secretary of State Cordell Hull*.

List 2 [3] goals of the Knights of Labor.

One goal was *economic and social reform*, including *producers' cooperatives and codes for safety and health*. They frowned upon industrial warfare while fostering industrial arbitration. Another goal was to campaign for the *eight hour stint.* They had highly socialistic/communistic goals, as the union would pay and support strikers of all skill level

List 2 grievances still harbored by labor.

One grievance was *recognition of the right to organize still eluding labor's grasp. Another was wartime inflation [prices 2x+ from 1914-1920] which threatened to eclipse wage gains*.

Give 2 other groups that were often attacked for disloyalty under the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

One group was *antiwar Socialists* and members of the radical *Industrial Workers of the World*. Debs was actually convicted under the Espionage Act in 1918 and sentenced to 10 yrs in jail. Virtually any criticism of the gov't could be censored and punished -- some claimed the new laws were bending, if not breaking, the 1st amendment.

Name 3 groups or industries that benefited from Washington's postwar policies.

One group was *big industrialists*, striving to reduce the rigors of competition, now had a free hand to set up trade associations. Wartime gov't controls on the economy were dismantled, and the War Industries Board disappeared, taking progressive hopes for more gov't regulation of big business with it. One group was the *railroads*, which returned to private management in 1920. The Esch-Cummins Transportation Act encouraged private consolidation of the RR and pledged the ICC to guarantee their profitability. Another group was the *shipping business*. The Merchant Marine Act authorized the Shipping Board which controlled ~1500 vessels to dispose of much of the hastily built wartime fleet at low prices, operating the remaining vessels without conspicuous success.

Name one group that did not benefit from Wilson's progressive reforms.

One group was *blacks*, as the southern-bred Wilson actually presided over accelerated segregation in the federal bureaucracy. Despite this, Wilson knew that to be reelected, he must clearly be seen as the candidate of progressivism and would have to woo the bull moose voters into the Democratic fold.

Name one group that was opposed to "cheap money".

One group was creditors who did not want to see the money they had loaned repaid in depreciated dollars. They wante deflation rather than inflation

Name one industry that was hurt by the car.

One industry was the *railroad industry*, rivaled by passenger cars, buses, and trucks.

Give 4 examples of Americans turning inward during the 1920's.

One is example is *shunning diplomatic commitments to foreign countries, denouncing "radical" foreign ideas, condemning "Un-American" lifestyles, and shutting the immigration gates against foreign peoples*. They partly sealed off the domestic economy from the rest of the world and plunged headlong into a dizzying decade of homegrown prosperity. The boom of the 20s showered benefits on the Americans, as incomes and living standards rose. New technologies, consumer products, and forms of leisure/entertainment made the 20s roar.

Name one of the 2 strikes the government helped to crush in the era.

One is the Homestead Strike by steelworkers angry over pay cuts. Another is a strike among silver miners in Idaho's fabled Coeur d'Alene district.

Give one key difference between Lincoln's 10 percent plan and the Wade-Davis Bill.

One key difference between the two ideas was that the Wade-Davis bill required a whole 50% of a state's voters to take an oath of allegiance. Along with this, they also had stronger protection of emancipation. Lincoln didn't like this, not signing the bill. Congress disagreed with both, stating that the seceded states had NO rights and must be readmitted as conquered states.

Name 3 locations where the Taft administration encouraged Americans to invest.

One location was *Manchuria, China,* the strategic province where Japan and Russia controlled the railroads -- Taft worried that that would be the end of the Open Door Policy and Secretary of State Knox tried to buy the RRs and give them to China. Japan and Russia refused. Another location was the *Caribbean*, where WS bankers, in an effort to prevent trouble with this Yankee Lake, gave money to Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds and maintain the Monroe Doctrine, preventing economic and political instability. Then, sporadic disorders in Cuba, Honduras, and the DR brought American Caribbean forces there in order to restore order and protect American investment. A third location was *Nicaragua*, where a revolutionary upheaval was partly fomented by American interests, resulting in the landing of 2500 marine there who stayed for 13 years.

Name one aspect of the WPA that was much loved by the American public.

One of the most well-loved programs was the *Federal Arts Project*, which hired artists to create posters and murals -- many still adorning post office walls. Critics sneered that WPA meant "We Provide Alms," but people were given jobs, not handouts. It nourished precious talent, preserved self-respect, and fostered the creation of more than a million pieces of art

Give one of the negatives associated with buying on credit.

One of the negatives was *an overhanging cloud of debt* and another was *an economy which was becoming increasingly vulnerable to disruptions of the credit structure.*

Know one of the safeguards that Lodge wanted to add to the Treaty.

One of the safeguards was *reserving the rights of the US under the Monroe Doctrine and the Constitution and otherwise sought to protect American sovereignty*. Lodge and other critics were especially alarmed by Article X.

Name one of the two irreconcilable senators that trailed after Wilson on his famous tour.

One of the senators was *Borah* while the other was *Johnson*, speaking in the same Midwestern cities a few days later. Crowds answered their attacks on Wilson, crying to impeach him. However, the Rocky Mountain region and pacific coast welcomed Wilson warmly. The high point and breaking point was at Pueblo Colorado on Sept 25 1919, where he pleaded for the League of Nations as the only real hope of preventing future wars and then collapsed, several days later in Washington having a stroke that left him half paralyzed.

Give one of the two options available to Cleveland for reducing the troublesome surplus.

One option was to squander the surplus on pensions and "pork barrel" bills and thus gain the favor of veterans and other self seeking groups. The second option was to lower the tariff, something big industrialists opposed. He chose to lower the tariffs, as lower barriers would mean lower prices for consumers and less protection for monopolies. They would also mean an end to the Treasury surplus, a mockery of Cleveland's belief in fiscal orthodoxy and small government frugality.

Give one other complaint made by those in opposition to the Treaty of Versailles. Hint: This answer must come from the section titled "The Domestic Parade of Prejudice".

One other complaint was that the League was an *entangling alliance.* Hun haters thought that the treaty *was not harsh enough*. Principled Liberals thought that it was *too harsh and a betrayal*. German Americans, Italian Americans, and others whom Wilson called "hyphenated Americans" were angry because the peace settlement was *not sufficiently favorable to their native lands*. Irish Americans felt that with the additional votes of 5 overseas British dominions, it *gave Britain undue influence which could be used to force the US to crush any rising for Irish independence.*

Know at least 4 parts of the Populist Party platform.

One part is nationalizing the railroads, telephone, and telegraph; another is instituting a graduated income tax; another is creating a new federal subtreasury (a scheme to provide farmers with loans for crops stored in gov't owned warehouses where they'd be held until market prices rose); another is the free and unlimited coinage of silver (another of the debtor's demands for inflation).

Give one government policy that aggravated the spreading pattern of residential segregation.

One policy was the *FHA administrators, citing the "risk" of making loans to blacks and other "unharmonious racial or nationality groups," often refused them mortgages for private home purchases, thus limiting black mobility out of the inner cities and driving many minorities into public housing projects*. Even these public housing projects following a so-called *neighborhood composition rule, which effectively built housing for blacks in neighborhoods which were already predominantly black*, solidifying racial separation.

What was the one positive outcome of Garfield's death?

One positive outcome was shocking politicians into reforming the shameful spoils system. The unlikely instrument of reform was Chester Arthur. Disgust with Garfield's murder gave the Republican party a desire for reform.

What was one of the positives of Rockefeller's oil monopoly? Good luck.

One positive was that it turned out a *superior product at a relatively cheap price*. It also achieved important economies, both at home and abroad, by its *large scale methods of production and distribution*

Give one reason it seemed Dewey's election was virtually assured.

One reason was *the Democratic party was split in three and the Republican congressional victory of 1946 had just passed*. Dewey succumbed to overconfidence engendered by his massive lead in public-opinion polls. The seemingly doomed Truman with little money and few supporters relied on his "gut-fighter" instincts and folksy personality, traveling the country by train to give "give em hell" speeches. He lashed out at the Taft-Hartley "slave labor" law and "do-nothing" republican congress, whipping up support for his program of civil rights, improved labor benefits, and health insurance. He won, and so did the democrats in congress. His victory rested on farmers, workers, and blacks who all were wary of republicans.

Know one reason FDR fought to repeal prohibition.

One reason was because the imminent repeal of the prohibition amendment *afforded an opportunity to raise needed federal revenue and at the same time to provide a measure of employment.*

Why did McKinley finally decide to declare war? I only need one reason. Don't write down all three. Later you will need to know which one is the most important - I will tell you in class.

One reason was that he had little faith in Spain's oft-broken promises. A̶n̶o̶t̶h̶e̶r̶ ̶i̶s̶ ̶h̶e̶ ̶w̶o̶r̶r̶i̶e̶d̶ ̶a̶b̶o̶u̶t̶ ̶D̶e̶m̶o̶c̶r̶a̶t̶i̶c̶ ̶r̶e̶p̶r̶i̶s̶a̶l̶s̶ ̶i̶n̶ ̶t̶h̶e̶ ̶u̶p̶c̶o̶m̶i̶n̶g̶ ̶p̶r̶e̶s̶i̶d̶e̶n̶t̶i̶a̶l̶ ̶e̶l̶e̶c̶t̶i̶o̶n̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶1̶9̶0̶0̶ ̶i̶f̶ ̶h̶e̶ ̶c̶o̶n̶t̶i̶n̶u̶e̶d̶ ̶t̶o̶ ̶a̶p̶p̶e̶a̶r̶ ̶i̶n̶d̶e̶c̶i̶s̶i̶v̶e̶ ̶i̶n̶ ̶a̶ ̶t̶i̶m̶e̶ ̶o̶f̶ ̶c̶r̶i̶s̶i̶s̶ -- he wanted to look good for his people and gave in to public pressure.

Name 2 scandals that rocked the Grant administration.

One scandal was the Credit Mobilier Scandal in 1872. Pacific railroad insiders had formed the Credit mobilier construction company and then cleverly hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning dividends as high as 348%. Fearing that congress might blow the whistle, the company furtively distributed shares of its valuable stock to key congressmen. It led to the censure of 2 congressmen and the revelation that the vice president had accepted payments. The second scandal was the Whiskey Ring robbing the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues. Grant's own private secretary turned up as one of the culprits, he gave a written statement to the jury that helped exonerate him. A third involves Belknap (Secretary of War) accepting bribes from suppliers to the indian reservations, and he resigned

How was the slave population accounted for in the lower house?

One slave was *3/5* of a person, to keep the balance

How many of Wilson 23 original points and principles were fully honored in the Treaty of Versailles.

Only about four were fully honored.

Free Soil Movement

Opposed expansion of slavery because it took white jobs Free labor, soil, and men Important for the North and their view on Westward expansion

What caused the Panic of 1873? I don't need all the details but a basic understanding of how the economy collapsed is essential.

Overreaching promoters had laid more railroad track, sunk more mines, erected more factories, and sowed more grainfields than existing markets could bear. Bankers, in turn, had made too many imprudent loans to finance those enterprises. When profits failed to materialize, loans went unpaid, and the whole credit based house of cards fluttered down.

*Panic of 1837*

Overspeculation in western lands, bank battle, specie circular (land must be purchased with hard currency)

Name the program created to quell some of the unrest created by the men making these pie-in- the-sky promises.

Partly to quiet the unrest that might lead to political explosion, Congress authorized the *Works Progress Administration* in 1935. The objective was employment on useful projects, spending about $11 billion on thousands of public buildings, bridges, and hard-surfaced toads. Not every project strengthened infrastructure (ex, controlling crickets in WY, building monkey pen in OK, etc)

Why was Westward migration boosted during/after the civil war?

Passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development

Define the Newlands Act of 1902.

People had begun worrying about conservation of natural resources, their first feeble step being the Desert Land Act of 1877 where the Fed Gov't sold arid land cheaply if the buyer irrigated it within 3 years, the next the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 where the president could set aside forests as national parks/reserves, the third the Carey Act of 1894 that distributed federal land to the states if it was to be irrigated and settled. This Newlands Act *authorized Washington to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects.* Settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now-productive soil, and the money was saved to finance more such enterprise.

Make an argument that progressivism was the runaway winner in the election of 1912. Hint: Think election results.

Progressivism rather than Wilson was the runaway winner, proven by the election results. Wilson was a minority president despite his majority in Congress, with only 41% of the popular vote. The Democrats were vastly outnumbered by the Republicans in terms of votes. However, *the combined Progressive vote for Wilson and Roosevelt, 68% of the popular vote, far exceeded the tally of the conservative Taft with only 23% of the vote.* The Progressives were doomed to "starve" politically (no future!) due to TR's lone wolf course, but they did surprisingly well for a hastily organized third party and helped spur the enactment of many of their pet reforms by the Wilsonian Democrats. Republicans were made a minority in Congress for years, and Taft finally became chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Telegraph

Samuel Morse, communication revolution

What was a major turning point in the war, at this time?

Russia's withdrawal

Describe the 1833 Nullification Crisis

SC and the South oppose the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 [tariff of abominations], and SC even nullifies tariffs. They threaten to secede if Jackson demands the tariff by force and didn't end up paying it.

Following Lincoln's election...

SC secedes [nullification] as well as the Deep South (MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX)

Know that TR's reform package was labeled the ...

SQUARE DEAL His sportsman's instincts spurred him into demanding a "Square Deal" for capital, labor, and the public at large.

Treaty of Ft Laramie

Safe passage for settlers moving west in exchange for territorial sovereignty

Why wasn't it all good feelings?

Sectionalism, debate over the American system (tariffs, BUS, etc), Slavery

Name 6[10] groups that would eventually be banned from immigrating to America.

Six groups include the Chinese, the insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people with contagious diseases. Also convicts/criminals, paupers, and foreign workers under contract who stole jobs

Give one of the two views republican senators held of the League of Nations. The answer can be very brief.

Some republican senators saw the League as a useless "sewing circle" while others thought it was an overpotent "super-state."

Name the diplomat that developed the policy of containment.

Stalin, seeking to secure oil concessions like those held by British and Americans, broke an agreement to remove his troops from Iran's northernmost province which the USSR occupied. He used the troops to aid a rebel movement, and backed down when Truman sent off a stinging protest. Moscow's hard-line politics in Germany, Eastern Europe, and the Middle east wrought a psychological Pearl Harbor. People were shocked at the Kremlin's unwillingness to continue the wartime partnership. Truman's responses to various Soviet challenges took on intellectual coherence in 1947, with the formation of the containment doctrine. It was crafted by *brilliant young diplomat and Soviet specialist George F. Kennan.*

What was the goal of the agency that Bernard Baruch was trying to create?

The *agency, free from the great-power veto, was to have worldwide authority over atomic energy, weapons, and research*. The Soviet delegate countered that the possession of nuclear weapons should simply be outlawed by every nation. Truman said that it would be folly to "throw away out gun until we are sure the rest of the world can't arm against us." The Soviets used their veto power to scuttle the proposals, and an opportunity to tame the nuclear monster in its infancy was lost. The US would have tuned over weapons and research but made everyone promise not to make atomic weapons The soviets hated how America could have their inspectors snooping around Russia.

Know the differences between the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924. Know why the act was changed.

The *Emergency Quota Act* restricted newcomers from Europe in any given year to a *definite quota* (3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the US in 1910), relatively favorable to immigrants from southern and eastern Europe for by 1910 immense numbers of them arrived. *The Immigration Act cut quotas from 3% to 2%*, and the national origins base was shifted from the census of 1910 to that of 1890, by which time few southern Europeans had arrived. Southern europeans said it was unfair and discriminatory, and it was a *triumph for the nativist belief* that blue eyed and fair haired northern Europeans were superior *([WHY] it was created to freeze America's current racial composition, mostly northern europeans)*. It also *slammed the door completely against Japanese* immigrants, However, Canadians and Latin Americans were welcome -- when times were good, they worked; when times were bad, they were sent home.

Define or describe all of the following agreements: Five-power treaty, Four-power Treaty, Nine- Power Treaty, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

The *Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 embodied Hughes's ideas on ship ratios and offered compensation to the insecure Japanese*. The *British and Americans would refrain from fortifying their Far Eastern possessions* (including the Philippines) while the Japanese were not subjected to those restraints. *The Four-Power Treaty replaced the Anglo-Japanese alliance, binding Britain, Japan, France, and the US to preserve the status quo in the Pacific* [another concession to the jumpy Japanese] *The Nine-Power Treaty of 1922* shot China in the arm by having the signatories agree to *nail wide-open the Open Door in China*. America was satisfied by their achievement in disarmament, but it was somewhat illusory: no restrictions were placed on small warships, and the other powers churned ahead with the construction of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines while the US lagged behind. ALso, COngress said that it was making no commitment to the use of armed force of joint action when it ratified the 4 power treaty, making it a dead letter. Americans were content to rely for their security on words and wishful thinking rather than on weapons and realism. The *Kellogg-Briand Pact* was signed by Coolidge's secretary of State Kellogg after petitions urged it. *Americans wanted quarreling nations to foreswear war as an instrument of national policy, beating swords into plowshares. However, the pact was delusory*: defensive wars were still permitted -- aggressors could still say their attack was self defence. It also lacked muscles and teeth, virtually useless but reflecting the 1920s American mind.

What was Lincoln's 10 percent plan? I need both parts.

The 10 percent plan was a plan in which a state could re-enter the union if 10% of its voters during the president election took an oath of allegiance to the United States, along with pledging to respect emancipation. Then, a state government would be formally erected. However, this plan was not liked as there was a possibility of aristocratic planters gaining power and them enslaving blacks.

Give 2 arguments used by France and Britain against paying off their debts to the United States.

The Allies protested that the demand for repayment was grossly unfair. The French and British pointed out that *they had fought against the common foe until America the Unready had finally entered the fray. They thought America should write off its loans as war costs, just as the Allies had been forced to write off the lives of millions of young men.* The debtors also complained that the *real effect of their borrowed dollars had been to fuel the boom in the already roaring war-time economy in America, where nearly all their purchases had been made.* And the final straw, protested the europeans, was that *America's postwar tariff walls made it almost impossible for them to sell their goods to earn the dollars to pay their debts.*

Which group led many of the late 19th century reform movements (like prohibition)? Good luck. This is not answered in the book but make an educated guess.

The group may have been the Pragmatists who disagreed with old ways of thinking revolving around absolute truths.

Name the self-appointed defender of sexual purity.

The defender was *Anthony Comstock*, who made lifelong war on the immoral. He was armed with a federal statute, the notorious "Comstock Law," and boasted that he had confiscated obscene pictures and photos, boxes of pills,powders, etc used by abortionists, and obscene pictures on the walls of saloons. He proudly claimed that he had driven at least 15 people to suicide.

Know the battered remnants of his army were the men subjected to the Bataan Death March.

The defenders, reduced to eating mules and monkeys, heroically traded their lives for time in the face of hopeless odds. The surrendered army was treated with cruelty in the infamous 80 mile Bataan Death March to prisoner of war camps.

What recommendation was made in NSC - 68?

The Korean invasion prompted a massive expansion of the American military. This *recommended that the US quadruple its defense spending*. Ignored at first because it seemed politically impossible to implement, it go a new lease on life from the Korean crisis. Truman ordered a massive military buildup, beyond what was necessary for Korea. Soon, the US had 3.5 million men under arms and was spending $50 billion per year on the defense budget.

Why didn't the League respond to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria with an economic boycott or blockade?

The League didn't because it was *handicapped by the non-membership of the United States. The US would not support any sanctions due to their extremely isolationist wats (avoid a war!)*. Washington rebuffed initial attempts in 1931 to secure American cooperation in applying economic pressure in Japan.

What sunk the Maine?

The Maine mysteriously blew up on February 15, 1898 in Havana harbor, with a loss of 260 sailors. The Spaniards concluded that the explosion was internal and an accident while the Americans incorrectly argued that the blast was caused by a submarine mine. Ultimately, it was caused by *spontaneous combustion in one of the coal bunkers adjacent to a powder magazine.* But Americans blindly embraced the least likely explanation and were hungry for war.

What was the Marshall Plan?

The Marshall plan was the life-giving bait given to the democratic nations of Europe. It was a *plan in which Secretary of State Marshall invited the Europeans to get together and work out a joint plan for their economic recovery. If they did so, then the US would provide substantial financial assistance. They met in Paris in July 1947 to thrash out the details*. Marshall offered the same aid to the Soviets, but made the terms intentionally difficult to accept so they would walk out on that "Martial Plan".

Why were fundamentalists opposed to the teaching of Darwinian evolution in public schools?

The devoted religionists charged that the teaching of Darwinian evolution was *destroying faith in God and the Bible, while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age*. They tried to ban the "bestial hypothesis" and three southern states complied.

Which group tended to benefit the most from Calvin Coolidge's policies?

The group was *business*. He believed that the "man who builds a factory builds a temple," and that "the man who works there worships there."

List 2 [4] parts of the National Security Act of 1947. Good luck.

The Soviet menace spurred the unification of the armed services as well as the creation of a huge new national security apparatus. Congress in 1947 passed this act, creating the *Department of Defense*. The department was to housed in the Pentagon building on the banks of the Potomac and to be headed by a *new cabinet officer, the secretary of defense*. Under the secretary without cabinet status were the civilian secretaries of the navy, the arm (replaced old sec of war), and air force -- the heads were brought together as the *Joint Chiefs of Staff*. The act also established the *National Security Council to advise the president on Security matters* and the *Central Intelligence Agency to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering*. The "Voice of America" authorized by Congress in 1948 beamed American radio broadcasts behind the iron curtain, and Congress resurrected the military draft for selected young men from 19-25 yrs,.

What was the court ruling in the Wabash case? Also, talk about the Munn v Illinois case. what did both cases address?

The court ruling in 1886 decreed that *individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce.* If the mechanical monster were to be corralled, the *federal government* would have to do the job. The 1877 Munn v Illinois case wanted the states to *regulate the RR in the absence of federal regulations*. These dealt with the *Granger laws*, which *told RRs how much to charge for freight/passengers/storing grain*. it made them reduce rates

What immigrant group provided much of the labor on the Union Pacific Railroad?

The group was the *Irish "Paddies"* (Patricks) who had fought in the Union armies.

Know all the different activities [6] the Federal Trade Commission was designed to root out.

The activities included *unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.*

In the long run, name the group that probably did the most to shape the modern west.

The group was the hydraulic engineers, who built dams, irrigated the west, and more.

Name the agency created to save thousands of Hungarian Jews from deportation and death camps.

The agency was the *War Refugee Board* which saved thousands of Hungarian Jews from deportation to the notorious death camp at Auschwitz.

What was the political backlash that occurred as a result of Republican hard money policies?

The backlash was helping to elect a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874, and in 1878 it spawned the Greenback Labor Party, which polled over a million votes and elected 14 members of Congress.

Name the pivotal battle in the Pacific. This American victory halted Japanese expansion in the Pacific.

The battle was the *Battle of Midway*, Japan undertook to seize Midway Island where it could launch devastating assaults on Pearl Harbor and perhaps force the weakened American Pacific fleet into destructive combat. Fought on June 3-6 1942, Admiral Nimitz directed a smaller but skillfully maneuvered carrier force, under Admiral Spruance, against the powerful invading fleet. The Japanese broke off action after losing 4 vitally important carriers. The battle of Midway combined with Coral Sea halted Japan's juggernaut. Japan is now solely defensive since they had lost so many ships.

Name the battle that was Hitler's last-ditch attempt to achieve victory against the American (and British) lines.

The battle was the *Battle of the Bulge*. On December 16, 1944, he concentrated a powerful force against the thinly held American lines in the heavily befogged and snow-shrouded Ardennes forest. He wanted the Belgian port of Antwerp, key to the Allied supply operation. The surprised and outmanned Americans were driven back, creating a deep bulge in the Allied line.

Papism

The belief that American Catholics will remain faithful to the Pope and therefore NOT to America

What was the best evidence that public schools were a success?

The best evidence was the falling of the illiteracy rate from 20% in 1870 to 10,7% in 1900.

What was the Jeffersonian response to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

They passed the *Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions* to oppose federal laws they felt were unconstitutional *NULLIFICATION* COMPACT THEORY: States had made a compact with the national government

Name the book that appalled the public with its disgusting description of unsanitary food production.

The book was Upton Sinclair's *The Jungle*

Name the case where the Supreme Court ruled that "speech could be revoked when such speech posed a clear and present danger to the nation".

The case was *Schenck v. United States* in 1919, in which it was declared that speech could be revoked when such speech posed a clear and present danger to the nation

Name the court case that upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine.

The case was Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, which ruled that separate but equal facilities were constitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. In reality the quality of African American life was very unequal to that of whites.

Name the Supreme Court case that led to the famous "rule of reason" doctrine. I just want the name of the combination or trust under attack.

The case was against the *Standard Oil Company*, the argument being that they were a combination in restraint of trade, violating the Sherman Anti trust Act of 1890. This led to the "rule of reason" -- only those combinations that unreasonably restrained trade were illegal.

Give a somewhat generic description of the cause of the conflict between the United States and Great Britain.

The cause of the conflict was that America wanted full control of the Western Hemisphere and therefore Venezuela. However, Britain did not pay any attention to the demand. Cleveland angrily made Congress appropriate a commission of experts who would run the line where it ought to go. If the British would not respect the boundary, then America would fight for it. However, with the rising challenge from Germany and the Dutch in Africa, Britain backed off to avoid war. *boundary dispute*

What was the central message of ministers like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden?

The central message was that the *churches should tackle the burning social issues of the day.* [here and now] The sermon on the mount, they declared, was the science of society, and many social gospelers predicted that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

What was the central message trumpeted by Strong's book "Our Country, Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis."

The central message was the *superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization -- Americans should spread their religion and their values to the "backward" peoples.* Along with this, people like Roosevelt and Lodge took a Darwinistic approach, stating that the earth belonged to the strong and the fit [Americans] However, if America was to survive in the competition of modern nation-states, it would have to become an imperial power too.

Name the foremost champion of black education.

The champion was an ex-slave, *Booker T Washington.* He headed the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama and began with 40 student in 1881. He taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self respect and economic security. His method was called "*accommodationist*" because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy

The compromise of 1877 did bring peace but at what cost? This answer should be a sentence but it doesn't need great detail.

The compromise brought peace, but at the cost of the civil rights of southern blacks. With the Hayes-Tilden deal, the Republican party had abandoned its commitment to racial equality, which had been weakening anyway.

Where did the Allies open a compromise 2nd front?

The compromise was an assault on *French-held North Africa*, a far cry from what the Soviets wanted. The secret attack was headed by Eisenhower. A joint Allied invasion ultimately involving some 400,000 men and 850 ships, this invasion was the mightiest waterborne effort to that time in history.

What was the compromise that Hoover eventually made when it came to government handouts?

The compromise was that *he would assist the hard-pressed railroads, banks, and rural credit corporations, in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle-down basis*.

What conflict created dissension in the Democratic Party? Hint: Think "Ohio Idea".

The conflict was that wealthy eastern democratic delegates demanded that federal war bonds be redeemed in gold, despite the fact that they were bought with depreciated greenbacks. Poorer midwestern delegates answered with the "Ohio Idea" which called for redemption in greenbacks. Debt-burdened agrarian Democrats thus hoped to keep more money in circulation and keep interest rates lower.

What conflict did the antics of the Woodhull sisters and Anthony Comstock bring out into the open?

The conflict was the *battle in America over sexual attitudes and the place of women.* Switchboards and typewriters in the booming cities became increasingly the tools of women's independence. They had new freedom in the cities with dance halls and nightclubs.

What is the difference between a preservationist and conservationist? Which one is Roosevelt?

The difference is preservationists viewed nature as a temple which should be held inviolable by humans. Conservationists, on the other hand, thought "wilderness was waste" and wanted to use the nation's natural endowments intelligently, tending to reserve resources more than the environment. Roosevelt was a Conservationist.

What event led to the clash between the president and congress that exploded in February 1866?

The event was Johnson vetoing a bill which was later repassed that extended the life of the Freedman's bureau. In response, republicans passed the Civil Rights Bill.

What dramatic event symbolized the rising political status of women and the cause of social justice?

The event was settlement house pioneer *Jane Addams placing Roosevelt's name in nomination for the presidency.* Roosevelt adopted a hosanna spirit of a religious revival meeting which suffused the convention -- he felt as strong as a bull moose! However, this split of the Republicans guaranteed a Democratic win.

Describe the event that led to open American intervention in Mexico.

The event was the *Tampico Incident in 1914*, when a small party of American sailors were arrested. Mexico quickly released them and apologized, but refused Wilson's demand for a salute of 21 guns. Wilson, determined to eliminate Huerta, asked Congress for authority to use force against Mexico and before Congress could act, ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Veracruz to thwart the arrival of a German steamer carrying Huerta-bound guns and ammunition. Huerta and Carranza hotly protested against this Yankee maneuver.

What event dealt the National Labor Union a knockout blow?

The event was the *depression of the 1870s* as wage reductions in 1877 touched off such disruptive strikes that nothing but federal troops could restore order. Usually labor was rocked during a depression, but it never completely toppled.

What events led to General John J. Pershing being sent into Mexico?

The events were *"Pancho" Villa emerging as the chief rival to President Carranza* (who Wilson reluctantly supported) and *having his men haul 16 young American mining engineers off a train traveling through northern Mexico in January 1916 and kill them,* challenging Carranza's authority while also punishing the gringos. Villa, hoping to provoke a war between Wilson and Carranza, later went to Columbus, New Mexico and murdered 19 more Americans. Pershing was ordered to go break up the band. He clashed with Carranza's forces and mauled the Villistas but missed capturing Villa himself.

Know the 2 events or decisions made by Taft that helped split the Republican Party wide open.

The events were Taft *signing the Payne Aldrich Bill*, making his supporters even angrier by calling the tariff-raising bill [against his promises of lowering tariffs] "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed," the *Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel* where Secretary of Interior Ballinger opened public Lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development and was criticized by Chief of Division of Forestry Pinchot. Taft dismissed Pinchot on the grounds of insubordination, to the protest of Conservationists and Roosevelt's friends. It eliminated Taft's good conservation achievements from the public's mind.

What one exception did America make concerning Japan and unconditional surrender?

The exception was that *Hirohito, the Son of Heaven, be allowed to remain on his ancestral throne as nominal emperor*. This was accepted on August 14, 1945. Japan could handle no more after the August 10, 1945 bombing of Nagasaki. The formal end to the war came on September 2, 1945 -- it was VJ (Victory in Japan) Day!

What made the Jews virtually unique among the New Immigrants?

The fact that they had experienced city life in Europe made them unique. Many of them brought their urban skills of tailoring or shopkeeping to american cities.

What 2 factors made America postpone the opening of a second front in France?

The factors were *British boot-dragging* (they wanted another location) and *a woeful lack of resources*. The British military planners were not happy about a frontal assault on German-held France -- it might end in disaster. They preferred to attack Hitler's Fortress Europe through the "soft underbelly" of the mediterranean.

What 2 factors motivated FDR to recognize the Soviet Union in 1933?

The factors were his *hope for trade with Soviet Russia* as well as by the *desire to bolster the Soviet union as a friendly counterweight to the possible threat of German power in Europe and Japanese power in Asia*. Over the noisy protests of anti-communist conservatives as well as Roman Catholics offended by the Kremlin's anti-religious policies, Roosevelt extended the hand of diplomatic recognition to the Bolshevik Regime. Also around this time, America freed itself from the Philippines.

What 2 promises were made in the Democratic Party platform of 1932?

They promised not only a *balanced budget* but *sweeping social and economic reforms*. Roosevelt broke precedent and accepted his presidential nomination in person.

What was the first major product derived from petroleum?

The first product was *kerosene*, which produced a much brighter flame than whale oil when burned from a cotton wick in a lamp. By the 1870s, kerosene became America's 4th most valuable export.

Name the first talkie.

The first talkie was *The Jazz Singer*, starring Al Jolson in blackface. "Silents" were ushered out as theaters everywhere were "wired for sound."

Name the first woman to become a cabinet member

The first woman was Secretary of Labor *Frances Perkins*. Mary McLeod Bethune, director of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration, served as the highest ranking African American in the Roosevelt Administration. Women also made important contributions in the social sciences, especially in the relatively new and open field of anthropology.

Where did America get the majority of the money it needed to pay for the war? Good luck.

The flood of war dollars cured the depression, but the postwar economy depended dangerously on military spending for its health -- 1941-1945 was the origin of a "warfare-welfare state." The majority of the $330 billion dollars were *borrowed*, with only ⅖ of the cost paid with current revenues. FDR would have liked a pay-as-you-go policy, but costs were too large.

What was the goal of the Washington "disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922? Do not say "disarmament" - give the details.

The goal was to resolve both the issue of naval disarmament and the situation in the Far East. Hughes wanted a 10 year holiday on the construction of battleships and even wanted to scrap some of the huge dreadnoughts already built. He wanted the scaled-down navies of America and Britain to enjoy parity in battleships and aircraft carriers, with Japan on the small end of a 5:5:3 ratio.

What was the goal of the Marshall Plan?

The goal was to spend $12.5 billion over four years in sixteen cooperating countries. The US wanted to get the Europeans back on their feet so they would get off Uncle Sam's back. They mostly *wanted to provide assistance to struggling countries so they would not have to turn to radical solutions like communism*

What were the 2 chief goals of the progressives?

The goals were *to use the state to curb monopoly power and to improve the common person's conditions of life and labor*. It was less of a monolithic minority movement and more a broadly dispersed majority mood.

Name the founder of the WCTU.

The founder was *Frances E Willard*, its leading spirit.

Name the founder of Hull House.

The founder was *Jane Addams*, the most prominent American settlement house. These houses actually gave women political power. *Settlement houses* were bought by the rich and put in slums, providing assistance to those in need.

Name the 4 countries included in the Big Four.

The four countries were the *USA* represented by Wilson, *Italy* represented by Premier Orlando, *Britain* represented by Prime Minister George, and *France* represented by Premier Clemenceau. Speed was urgent for their conference: Europe seemed to be slipping into anarchy; the red tide of communism was licking westward from Bolshevist Russia.

Name the American general who succeeded in slowing down the Japanese advance in the Philippines for five months.

The general was *General Douglas MacArthur*. He withdrew to a strong defensive position at Bataan, near Manila. There about 20,000 American troops supported by a much larger force of ill-trained Filipinos. They held off Japanese attacks until April 9, 1942.

List 2 [8] amazing achievements of the TVA.

The gigantic project brought not only *full employment and the blessings of cheap electric power but low-cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, the restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved navigation, and flood control*. Rivers ran blue instead of brown, and a once-poverty-cursed area was being transformed into one of the most flourishing regions in the United States.

What was the goal of the Bonus Army?

The goal was *for veterans to receive the immediate payment of their entire bonuses they earned during WWI*. They set up unsanitary Hoovervilles and became a menace to the public health. They would be recieving this early, in 1932 rather than 1945.

What was the goal of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act? Hint: I don't need a definition of the act - just what it hoped to achieve in the end.

The goal was *to lift American export trade from the depression doldrums*, and this measure was aimed at both *relief and recovery.* It activated the low-tariff policies of New Dealers and avoided the uncertainties of a wholesale tariff revision. Roosevelt could lower existing rates by as much as 50%, provided that the other country would do similar reductions

Name the founder of the UNIA.

The goal was to *promote the resettlement of American blacks back in their own "African homeland."* It sponsored stores and other businesses, like the Black Star Line Steamship Company, to keep blacks' dollars in black pockets. Most of Garvey's enterprises failed financially.

Name the invention that propelled city limits explosively outward.

The invention was the *electric trolley*, powering by wagging antennae from overhead wires, which propelled city limits explosively outward. Americans had become commuters, carted daily between home and job on the mass-transit lines that radiated out from central cities to surrounding suburbs. This along with subways turned the *walking cities* into the impersonal megalopolis

What invention sparked the massive migration of African Americans?

The invention was the *mechanical cotton picker*, whose impact rivaled that of the cotton gin. This did the work of 50 people at ⅛ the cost. The South's need for cheap labor disappeared, and some 5 million black tenant farmers and sharecroppers headed north in the three decades after the war.

Name the prominent inventor and engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion on the factory floor. He was also known as the father of scientific management.

The inventor was *Frederick W Taylor.*

Name the inventors responsible for the "miracle at Kitty Hawk".

The inventors were *Orville and Wilbur Wright* in North Carolina. On Dec 17, 1903, Orville stayed airborne for 12 seconds and 120 feet. "Flying coffins" became popular as stunt flyers appeared at fairs, planes were used during the Great War of 1914-1918, and private companies began to operate passenger lines.

What island group would make it possible for America to carry out round-trip bombing raids of Japan?

The island group was the *Marianas, including America's conquered Guam and Saipan*. From bases in the Marianas, the Us' new b-29 superbombers could carry out round-trip bombing raids. The Japanese navy never recovered from the massive losses of planes, pilots, and ships that occured in the taking of the Marianas.

Name the Island that cost America 50,000 casualties.

The island was *Okinawa*, a well-defended Japanese island. It was needed for closer bases from which to blast and burn enemy cities and industries. Fighting dragged on from April to June of 1945. Japanese soldiers, fighting from incredible courage from their caves, finally sold Okinawa for 50,000 casualties, while suffering far heavier losses themselves.

Name the Island American forces needed as a haven for damaged American bombers.

The island was the tiny island of *Iwo Jima* for those returning from Japan, captured in March 1945. This 25 day assault cost over 4,000 American lives.

Name the man that organized the famous "Rough Riders".

The man was *Theodore Roosevelt,* who had resigned from the Navy dept to serve as a lieutenant colonel. These riders were volunteers short on discipline but long on dash -- cowboys, ex-polo players, ex-convicts, and more.

Name the man who zealously rounded up suspected left wingers (communists).

The man was Attorney General *A. Mitchell Palmer*, who won the nickname "The Fighting Quaker" by his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects. However, when a bomb shattered the home of Palmer, he became the "Quaking Fighter." He was afraid because there were now many violent strikes in America -- war inflation reduced the value of their wages -- and the communist revolution in Russia just succeeded.

Name 3 of the potentially dangerous demagogues mentioned in this section.

The potentially dangerous demagogues included the Anti-New Deal "microphone messiah" *Father Charles Coughlin*, [thought FDR was socialist] a catholic priest in Michigan who began broadcasting in 1930 and whose slogan was "Social Justice," *Dr. Francis E. Townsend*, a retired Cali physician who capitalized on popular discontent to make pie-in-the-sky promises along with AK *Senator Huey ("King Fish") Long.*

What was the key point argued by Alfred Thayer Mahan in his book "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660 - 1773"?

The key point was arguing that *control of the sea was the key to world dominance,* stimulating the naval race among the great powers *[naval arms race]* that gained momentum around the turn of the century. Red-blood americans joined in the demands for a stronger navy and for an American-built isthmian canal btwn the Atlantic and Pacific,

What was the key point made in Russell Conwell's lecture "Acres of Diamonds"? This does not need to be more than a short phrase or sentence.

The key point was that those who stayed* poor were lazy and lacking in enterprise*. There is *not a poor person* in the US who was not *made poor by his own shortcomings*.

What was the key reason for the lopsided republican victory in 1900? I only need one reason - pick the most important one. Good luck

The key reason was the mandate for Republicans was for *prosperity* and protectionism [higher tariffs] rather than for or against imperialism. Also, *gold standard*

Name the kingpin among American steelmasters.

The kingpin was Andrew *Carnegie*, an undersized and charming Scotsman. He became extremely successful by working hard, doing the extra chore, cheerfully assuming responsibility, and smoothly cultivating influential people.

Name the lady that organized the birth control movement.

The lady was *Margaret Sanger*. Along with Sanger was Alice Paul, who began the National Women's Party that campaigned for an Equal Rights amendment to the constitution.

Describe the Emergency Banking Relief Act.

The law *invested the president with the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.* It temporarily closed banks, to open again when they were solvent or sound to repay investors. It was like they were approved by the government, and they could gain the public's trust once more.

Name the leader of the CIO

The leader was *John L. Lewis*, boss of the United Mine Workers. In 1935 he succeeded in forming the Committee For Industrial Organization within the ranks of the skilled-craft American Federation of Labor.

Name the member of HUAC responsible for going after Alger Hiss.

The member was *Richard M. Nixon*, an ambitious red-catcher. Hiss was an ex-New Dealer who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930s, and he demanded the right to defend himself. They met in front of the HUAC in August 1948. He denied everything but was caught in falsehoods, convicted of perjury in 1950, and sentenced to five years in prison.

What was the messiest foreign policy problem facing America during the 1920's?

The messiest problem was *international debts, a complicated tangle of private loans, allied war debts, and German reparations payments*. WWi had reversed the international final position of the US: in 1914 it was a debtor nation to the sum of $4 billion, in 1922 it was a creditor nation to the sum of about $16 billion. Now, the dollar rivaled the pound sterling as the financial giant of the world, and American investors loaned some $10 billion to foreigners in the 20s. The key knot in the tangle was the $10 billion the US Treasury had loaned to the Allies.

What was the most important agreement made at Tehran?

The most important was agreement on *broad plans, especially those for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from the east simultaneously with the prospective Allied assault from the west*.

Name the most imposing of the public enterprises that would be funded by Hoover's program of public works.

The most imposing was the gigantic *Hoover Dam of the Colorado River*. It was decided in the days of Coolidge, it was begun under Hoover, and completed in 1936 under Roosevelt. It succeeded in creating a huge man-made lake for purposes of irrigation, flood control, and electric power. But Hoover fought sternly against anything that he regarded as "socialistic."

Why did moderates want to give former adult male slaves the right to vote? I am looking for the overriding purpose of this decision. Good luck.

The overriding purpose was to create an electorate in Southern states that would vote those states back into the union on acceptable terms, freeing the federal government from responsibility for the protection of black rights.

What was the main purpose of the NATO alliance?

The pact marked a dramatic departure from American diplomatic convention, a gigantic boost for European unification, and a significant step in the militarization of the Cold War. It had a threefold purpose: *"to keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in."* More importantly, *it would strengthen the policy of containing the Soviet Union, it would provide a framework for the reintegration of Germany into the European family, and would reassure jittery europeans that the US wasn't going to abandon them to Russia or Germany.*

Name the political organization that was created by farmers to protest the railroads domination of their lives.

The political organization was the *Grange* (Patrons of Husbandry). They felt as if the nation had not escaped from the slavery power only to fall into the hands of the money power (RR plutocracy). They remembered *Jefferson's ideals* that were hostile to gov't interference with business. The organization caused many midwestern legislatures to attempt to regulate the RR monopoly.

How far were American ships to escort lend-lease shipments?

The president issued orders to the navy to escort lend-lease shipments *as far as Iceland*. The British would then shepherd them the rest of the way.Lease-bound shipments of arms to Britain on British ships were bound to be sunk by german wolf-pack submarines.

What solemn promises did the Indians receive before they surrendered their ancestral lands?

The promises from Washington were that they would be left alone and provided with food, clothing, and other supplies. However, the federal Indian agents were often corrupt, paling off moth-eaten blankets, spoiled beef, and other defective provisions. They had an annual salary of $1,500, and one man had savings of $50,000

What was the purpose of the second Open Door note (the book will call it another paper broadside)?

The purpose was to *embrace the territorial integrity of China, in addition to its commercial integrity.* The principles helped spare China from possible partition in those troubled years It kept China independent

Describe the purpose of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank).

The purpose was to *promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas.* It actually offered to give the USSR money BUT it needed to be used in world trade. It declined

What was the purpose of the Freedman's Bureau? Do not simply say it was to serve as a kind of primitive welfare agency.

The purpose was to help unskilled and uneducated emancipated blacks survive as free people. It provided food, clothing, medical care, and education to people who needed it (including white refugees!). It was headed by the friendly Union General Oliver O Howard.

What was the purpose of the so-called Granger Laws?

The purpose was to regulate railway rates and the storage fees charged by railroads and the operators of warehouses and grain elevators - public control of private business for the general welfare. However, many of the laws were badly drawn and bitterly fought through the high courts, most severely at the Wabash decision, where the Grangers' influence faded.

Describe the differences between radical and moderate republicans concerning reconstruction.

The radicals wanted to keep the Southern states out as long as possible and apply federal power to bring about a drastic social and economic transformation in the South. Moderate republicans preferred policies that restrained the states from abridging citizens' rights, not wanting to involve the federal government directly in individual lives.

What was the real goal behind the black codes?

The real goal was to keep blacks below whites, giving whites power over them. It also made blacks a labor force to rebuild the cotton kingdom. It essentially sought to make things as they were before emancipation occurred.

What was the real purpose of Roosevelt's assault on the trusts?

The real purpose was *symbolic, proving conclusively that the government, not private business, ruled the country.* He believed in regulating, not fragmenting, the big business combines as really, he felt that combination and integration were the hallmarks of the age and to try to stem the tide of economic progress by political means he considered the rankest folly. He thought that the *threat of dissolution would scare the businesses into being regulated federally (it did).*

What was the real reason behind FDR's attempt to "pack" the Supreme Court?

The real reason was to *overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms*. Roosevelt was also vilified for attempting to break down the delicate checks and balances among the 3 branches of government. He was accused of grooming himself as a dictator by trying to browbeat the judiciary -- citizens saw that basic liberties seemed to be in jeopardy.

What was the primary reason for FDR's easy victory over Dewey?

The reason was because *the war was going well*. A winning pitcher is not pulled from the game. *Foreign policy was a decisive factor with untold thousands of voters, who concluded that Roosevelt's experienced hand as needed in fashioning a future organization for world peace*.

What was the chief reason for this amazing transformation in steel production? This does not need to be a long answer - 2 words will work.

The reason was the invention of the *Bessemer process*, a method of making cheap steel by "air boiling" it.

Name the reform movement led by Florence Kelley.

The reform movement was for an *Illinois anti-sweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor.* She was a lifelong battler for the *welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers.* She also was a prominent part of the National Consumer League

What long overdue fiscal reform was able to take place as a result of the Panic of 1907? This does not need to be a long or detailed answer - just give the basic change needed.

The reform was the *authorization of banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral,* since in the event of a currency shortage a more elastic medium of exchange was required -- hard-pressed banks could not increase the volume of money in circulation, and those with ample reserves were reluctant to lend to their less fortunate competitors.

What region of the country saw the most dramatic population growth?

The region was the *Sun Belt, a fifteen state area stretching in a smiling crescent from Virginia through Florida and Texas to Arizona and California*. The region increased its population at a rate nearly double that of the old industrial zones of the Northeast -- the frostbelt.

Give the "splits" that were making it difficult for the Democrats to unite behind a single candidate in 1924.

The split was between *the "wets" and "drys," urbanites and farmers, Fundamentalists and Modernists, northern liberals and southern stand-patters, immigrants and old stock Americans.*

In exchange for American war materials and supplies - what action was required of Japan?

The state department insisted that the Japanese *clear out of China*. Then, they offered to renew trade relations on a limited basis. Japanese imperialists were unwilling to lose face by withdrawing at the behest of the US, and chose the sword.

Describe the scandal involving Klan leaders that finally led to its collapse. Hint: Leave space as I will have you add a second scandal in class.

The scandal was embezzling by Klan officials discovered by a congressional investigation. The movement was exposed as a vicious racket based on a $10 initiation fee, $4 of which was kicked back to local organizers as an incentive to recruit. The pocketed money was supposed to support the klan. It was an alarming manifestation of the intolerance and prejudice plaguing people anxious about the dizzying pace of social change in the 1920s. Civil rights activists fought in vain for legislation making lynching a federal crime, as lawmakers feared alienating southern white voters. The second scandal was the charges of rape against the Grand Dragon of Indiana, a prominent KKK leader.

Describe the solution proposed by Henry George to solve the poverty problem in America.

The solution was to *implement a single 100% tax on windfall profits showered on owners of land when the pressure of a growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values.* This would eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth. However, his single-tax idea was so horrifying to the propertied classes that his manuscript was rejected by numerous publishers before his book broke into the bestseller lists and ultimately sold some 3 million copies.

Name the 2 American citizens convicted of espionage and sent to the electric chair for their role in "leading" atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.

The success of the Soviet scientists in developing an atomic bomb was attributed by many to the cleverness of communist spies. *Julius and Ethel Rosenberg* were convicted, the only people in American history ever executed in peacetime for espionage. Their sensational trial combined with sympathy for their two orphaned children began to sour some sober citizens on the excesses of the red hunters.

What became the symbol of the NRA?

The symbol was a handsome *blue eagle*, as patriotism was aroused by mass meetings and monster parades. Merchants subscribing to a code placed the eagle in their window with the slogan "We Do Our Part."

Name the 2 methods developed by cities to improve governments that they saw as riddled with inefficiency and corruption. Hint: Both of these answers should come from the first paragraph in this section.

The two methods were *having appointed expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs*, and the *city-manager system*. Some of these reforms obviously valued efficiency more highly than democracy, as control of civic affairs was further removed from the people's hands.

Name 3 territories America acquired as a result of the Spanish American War.

The territories were *Guam,* which they had captured early in the conflict before the Spaniards even detected a war, *Puerto Rico*, which was given to the US as payment for war costs, and the *Philippines.* Not Cuba, due to the Teller Agreement.

Name 3 groups of profit seeking Americans that helped encourage immigration.

The three groups were *industrialists* who wanted low-wage labor, *railroads* who wanted buyers for their land grants, *states* who wanted more population, and *steamship lines* who wanted more human cargo.

Name the 3 ethnic groups that had to register as "enemy aliens".

The three groups were noncitizen *German, Italian, and Japanese immigrants* following the war with Germany, italy, and Japan in December 1941

Know 3 ways the New Immigrants were different from Old Immigrants.

The three ways were they came from *southern and eastern Europe* rather than western Europe, they came from countries with *little history of democratic government* [no rights], they were *illiterate and impoverished,* [stuck in east] and they were *Orthodox or Catholic* [jewish] rather than Protestant.

What 2 treaties marked the beginning of the reservation system?

The treaties were those which attempted to pacify the Plains Indians, signed with the "chiefs" of various "tribes" at Fort Laramie in 1851 and at Fort Atkinson in 1853. They established boundaries for the territory of each tribe and attempted to separate the Indians into 2 great colonies to the north and south of a corridor of intended white settlement.

Name the treaty that ended the conflict between Russia and Japan. Hint: The treaty is named after the town where negotiations were held.

The treaty was the *Treaty of Portsmouth*, signed in New Hampshire.

Name the treaty that prevented America from exercising exclusive control over a canal.

The treaty was the ancient *Clayton-Bulwer Treaty*, concluded with Britain in 1850. It said that the US could not secure exclusive control over an isthmian route. So, confronted with an unfriendly Europe and bogged down in the South African Boer War, the British consented to the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, giving the US a free hand to build the canal and conceding the right to fortify it as well.

Name the two actions taken by congress in an attempt to temper the worst features of the black codes (both were vetoed by Andrew Johnson).

The two actions congress took were extending the life of the Freedman's bureau and passing the Civil Rights Bill.

What were the 2 chief worries of frustrated farmers?

The two chief worries were low prices, which would lower the price of their own grain and sodbusters would ruin (like in 1880s and 1890s), and deflated currency. They were engaged in one of the most fiercely competitive of businesses, for the price of their product was determined in a world market by world output. If a family had borrowed $1,000, when wheat was $1 a bushel, they were to pay back the equivalent of 1000 bushels with interest. However, if deflation occurred, they would have to pay back the price of 2000 bushels for the $1,000 they borrowed, plus interest. This struck them as unjust, but the farmers were branded slippery and dishonest rascals.

Name the two [4] significant improvements that proved a boon to railroad building.

The two improvements were the stronger, safer and more economical *steel rail* (which Vanderbilt help popularize when he replaced the old iron tracks of the New York Central with the tougher metal) and a *standard gauge of track width* which had come into wide use, eliminating the expense and inconvenience of numerous changes from one line to another. There were also the Pullman Palace Cars ("gorgeous traveling hotels") and the Westinghouse air brake which contributed to efficiency and safety.

Name the 2 leaders fighting for control of China.

The two leaders were Generalissimo *Jiang Jieshi*, whose Nationalist government Washington halfheartly supported, and *Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)* and his communists. The ineptitude and corruption within the generalissimo's regime gradually corroded the confidence of his people, and communist armies swept south overwhelmingly. Late in 1949 Jiang fled to Formosa (Taiwan)

Why did the Democrats nominate William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896? This is a tough question but I have faith in your abilities.

They did because Bryan was the confident, honest, sincere leader they needed and he favored the coinage of silver. He was eloquent, as well -- his Cross of Gold speech was a sensation.

Know the 2 methods used by the government to subsidize these transcontinental lines.

The two methods were Congress beginning to *advance liberal loans* to the companies in 1862, and *adding enormous donations of acreage paralleling the tracks* -- Washington gave the RRs 155,504,994 acres and the western states added 49 million more. (Along with this, land grants to railroads were made in broad belts along the proposed route. The RRs were allowed to choose *alternate mile square sections, like a checkerboard.* Before Cleveland put an end to the foot dragging practice in 1887, the land was withheld until the precise location of tracks were decided.)

List the 2 parts of the Pendleton Act. Make sure you write enough on the second part.

The two parts were that it made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Sevice Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull."

Describe the 2 reforms passed by New York and other states in response to the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory?

The two reforms were *stronger laws regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshop toil, and workers' compensation laws,* providing insurance to workers injured in industrial accidents. Locked doors and other flagrant violations of the fire code had turned the factory into a fiery deathtrap, 146 workers (mostly immigrant women) died. Gradually the concept of the employer's responsibility to society was replacing the dog eat dog philosophy of unregulated free enterprise.

Know the 2 regions where Bryan received strong support?

The two regions were the debt-burdened South and the trans-Mississippi West. He had more acreage than McKinley but less population.

Name the tycoon that gave generous financial support to the nation's public libraries.

The tycoon was *Andrew Carnegie*, book-starved in his youth, who contributed 60 million for the construction of nearly 1700 public libraries around the country with an additional 750 scattered around the English-speaking world from Great Britain to New Zealand.

What stern ultimatum was issued to the Japanese after the Potsdam Conference?

The ultimatum was *surrender or be destroyed*. American bombers showered the dire warning on Japan in tens of thousands of leaflets, but no encouraging response was forthcoming.

What was the purpose or the underlying concept behind the Lend-lease program?

The underlying concept was *"send guns, not sons"* or *"Billions, not bodies."* America would be the "arsenal of democracy," sending a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression, who in turn would finish the job and keep war on their side of the Atlantic. Accounts would be settled by returning the used weapons or their equivalents to the US after the war.

How did the Union League assist the freedman? Give 3 examples.

The union league built black churches and schools, represented black grievances before local employers and government, and recruited militias to protect black communities from white retaliation.

Know the books written by the following authors: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, and William Faulkner.

The wae jolted many young writers out of their complacency about traditional values and literary standards. WIth their pens they probed for new codes of morals and understanding, as well as fresh forms of expression. *F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote This Side of Paradise* in 1920, becoming a kind of bible for the young. He then wrote *The Great Gatsby* in 1925, a commentary on the illusory American ideal of the self-made man. *Ernest Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises* in 1926, on the iceberg principle, telling of disillusioned spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe. He also wrote *A Farewell to Arms* in 1929, his own war story. He won the Nobel Prize in 1954, and committed suicide in 1961. *Sinclair Lewis wrote Main Street* in 1920, the best selling story of a woman's unsuccessful revolt against provincialism. He also wrote *Babbitt* in 1922 to pillory George Babbitt. *William Faulkner wrote The Sound and the Fury* in 1929, and *As I Lay Dying* in 1930, experimenting with multiple narrators, complex structure, and stream of consciousness techniques. His greatest work was *Absalom, Absalom!* In 1936.

Why were some legal experts critical of the Nuremberg Trials?

These trials punished Nazi leaders for war crimes in 1945-1946. Justice was harsh, as 12 Nazis were executed and 7 had long jail terms. Legal critics in America and elsewhere *condemned these proceedings as judicial lynchings, because the victims were tried for offenses that had not been clear-cut crimes when the war began.*

List 4 of the issues addressed by women in the progressive movement. The text will call them moral and "maternal" issues.

These women protected their new activities in the home as an extension -- not a rejection -- of the traditional roles of wife and mother, drawn to issues such as *keeping children out of mills and sweatshops, attacking the scourge of tuberculosis bred in airless tenements, winning pensions for mothers with dependent children, and ensuring that only safe food products were sold.* These women agitated through organizations like the National Consumers League (1899), Women's Trade Union League (1903), and federal agencies (Children's Bureau [1912] and Dept of Labor).

What action did Britain and France take as a result of America's insistence that it get its money back?

They *demanded that the Germans make enormous reparations payments, totaling some $32 billion, as compensation for war-inflicted damages.* The Allies hoped to settle their debts to the US with German money. The french, seeking to extort the payments, *sent troops into Germany's Ruhr valley in 1923*.

How did the Soviets respond to the allied idea of reuniting Germany?

They *resisted all efforts to revitalize Germany*, deeply fearful of another Blitzkrieg. The Western Allies refused to allow Moscow to bleed their zones of the reparations that Stalin insisted he had been promised at Yalta. They also promoted the idea of a reunited germany. The communists responded by *tightening their grip on their Eastern zone*. (Germany was 4 military occupation zones, each assigned to one of the Big Four France, Brit, USA, USSR) It was apparent that Germany would remain indefinitely divided, and West Germany eventually became an independent country wedded to the west. East Germany along with other Soviet-dominated Eastern European countries like Poland and Hungary became nominally independent "satellite" states and disappeared from Western sights behind the "iron curtain" of secrecy and isolation that Stalin clanged across Europe

What tactic did the insurrectos adopt to drive their Spanish overlords out of Cuba?

They adopted *destructive tactics*, adopting a *scorched-earth policy* where they torched canefields and sugar mills and dynamited passenger trains. They did this with roots that were economic - sugar production, the backbone of Cuba's prosperity, was crippled when the American tariff of 1894 restored high duties on the product.

List the 3 agreements made by FDR and Churchill at Casablanca.

They agreed to *step up the Pacific war, invade Sicily, increase pressure on Italy, and insist upon an "unconditional surrender" of the enemy*, a phrase earlier popularized by Grant during the Civil War. Such an unyielding policy would presumably hearten the suspicious Soviets, who professed to fear separate Allied peace negotiations. This was criticized for seeming to lengthen the war. It would also forestall charges of broken armistice terms. It was an admission of weakness of the Western allies. These surrendered nations would have few rights and be fully under American control

Know that the Harlem Renaissance was a celebration of black culture and creative expression.

They argued for a "New Negro" who was a full citizen and a social equal to whites.

Give one of the reasons Chinese workers had originally come to the Americas?

They came to dig in the goldfields and to sledgehammer the tracks of the transcontinental railroads across the west. Many went home when gold was scarce and tracks were built, with little money saved.

List one criticism Republicans had of FDR. Hint: The answer can be very short.

They condemned the New Deal of Franklin "deficit" Roosevelt for its *radicalism, experimentation, confusion, and "frightful waste."*

What two painful alternatives did Japanese leaders face as the result of those actions?

They could either *knuckle under to the Americans* or *break out of the embargo ring by a desperate attack on the oil supplies and other riches of southeast Asia*.

Why couldn't the U.S. turn Cuba completely loose after the Spanish American War?

They couldn't because *a grasping power like Germany might secure dangerous lodgement near, and Cuba was America's soft underbelly.* Therefore Cubans were forced to write into their own constitution of 1901 the so-called Platt Amendment. They loathed it as it served McKinley's ultimate purpose of bringing Cuba under American control.

To right social wrongs what were the muckrakers counting on?

They counted on *publicity and an aroused public conscience* rather than drastic political change. They sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it.

What did American political leaders do after declaring independence?

They created new constitutions and declarations of rights, articulating the role of state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limited centralized power/popular influence

How did blacks protect their dignity and family structure?

They developed surrogate families They sang slave music

Why did the U.S. government have to resort to conscription? This answer can be relatively short and simple.

They did because in April and May of 1917, Europe confessed that they were not only running out of money but af manpower as well. A huge American army would have to be raised, trained, and transported, or the whole western front would collapse. It was the only answer to the need for raising an immense army with all possible speed.

Why did the Pullman Palace Car workers go on strike?

They did because the Pullman Palace Car Company was hit hard by the depression and cut wages by about ⅓, while holding the line on rent for the company houses. They paralyzed RR traffic from Chicago to the Pacific coast. AFL declined to support them, enhancing their reputation for respectability

Why did nativist Americans view the newer immigrants from South and Eastern Europe with such ferocity (in other words, why did they dislike them)? 3/5 reasons.

They did because the new immigrants had a *high birthrate*, common among people with a low standard of living and sufficient youth/vigor to pull up stakes, which made Nativists worry that they Anglo-Saxon stock would be *[outbred and outvoted.]* They also worried that Anglo-Saxon Stock would be *mongrelized by inferior southern European blood* and the fairer Anglo-Saxon types would disappear. Nativists blamed the immigrants for the *degradation of urban government.* They would *work for "starvation" wages* that they thought were good, angering unions, and imported in their *intellectual baggage* such as seemingly dangerous doctrines as [socialism, communism, and anarchism.]

Why did most Americans believe that at least a grade school education was essential in a free country? Good luck.

They did because they accepted the truism that a free government cannot function successfully if the people are ignorant.

Why did some Democrats bolt the party after Bryan's nomination? This does not need to be a long answer.

They did because they supported gold and could not tolerant Bryan, who wanted silver.

Why did Native forces ambush and annihilate Fetterman's command?

They did because they were attempting to block construction of the Bozeman Trail to the Montana goldfields. This "awakened a bitter feeling toward the savage perpetrators" in the new general George Armstrong Custer.

How did the California legislature antagonize Japan?

They did by *prohibiting them from owning land*, to the vigorous protests of Tokyo. American gunners at Fortress Corregidor in the Philippines were on around the clock alert. But when Secretary of State Bryan was dispatched to plead with the Cali legislature to soften its stand, tensions eased somewhat.

Why did American planters renew their efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii?

They did in response to the *McKinley Tariff which raised barriers against Hawaiian sugar.* They were also afraid that Tokyo might interfere with Hawaii in order to protect the large amounts of Japanese that resided there -- they could take over.

Give 2 [5] of the old progressive ideas that were embraced in the New Deal.

They embraced ideas such as *unemployment insurance, old-age insurance[social security -- oldies fired first], minimum wage regulations, the conservation and development of natural resources, and restrictions on child labor*.

How did radical republicans fight the south's replication of slavery?

They enacted federal laws that overruled southern state law Johnson vetoes, Congress passes

Why did large shippers often end up paying less to transport goods than small farmers? This is a tough question - good luck.

They ended up paying less because *shippers were granted secret rebates or kickbacks in return for steady and assured traffic*. The shippers *slashed their rates on completing lines but they more than made up the difference on non-competing ones*, where they might actually charge more for a short haul than a long one. When it is a *short trip*, there is only *one railroad* that you can choose. Therefore, that railroad can *charge whatever it wants to*. When there is a long trip, there is *competition* for which railroad to use. Therefore, prices will be *lower to be more appealing* to the consumer. Alternatively, the two companies may "pool," offering the same price and *splitting the profits*

How did the nation change their suffrage system in order to transition to a more participatory society?

They expanded it from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all men

How much money did investors lose in the 2 months following the initial crash?

They had lost *$40 billion in paper values*, or more than the total cost of WWI to the USA.

Conscience Whigs

They had moral obligations to fighting wars to gain territory and expand

How did the Harding administration (or the new Old Guard) hope to improve on the laissez-faire doctrine of McKinley?

They hoped to do so by *making their plea not simply for government to keep its hands of business, but for government to help guide business along the path to profits.* They subtly, effectively achieved their ends by putting the courts and administrative bureaus into the safekeeping of fellow stand-patters for the duration of the decade.

What 2 disgruntled groups did Populists hope to draw into their coalition?

They hoped to draw in aggrieved workers and indebted farmers.

What had most Italian immigrants left their home country?

They left because the southern areas had lagged economically behind the prosperous, industrial region of northern italy. From such disappointed and demeaned conditions, southern italians set out for the new world.

How did states set up their own plans of government?

They made things more egalitarian, including separation of power [checks and balances], reduced property requirements to vote, and basic freedoms in a bill of rights

** Know the central German strategy upon American entry into WWI. Do not worry about this question yet but make sure you ask before the test.

They must act FAST and with URGENCY, before America can enter.

What caused most of these women to leave their jobs after WWII? Hint: I am looking for only one factor. Pick the most important one.

They quit their jobs voluntarily because of *family obligations.A widespread rush into suburban domesticity and the mothering of the "baby boomers" who were born by the tens of millions* in the decade and a half following 1945. This was the first step to women's revolution and independence

Why did many southern white farmers refuse to desert the Democratic Party and join the Populists in 1892?

They refused to desert the party because racial divisions made it so that they did not want to cooperate with blacks.

Why did Southern Europeans bitterly denounce the Immigration Act of 1924?

They said it was unfair and discriminatory, and it was a *triumph for the nativist belief* that blue eyed and fair haired northern Europeans were superior.

What was the southern view of the Freedman's Bureau?

They saw the bureau as a federal intruder who would ruin the superiority of whites to blacks, something that Southerners cherished. Southerners refused to give the Bureau land that they were authorized to settle freedmen on. Southerners tricked slaves into working for their old owners, and kicked many blacks out of towns.

The text mentions that the Republicans were able to raise a war chest of some $3 million to help them win the election - where did they spend most of the money?

They spent most of the money lining up corrupt "voting cattle" known as "repeaters" and "floaters." Votes were purchased for as much as $20 each in Indiana, a crucial swing state.

Even though Greeley had earlier blasted democrats as traitors, slave shippers, saloon keepers, horse thieves and idiots how come Democrats were willing to support him as a candidate for President?

They supported him because Greely had pleased both North and Southern Democrats when he pleaded for clasping hands across the "bloody chasm."

How many left wingers did they finally arrest?

They ultimately totaled about *6 thousand*

Who were the *Sons of Liberty?*

They used violence to disrupt enforcement of taxes Boycotts against british goods were organized, and were effective in repealing the Stamp Act

Why would debtor groups want silver to be coined? Do not give a one or two word answer. This will need to be a short sentence explaining the benefits of inflation.

They wanted silver to be coined to promote inflation, so that the money they owed would be worth less than it once was and therefore would be easier to pay back.

What were the twin goals of the Republican Party during reconstruction? This might be tough - do the best you can.

They wanted to protect the freed slaves along with make the South adopt republican beliefs. However, both of these goals failed.

Why did the progressives want women to vote? Give 1 reason.

They wanted women to vote because they believed *women's votes would elevate the political tone*, and the foes of the saloon felt that they could count on the support of enfranchised people. Many of the states especially the liberal western ones gradually extended the vote to women.

Describe the Democrats

They were "common men" led by Andrew Jackson, and against the BUS and the American System

Name the two Italian immigrants convicted for the murder of a Massachusetts paymaster.

They were *Nicola Sacco*, a shoe-factory worker, and *Bartolomeo Vanzetti*, a fish peddler. The jury and judge were prejudiced because the defendants were Italians, Atheists,, anarchists, and draft dodgers. Liberals and radicals the world over rallied for their defence, but after 6 years they were ultimately executed.

Define Liberal Protestants:

They were *Protestants who adapted religious ideas to modern culture, attempting to reconcile Christianity with new scientific and economic doctrines*. They rejected biblical literalism, urging Christians to view bible stories as models for Christian behavior rather than as dogma. They stressed the *ethical teachings of the bible* and allied themselves with the reform-oriented "social gospel" movement and urban revivalists like Moody, who preached forgiveness. Their *optimistic trust in community fellowship* and their focus on earthly salvation and personal growth attracted many followers. They *helped Protestant Americans reconcile their religious faith* with modern, cosmopolitan ways of thinking.

What were America's main contributions to the allied war effort?

They were *foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil for this first mechanised war, and manpower.*

Name the Central Powers.

They were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later Turkey and Bulgaria.

What were the *Committees of Correspondence?*

They were a group led by Sam Adams that kept up communication and resistance to British policies

Why were the allies a far more important trading partner than the Central Powers?

They were because *British and French war orders pulled American Industry out of hard times and onto a peak of prosperity.* Part of the boom was financed by American bankers, notably JP Morgan's Wall Street firm, which eventually gave the allies $2.3 billion during the period of American neutrality.

Why were American workers more replaceable than ever? 2 [5] reasons.

They were because *new machines displaced employees*, and several hundred thousand *unskilled european workers* were available to companies. Bigger corporations were not interested in getting to know each individual worker, *dehumanizing them* and lowering their value. *Strikebreakers could easily replace* unskilled workers. A glutted labor market handicapped wage earners, so employers could *use the railroads to bring in unemployed workers* from all over the country and beyond.

Why were big meatpackers being shut out of European markets? A short and simple answer will work.

They were because *some American meat, from the small packing houses, claimed the giants, had been found to be tainted.* Foreign governments even threatened to ban all American meat imports by throwing out the good beef with the bad botulism.

Why were farmers so slow to organize?

They were because any attempt to organize would result in railroad operators letting their grain spoil or refusing them service, and they were naturally independent and individualistic, dead set against consolidation or regimentation.

Why were the American people disturbed to find that their fabled free land or frontier was gone?

They were because the secretary of war had prophesied in 1827 that 500 years would be needed to fill the West, and they realized that the land was inexhaustible. Along with this , the passing of the frontier ended a romantic phase of the nation's internal development and created new economic and psychological problems.

Why were many Americans concerned that we were becoming a hand-out state?

They were concerned because such lavish benefactions were *undermining the old virtues of thrift and initiative*. Ordinary Americans, *once self-reliant citizens*, were getting a bad case of the "gimmies": *their wishbones were becoming larger than their backbones*. Business also accused the New Deal of formenting class strife, and conservatives insisted that the labor and farmers (especially the big operator) were being pampered.

How did the British view colonist participation in the French and Indian War? How did colonists view it?

They were disappointed in the colonial military contributions, as they would not defend themselves. They benefited from the war so they should pay! They contributed in 4 wars, wanted the Ohio Valley from France that they deserved, and believed that British policies violated their liberties.

Name the leader of the rebels that rose against the republican government of Spain.

They were headed by fascistic General *Francisco Franco*, aided by Hitler and Mussolini. He undertook to overthrow the established Loyalist regime, which was in turn assisted on a smaller scale by the Soviet Union.

Describe the Whigs

They were led by Clay, Anti-Jackson, wanted a strong federal government, wanted internal improvements, tariffs, and the BUS

Why were the best men no longer in politics? I only need one reason.

They were no longer in politics because they were being *lured away from public life by the lusty attractions of the booming private economy.* They dreamed of *controlling corporations and profits, not congress and presidency.*

Why were southern democrats so strongly opposed to Truman's nomination for president?

They were opposed because they *were alienated by his strong stand in favor of civil rights for blacks, especially his decision in 1948 to desegregate the military*. This split the Democrats in two, and half became confederate-flagged "Dixiecrats" with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as their candidate.

Name some *utopian societies*

They were social experiments that wanted to achieve perfection: Oneidas Brooke Farm Mormons Shakers New Harmony [Socialistic ↑ rich and poor gap, market revolution]

Why were politicians so timid during the Gilded Age?

They were timid because even a small mistake could result in the advantage of the opposing party, and in turn produced political records that were trivial and petty. They did not want to do anything that could threaten the dominance of their political party.

Why were some republicans unwilling to vote to impeach Andrew Johnson? Know 2 reasons.

They were unwilling because they feared they would be creating a destabilizing precedent, and they opposed abusing the checks and balances systems. They also did not want Benjamin Wade to go into power.

Who were *minutemen?*

They were warned by Paul Revere and William Dawes to hide the GOODS

Why were American scientists working so frantically to complete the bomb as fast as possible?

They were working because they *feared that Germans might first acquire such an awesome weapon*. Ironically, Germany abandoned its own atomic project as too costly. And as it happened, the war against Germany ended before the American weapon was ready. Japan, not the original target Germany, suffered the fate of being the first nation subjected to atomic bombardment.

How was the AAA going to eliminate price depression surpluses?

They would by *paying growers to reduce their crop acreage*. The millions of dollars needed for these payments were to be raised by taxing processors of farm products, such as flour millers, who would in turn shift the burden to consumers.

Name all of the targets of H.L. Mencken. [7-8]

This "Bad Boy of Baltimore" targeted *marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and other sacred icons of the middle-class "booboisie"* in his columns for the Baltimore Sun. The *South* he dismissed as the "Sahara of the Bozart" (bastardization of beaux arts). He attacked hypocritical do-gooders as "Puritans" -- *Puritanism*, he jibed, was the "haunting fear that someone, somewhere, might be happy."

Give one cause of the sharp economic downturn in 1937?

This "Roosevelt recession" was caused by *government policies, as new Social Security taxes began to bite into payrolls and as the administration cut back on spending out of continuing reverence for the orthodox economic doctrine of the balanced budget.*

Define the Indian Reorganization Act.

This "indian new deal" *encouraged tribes to establish local self-government* and to *preserve their native crafts and traditions*. The act also *helped to stop the loss of Indian lands and revived tribes' interest in their identity and culture*. Some denounced it as a "back-to-the-blanket" measure that sought to make museum pieces out of native americans -- 78 tribes refused to organize under its provisions, through nearly 200 others did establish tribal governments.

Describe the Clayton Anti-Trust Act. A good definition will also include the new activities it declared illegal.

This 1914 act *lengthened the shop-worn Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable, including price discrimination and interlocking directorates* (whereby the same individuals served as directors of supposedly competing firms) an end often achieved by holding companies

Describe the Smith-Connally Anti-strike Act.

This act *authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries. Strikes against any government-operated industry were made a criminal offense. Washington took over the coal mines and, briefly, the railroads*. Lost production was unacceptable.

What was the Jones Act?

This act *granted to the Philippines the boon of territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established*. Wilson's racial prejudices, however, made it difficult for him to anticipate anything other than a long political tutelage for the Philippines.

Define the Taft-Hartley Act.

This act *outlawed the "closed" (all union) shop, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required union leaders to take a non-communist oath*. Labor leaders called this a "slave-labor law," and even President Truman tried to veto it. It was one of several obstacles that slowed the growth of organized labor following WWII. Labor's postwar efforts to organize in the historically anti-union regions of the South and West proved frustrating, like the failure of the Operation Dixie that wanted to unionize southern textile/steel workers and overcome fears of racial mixing.

Define the Hepburn Act

This act *severely restricted free passes (which had a hint of bribery). The ICC was expended, and its reach was extended to include express companies, sleeping car companies, and pipelines.* *Additionally, it gave the ICC the power to set freight rates for RR companies that people complained about.*For the first time, the commission was given real molars when it was authorized, on complaint of shippers, to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates.

What was the Meat Inspection Act?

This act decreed that *the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can.* Although the largest packers resisted certain features of the act, they accepted it as an opportunity to drive their smaller, fly-by-night competitors out of business, receiving the gov't seal of approval as a bonus [big ones could PAY while small ones could NOT.].

Define the Elkins Act.

This act made it so that *heavy fines could now be imposed both on the RRs that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them,* aimed primarily at the rebate evil badly dealt with by the ICC.

Define the Pure Food and Drug Act.

This act passed in 1906 was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.

Describe the Social Security Act.

This act passed in 1935 was one of the most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass Congress. To *cushion further depressions*, the measure *provided for federal-state unemployment insurance*. To provide security for *old age*, specified *categories of retired workers were to receive regular payments from Washington ($10-$85 a month)* and were financed by a payroll tax on both employers and employees. *Provision was also made for the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents.*

Describe the Dawes Severalty Act.

This act reflected the forced-civilization views of the reformers. It *dissolved many tribes as legal entities*, *wiped out tribal ownership of land*, and *set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres*. If they indians behaved themselves like "good white settlers," they would get full title to their holdings, as well as citizenship, in 25 years [later extended, but all indians became citizens in 1924]. Former reservation land not allotted to the indians under the act was sold to railroads and white settlers, with the proceeds used by the federal government to educate and civilize indians.

Define the Glass-Steagall Banking Act.

This act, enacted during the Hundred Days, *provided for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual deposits up to $5000*. You can't use loans to buy stocks! Thus *ended the disgraceful epidemic of bank failures*, which dated back to Jackson

Describe the Federal Reserve Act.

This act, the most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal, *made a new Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank*. The regional banks were bankers' banks, but the *final authority of the Federal Reserve Board guaranteed a substantial measure of public control. The board could also issue paper money, "Federal Reserve Notes," backed by commercial paper,* such as promissory notes of businesspeople, swifty increasing the amount of money in circulation as needed for the legitimate requirements of business.

What was the Root-Takahira agreement?

This agreement pledged Japan and the US to respect each other's territorial possessions in the pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China.

What is the 17th amendment?

This amendment approved in 1913 *established the direct election of US senators*, a result of the pressures of the progressive people.

Know the 19th amendment.

This amendment gave women the right to vote, passed in 1920.

Describe the 18th amendment.

This amendment prohibited all alcoholic drinks.

Describe the Lend-Lease Bill.

This bill based on the motto "send guns not sons" had *America lend or lease American arms to the reeling democracies. Then, when the fighting was over, the guns and tanks could be returned*. But Senator Taft claimed that lending arms was like lending chewing gum: you don't want it back. Nevertheless it was praised by the administration as a device that would keep the nation out of the war rather than drag it in.

Describe the McNary-Haugen Bill.

This bill sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Government losses were to be made up by a special tax on the farmers. (Coolidge vetoed it twice, and farmer prices stayed down while farmers' political tempers stayed high)

Define the National War Labor Relations Board.

This board, chaired by Taft,*exerted itself to head off labor disputes that might hamper the war efforts.* While pressing employers to grant concessions to labor, including high wages and the 8-hr workday, the board *stopped short of supporting labor's most important demand: a gov't guarantee of the right to organize into unions*.

Describe the War Industries Board.

This board, headed by lone eagle stock speculator Baruch, *had only feeble formal powers but set a precedent for the federal government to take a central role in economic planning in moments of crisis.* It was disbanded just days after the armistice, and American returned to their laissez-faire weak central gov't preferences.

Name 3 of the canker sores of feverish growth that America's new cities could not conceal.

Three of the sores were criminals flourishing in city conditions, sanitary facilities could not keep up with the growing population, and impure water, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings from animals gave cities a terrible smell. Large, crowded, dirty slums spanned the city

List 2 (eventually you will need 3) of the specific promises made in the Atlantic Charter.

This covenant outlined the aspirations of the democracies for a better world at war's end, liked the 14 points. It argued for the rights of individuals rather than nations. Opposing imperialistic annexation, it *promised that there would be no territorial changes contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants (self-determination)*. It further affirmed the *right of a people to choose their own form of government and in particular to regain the governments abolished by the dictators*. Among other goals, the charter *declared for disarmament and a peace of security, pending a "permanent system of general security (a new League of Nations.)* The agreement was condemned by isolationists and others hostile to FDR. What right had "neutral" America to confer with belligerent Britain on common policies? (But America was no longer neutral!)

What is the "containment doctrine"?

This doctrine *held that Russia, whether tsarist or communist, was relentlessly expansionary. Kennan argued that the Kremlin was also cautious (ie, didn't want WWIII, to spend lots of money, or lose lots of lives), and the flow of Soviet power into "every nook and cranny available to it" could be stemmed by "firm and vigilant containment."* Truman embraced this advice when he adopted a "get tough with Russia" policy in 1947.

Define the Stimson Doctrine.

This doctrine, a paper bullet fired by Washington and Secretary of State Henry L Stimson in 1932, *declared that the US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force*. Righteous indignation -- or a preach-and-run policy -- would substitute for solid initiatives.

How did this draft law differ from the draft of the Civil War days?

This draft law, which required the registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 45, was different in that no "draft dodger" could purchase his exemption or hire a substitute the way they could during the Civil War. However, the law exempted men in key industries like shipbuilding.

List 4 [9] parts of the agreement reached at Yalta.

This fateful conference of the big three held in Feb 1945 *laid final plans for smashing the buckling German lines and assigning occupation zones in Germany to the victorious Powers*. Stalin agreed that *Poland, with revised boundaries, should have a representative government based on free elections*, a pledge he soon broke. *Bulgaria and Romania were likewise to have free elections* -- a promise also flouted. The big Three further announced *plans for fashioning a new international peacekeeping organization -- the United Nations*. Stalin *agreed to attack Japan within 3 months* after the collapse of Germany, and in return, the Soviets were promised the *southern half of Sakhalin Island*, lost by Russia to Japan in 1905, and Japan's *Kuril Islands* as well. It was granted joint control over the *RRs of Manchuria* and special privileges in the two key seaports of the area, *Dairen and Port Arthur*

Roosevelt was branded by his enemies as a wild eyed radical - is that an accurate description? Explain your answer.

This is *not entirely accurate.* Roosevelt fought "many a sham battle" and the number of laws he inspired was certainly not in proportion to the amount of noise he emitted. Many business lords villainized him, but some understood that Roosevelt was on their side. "Roosevelt should be remembered first and foremost as the cowboy" who began to tame capitalism, ensuring it a good future. He made small changes instead of big changes to avoid revolts that would irreparably damage america.

Define the Morrill Act of 1862.

This law provided a generous grant of public lands to the states for support of education. Land-grant colleges, most of which became state universities, in turn bound themselves to provide certain *services*, such as military training. Private philanthropists also helped fund universities

Why did congress pass the Lindbergh Law in 1932?

This law, which made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death-penalty offense, was passed following the *kidnapping for ransom and eventual murder of the infant son of aviator-hero Charles A. Lindbergh.* The entire nation was inexpressibly shocked and saddened.

Define the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. Hint: Don't include the information that you will use for the next question.

This new law empowered a *presidentially appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers*. The commissioners were expected to crush monopoly at the source.

Describe the Zimmerman Note.

This note, published on March 1, 1917, infuriated Americans, especially westerners. German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, tempting anti-Yankee Mexico with veiled promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. This would distract American troops from Europe. But Mex said NO because they'd surely lose. Now, the public feels in danger and is VERY anti german.

Define the Dawes Plan.

This plan, negotiated largely by Charles Dawes, *rescheduled German reparations payments and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany*. The financial cycle now became more complicated, as Us bankers loaned money to Germany, Germany paid reparations to France/Britain, and the Allies paid war debts to the US. The source of this was American credit, and the well dried up after the 1929 crash. Hoover declared a 1 yr debt moratorium in 1931, and before long all the debtors had defaulted (except Finland)

List 3 other problems attacked by urban reformers.

Three other problems were *"slumlords," juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution* (vice at a price) which flourished in red-light districts unchallenged by bribed police.

What was the Sussex Pledge? Know the German and American provisions.

This pledge which followed the sinking of the Sussex. Wilson informed the Germans that *unless they renounced the inhuman practice of sinking merchant without warning, he would break diplomatic relations, which would almost certainly lead to war.* Germany reluctantly agreed to the ultimatum, *agreeing not to sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without giving warning*. However, the US would have to *persuade the Allies to modify what Berlin regarded as their illegal blockade*. Wilson accepted it but *without that "string"* attached.

What was the Teller Amendment?

This proviso proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom

Describe the crop-lien system.

This system allowed storekeepers to extend credit to small farmers for food and supplies and in return took a lien on their harvests. However, shrewd merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

What was the "Open Door note"?

This was a communication dispatched by Secretary of State John Hay in the summer of 1899 which urged all the great powers to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition, not bothering to consult the chinese themselves. This caused squirming in the leading capitals of the world [although nothing really happened...]

Open Door Notes (I + II)

This was a communication dispatched by Secretary of State John Hay in the summer of 1899 which urged all the great powers to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition, not bothering to consult the chinese themselves. This caused squirming in the leading capitals of the world [although nothing really happened...] On the other hand, the purpose of the II was to embrace the territorial integrity of China, in addition to its commercial integrity. The principles helped spare China from possible partition in those troubled years It kept China independent

Who was blamed for the loss of China? What were they blamed for - what had they done wrong?

This was a depression defeat for America and its allies in the Cold War, the worst to date. The Republicans blamed *President Truman and his secretary of state, Dean Acheson. They insisted that Democratic agencies, wormy with communist spies, had deliberately withheld aid from Jiang Jieshi so that he would fall*. Democrats replied that when a regime has forfeited the support of its people, no amount of outside help could ever save it. Truman did not lose China because he never had China to lose -- Jiang himself never controlled all of China

What was the ABC-1 agreement?

This was an *agreement with the British in which Washington wisely adopted the strategy of "getting Germany first."* Just enough American strength would be sent to the Pacific to prevent Japan from digging in too deeply.

What was the reconstruction act?

This was an act passed by Congress on March 2, 1867 which divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by soldiers. It temporarily disfranchised many former confederates.

What were the *Townshend Acts?*

This was an external tax on imports such as paper, tea, glass, etc. The money paid royal officials, and private homes could be searched with a writ of assistance

Name the cartoonist that pilloried Tweed mercilessly.

Thomas Nast pilloried Tweed mercilessly after spurning a heavy bribe to desist.

Give 3 examples of how the farmers were gouged? Hint: Only 1 should involve government.

Three examples are them being gouged by their government, when they land was overassessed and they were forced to pay painful local taxes -- they were forced to sell their low priced products in a competitive unprotected world market while buying high priced manufactured goods in a protected home market. They were gouged by corporations and processors, at the mercy of the barbed wire trust, the harvester trust, and the fertilizer trust - corps and processers could control output and raise prices immensely. A third is the railroad, where freight rates were so high that the farmers sometimes lost less if they burned their corn for fuel rather than ship it.

List 3 factors that unmade or helped end the long drive.

Three factors are the railroad, which ran both ways bringing cattle but also bringing the homesteader and sheepherder, barbed wire which was too much for cowboys to cut down, the winter of 1886-1887 which brought terrible blizzards and killed cattle, overexpansion, and overgrazing.

Name 3 factors that lured people from the farms and into the city. Which of those factors was the most important?

Three factors were *industrial jobs*, the most important, which drew people off farms and into factory centers, along with *electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones*. The *skyscraper and Brooklyn bridge* also added to the seductive glamour of the city. Along with this, large stores and the urban lifestyle in general was attractive

What 3 factors finally forced the Indians to surrender?

Three factors were the *federal government's willingness to back its land claims with military force*, the *railroad* which brought out unlimited numbers of troops, farmers, cattlemen, sheepherders, and settlers, and white people's diseases which ravaged the indians. They could resist their firewater even less. Above all, the *virtual extermination of the buffalo* doomed the Plains Indians' nomadic ways of life.

List 3 methods used by southerners to disenfranchise black voters.

Three methods are literacy tests and poll taxes to deny blacks the ballot, the grandfather clause which exempted people whose grandfather voted in 1860 (when blacks could not vote), and more severe Jim Crow Laws.

Give 3 of the new developments that fed the nation's ambition for overseas expansion. All of the answers should come from the first paragraph under the section titled "America Turns Outward".

Three new developments were *farmers and factory owners looking for markets beyond American shores as agricultural and industrial production boomed*, the country had a new sense of power generated by the robust growth in population, wealth, and productive capacity, and the country had labor violence and agrarian unrest that might be relieved by overseas markets

List 3 [5] reasons the Soviets distrusted the U.S. after WWII.

Three reasons included the the British and American *delays in opening up a second front against Germany*, while the Soviet army paid a grisly price to roll the Nazi invaders back across Russia. Britain and America *froze their Soviet "ally" out of the project to develop atomic weapon*s. The Washington government also abruptly *terminated vital lend-lease aid to a battered USSR in 1945 and spurned Moscow's plea for a $6 billion reconstruction loan, while approving a similar loan of $3.75 billion to Britain in 1946*. Additionally, *historically, capitalism and communism rivaled,* and the US *refused to recognize the Bolshevik government until 1933, 16 yrs after its formation.*

What officially ended the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent, a stalemate But Jackson defeated Brits at the *Battle of New Orleans*

Crittenden Compromise

Tries to prevent war and bring back rebelled states by protecting slavery and restoring 36 30 by a constitutional amendment Lincoln fails it

T/F: Most confederates continued to believe that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just.

True! They disassociated from and spoke badly of both "Yankees" and their government, despite their terrible losses. A southern bishop would not pray for the president while other Confederates showed no remorse about the war. They still believed that they were right and in reality, had done nothing wrong.

True or False: Anticolonial independence movements throughout the world would wield the Wilsonian ideal of self-determination.

True, although Wilson's idea of giving territories via the League of Nations in practice was little more than the old prewar colonialism.

True or False: Isolationists turned Harding's victory into a death sentence for the League.

True, although the election could not be considered a true referendum. Politicians shunned the League, and when Wilson died it was like his "great vision" of a league for peace had died long ago. However, this spurning was short sighted, like they had won a costly war only to kick the fruits of victory under the table.

True or False: Railroad companies stimulated immigration to America.

True. *Seeking settlers* to whom their land grants might be sold at a profit, Railroad companies *advertised seductively in Europe* and sometimes *offered to transport* the newcomers free to their farms.

True or False: The Sherman act was used to curb labor unions. Explain why or how?

True. Although it was largely ineffective and lawyers found loopholes, it was used to curb labor unions or labor combinations that were deemed to be restraining trade by simply *forbidding them*.

True or False: By 1900 America had put down more rails than all of Europe combined.

True. Before when Lincoln was shot in 1865, there were only 35,000 miles of steam railways in the US, mostly east of the Mississippi. By 1900 the figure spurted up to 192,556 miles, and *much of it was west of the Mississippi.*

True or False: American manufacturing was dominated by "capital goods" and not "consumer goods".

True. Capital goods included "heavy industry" like railroads while "consumer goods" were things like clothes and shoes.

True or False: None of the later transcontinental lines received monetary subsidies.

True. However all of them except the Great Northern still received *generous land grants.*

True or False: The south remained overwhelmingly rural.

True. Industrialists tried to coax the agricultural South out of the fields and into the factories, but with only modest success.

True or False: Railroads emerged as the nation's biggest business.

True. It *employed more people than any other industry* and gobbled up nearly 20% of investment dollars from foreign and domestic investors alike.

True or False: Transcontinental railroad building was so costly and risky that it required government subsidies.

True. The construction of RR systems promised greater national unity and economic growth, but the *extension of rails into thinly populated regions was unprofitable* until the areas could be built up and *private promoters were unwilling to suffer heavy initial losses.*

True or False: Competition was the bugbear of most business leaders of the day.

True. Tycoons like Andrew *Carnegie, the steel king*; John D *Rockefeller, the oil baron*; and J pierpont *Morgan, the bankers' banker*, exercised their genius in devising ways to circumvent competition.

True or False: Gompers had no quarrel with capitalism.

True. however, he demanded a fairer share for labor.

True or False: In 1890 the superintendent of the census announced a frontier line was no longer discernable.

True. All the unsettled areas were now broken into by isolated bodies of American settlement.

True or False: Mining intensified the already bitter conflict between whites and Indians.

True. Along with this, it helped finance the Civil War, facilitated the building of railroads, and enabled the Treasury to resume specie payments and injected the silver issue into American Politics.

True or False: Most Americans did not believe that we would be sending a large fighting force to Europe.

True. As far as fighting went, America would use its navy to uphold freedom of the seas. It would continue to ship war materials to the Allies and supply them with loans, which finally totaled nearly $10 billion.

True or False: The battle of Chateau-Thierry was the first significant engagement of U.S. troops in a European War.

True. As the Germans threatened to knock out France, newly arrived American troops were thrown into the breach at Chateau-Thierry right in the teeth of the German advance. Battle-fatigued French soldiers watched truckloads of American doughboys loudly singing New World songs, a seemingly inexhaustible flood of fresh and gleaming youth -- it was clear that a new American giant had arisen in the WEst to replace the dying Russian titan in the east.

True or False: The Homestead Act marked a drastic departure from previous policy.

True. Before the act, public land had been sold primarily for revenue; now it was to be given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, the "backbone of democracy."

True or False: Wilson demanded that the Kaiser must be removed before he would sign an armistice.

True. Berlin had turned to the presumably softhearted Wilson in Oct 1918, seeking a peace based on the 14 points. War-weary Germans, whom Wilson had been trying to turn against their "military masters," took the hint and the Kaiser was forced to flee to Holland. America celebrated initially, as the war to end wars had ended. But the costs exceeded comprehension: nearly 9 million soldiers had died, and 20+ million had suffered grievous wounds. Over 550,000 Americans died from the flu.

True or False: Few significant issues separated the major parties.

True. Democrats and republicans saw eye to eye on questions like the tariff and civil service reform, and majorities in both parties substantially agreed even on the much debated currency question. However, they were still extremely competitive with each other, as they had ethnic and cultural differences.

True or False: Rockefeller operated just to the windward of the law.

True. He pursued a policy of rule or ruin, very un-lassiez faire.

True or False: After the treaty was finalized Wilson was condemned by both liberals and imperialists.

True. He was keenly aware of some of the injustices that had been forced into the treaty, but was hoping that the league of nations, a potent league with America as a leader, would iron out the inequities.

True or False: The civil war gave unions a strong boost.

True. In 1861 they had been few and disorganized. The bloody conflict, with its drain on human resources, put *more of a premium on labor*; and the mounting cost of living provided an urgent incentive to unionization.

True or False: When Wilson returned a strong majority of the people still seemed favorable to the Treaty.

True. Initially, the treaty was supported when he brought it home with the Wilson League firmly riveted in as Part I. However, eventually most people strongly protested the treaty and especially Wilson's commitment to usher the US into his League of Nations.

True or False: McKinley's victory ushered in a long period of Republican political dominance.

True. It lasted 16 consecutive years - all but 8 of the next 36. It was accompanied by diminishing voter participation in elections, the weakening of party organizations, and the fading away of issues like the money question and civil service reform, which came to be replaced by concern for industrial regulation and the welfare of labor.

True or False: By 1870 the U.S. was now the 3rd largest nation in the western world.

True. It ranked behind England and France with over 39 million people in 1870, a gain of 26.6% as more immigrants came.

True or False: The Pullman strike was the first time the federal government had used an injunction to break a strike.

True. It was all the more distasteful because defiant workers who were held in contempt could be imprisoned without a jury trial.

True or False: A record number of blacks were lynched during the 1890's.

True. It was most often for the "crime" of asserting themselves as equals to whites.

True or False: The government tried to treat labor fairly during the war.

True. Labor was also driven by the War Dept's "work or fight" rule of 1918, which threatened any unemployed male with being immediately drafted, discouraging strikes.

True or False: Voter turnouts reached heights unmatched before or since.

True. Nearly 80% of eligible voters cast their ballots in presidential elections in the three decades after the civil war. Ticket splitting, or not voting the straight party line, was rare

True or False: The freedman were overwhelmingly unskilled, unlettered, without property or money, and with scant knowledge of how to survive as free people.

True. Sadly, slaves were denied education and did not learn how to read or write. Although they were beginning to open up schools, there weren't even enough black teachers to supply the demand and white women from the American Missionary Association had to help.

True or False: The civic health of the United States did not keep pace with its physical growth.

True. The Civil war and its aftermath created waste, extravagance, speculation, and graft. Disillusionment ran deep among idealistic Americans in the postwar era. Lincoln had promised a new birth of freedom but instead Americans got a bitter dose of corruption and political stalemate, beginning with Ulysses S Grant, a great soldier but utterly inept politician.

True or False: Bryan's defeat marked the last serious effort to win the White House with mostly agrarian votes.

True. The future of presidential politics lay not on the farms, with their dwindling population, but in the mushrooming cities, with their growing hordes of freshly arriving immigrants. Bryan did not appeal to the Eastern urban laborer, who voted for their job [salary did not change based on inflation, Bryan's main appeal], or the unmortgaged farmer.

True or False: The nation was unprepared for war.

True. The pacifist Wilson had only belatedly backed some mild preparedness measures beginning in 1915.

True or False: Some radical republicans were secretly pleased by the death of Lincoln.

True. The radicals disliked how Lincoln felt some sympathy towards the south. These radicals wanted the South to suffer: its social structure destroyed, its planters punished, and blacks protected by law.

True or false: Once on reservations, Native Americans were compelled to eke out a sullen existence.

True. The vanquished Native Americans were finally ghettoized on reservations, where they could theoretically preserve their cultural autonomy but were wards of the government. Their white masters had at last discovered that they were much easier to feed than to fight, but nonetheless they were almost ignored to death.

True or False: Wilson received tumultuous welcomes from the masses of France, England, and Italy.

True. They saw in his idealism the promise of a better world. However, the statesmen of France and Italy were careful to keep the new messiah at arm's length from worshipful crowds, as he might so arouse the people as to prompt them to overthrow their leaders.

True or false: Thousands of people didn't last the 5 years required by the Homestead Act.

True. They struggled and lost against drought.

True or False: The Washington regime had long known about Hitler's campaign of genocide.

True. They were reprehensibly slow to take action against it.

True or False: For generations to come, southern blacks were condemned to eke out a threadbare living under conditions little better than slavery.

True. They were stuck in the vicious sharecropping and tenant farming cycle, and found themselves at the mercy of their former masters who were now their landlords and creditors.

True or False: Germany hoped to knock out both Britain and France long before America could get into the struggle.

True. They were surprisingly accurate in calculating America's tardiness, as they wanted to get rid of Britain 6 months after they declared unlimited submarine warfare, long before Americans could get into the struggle. Berlin also reckoned on the inability of the Americans to transport their army, assuming they were able to raise one (these predictions were not far from the mark, as shipping shortages plagued the Allies)

True or false: A restored south was stronger than ever in national politics.

True. This fact alarmed republicans, as the rebels were entitled to 12 more votes in congress and in presidential elections now that a black person counted as a full person.

True or False: By 1867 both groups believed that enfranchising black voters was necessary.

True. This was incredibly important, and the moderate republicans were even willing to use federal troops in order to do so.

True or False: Women and African Americans served in the American military during WWI.

True. This was the first time women were admitted to the armed forces -- some 11,000 to the navy and 269 to the Marines. African Americans also served in the armed forces, though in strictly segregated units and usually under white officers. Military authorities hesitated to train black men for combat, and the majority of black soldiers were assigned to "construction battalions" or put to work unloading ships.

True or false: The warfare between the Indians and the American military was often characterized by cruelty and massacres on both sides.

True. Whites would kill Indians for no reason, Colonel Chivington's militia massacred 400+ Indians at Sand Creek CO who thought they had immunity, many were tortured, scalped, and mutilated. However, the Indians were cruel, too -- the Sioux once captured Captain Fetterman's command of 81 soldiers and civilians and killed them, not leaving a single survivor.

True or False: Wilson ordered all democrats to vote against the Treaty of Versailles.

True. Wilson hated Lodge and saw red at the mere suggestion of the Lodge reservations. He was willing to accept similar ones from his followers but Lodge's "emasculated" the whole pact. Wilson hoped that when the Lodge reservations were cleared away, the path would be open for ratification without reservations or with only some mild Democratic ones. The loyal democrats, combining with the irreconcilables (republicans), rejected the treaty with the Lodge reservations appended.

True or False: Republican opposition gave Wilson's adversaries in Paris a stronger bargaining position.

True. Wilson would have to beg them for changes in the covenant that would safeguard the Monroe Doctrine and other American interests dear to the senators.

True or False: Women found a kind of equality on the frontier.

True. Women as well as men found opportunity, running boardhouses or working as prostitutes. They won the vote in WY, UT, CO, and ID long before women in the east did.

Why did Truman fire MacArthur?

Truman fired him because *MacArthur began to criticize the president's policies publicly*. He was fired on April 11, 1951. Truman was condemned while MacArthur was welcomed. In July 1951 truce discussions began in a rude field tent near the firing line but were almost immediately snagged on the issue of prisoner exchange, dragging on unproductively for nearly 2 years while men continued to die.

List 5 parts of Truman's Fair Deal program.

Truman outlined a sweeping Fair Deal program in his 1949 message to Congress. It called for *improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, new TVAs, and an extension of Social Security*. Most of it fell victim to congressional opposition from Republicans and Southern democrats. The only major successes came in raising the minimum wage, providing for public housing in the Housing Act of 1949, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries in the SS Act of 1950

Name the American general appointed as the commander of U.N. operations in Korea.

Truman took advantage of a temporary Soviet absence from the UN Security Council on June 25, 1950, obtaining the condemnation of North Korea as an aggressor. It called upon the members to "render every assistance" to restore peace. 2 days later, Truman ordered American air and naval units to support South Korea. He also ordered *General Douglas MacArthur*'s Japan-based occupation troops into action alongside the South Koreans, so began the Korean War.

Why did American forces decide to cross the 38th parallel? Good luck.

Truman's intention was to restore SK to its former borders, but the *pursuing SKs had already crossed the 38th parallel and there seemed little point in permitting the NKs to regroup and come again*. The UN assembly authorized a crossing by MacArthur provided that there was no intervention in force by the Chinese and Soviets

Fill in the blank: The word _______ came to be generally used to describe any large-scale business combination.

Trust

How did Tweed steal this money? A brief explanation will do. I will give you more detail later.

Tweed employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk the metropolis of as much as 200 million dollars. Honest citizens were cowed into silence while protesters found their tax assessments raised.

List 2 hostile actions taken by Germany discussed in this section. Hint: Do not include anything about the persecution of the Jews or that he began building up his military forces into the most devastating military machine the world had ever seen.

Two actions include *flouting the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military service in Germany, marching into the demilitarized German Rhineland contrary to the treaty*, and *making bullying demands for the German-inhabited Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia*.

The text also mentions that the black codes sought to restore the pre emancipation system of race relations. Give 2 examples of black codes that were passed with this goal in mind.

Two examples are blacks not being able to serve on a jury or vote, and blacks could not rent or lease land. They could be arrested for idleness

Give 2 [3] examples of how the land was affected by the railroad.

Two examples are the *plowing of the tallgrass prairies* of Iowa, Illinois, Kansas and Nebraska and the planting of well drained regular cornfields, and the *replacement of the near-extinct buffalo with range fed cattle* on the shortgrass prairies of the high plains in the Dakotas and Montana. *The white pine forests of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota disappeared into lumber* that was rushed by rail to prairie farmers who used it to build houses and fences.

Give 2 examples of deeds showing the "Good Neighbor" policy of nonintervention in action.

Two examples were *the last marines departed from Haiti in 1934* and the same year, after military strongman Fulgencio Batista came to power, *Cuba was released from the worst hobbies of the Platt Amendment, under which America had been free to intervene*, although the US retained its naval base at Guantanamo. *Washington also partially relaxed its grip on Panama*.

List the 2 major fears (or worries) that confronted Americans at the conclusion of WWII.

Two major fears included fear of *another depression like the 12-year Great Depression and the threat of international conflict due the America's crumbling relations with the Soviet Union.*

Know 2 of the methods used by railroad titans to control government.

Two of the methods are* bribing judges and legislators* (electing their own creatures to high office), and showering *free passes on journalists and politicians* in profusion

List 2 other noteworthy trends occurring in education during the era. These do not need to be long answers.

Two other trends were *free textbooks were being provided* in increasing quantities *by taxpayers*, *teacher-training [normal] school expansion* became more common following the civil war, and private *Catholic parochial schools.* Kindergartens and high schools also became more prevalent

List 2 [5] parts of the Interstate Commerce Act.

Two parts are it *prohibited rebates and pools* and required the railroads to *publish their rates openly*. It also forbade *unfair discrimination against shippers* and outlawed *charging more for a short haul than for a long one* over the same line. Most important, it *set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)* to administer and enforce new legislation. RR rates had to be *reasonable and just.*

List 2 [3] requirements industries were to follow according to the NRA's codes of fair competition.

Two requirements were *hours of labor would be reduced so that employment could be spread over more people, a ceiling [60→40] was placed on the maximum hours of labor, and a floor was placed under wages to establish minimum levels*. Workers were formally guaranteed the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, not through handpicked representatives of the company's choosing. "Yellow dog"/anti-union contracts were forbidden, and certain safeguard restrictions were placed on the use of child labor.

Name or describe 2 [4] of the tools corporations or employers could to use in their fight against unions.

Two tools were employing thugs to beat up labor organizers, pooling wealth through thousands of stockholders, *retaining high priced lawyers [file lawsuit against workers],* buying up the local press, putting pressure on politicians, *importing strikebreakers ("scabs")*, calling upon federal courts to issue injunctions ordering the strikers to cease striking, and *requesting the state to bring in troops*. Employers could "lockout" rebellious workers and starve them into submission. *They could make them sign "ironclad oaths/ yellow-dog contracts" so they agreed not to join a labor union.*

Credit Mobilier

Union Pacific RR construction contracts, collusion btwn companies to make profits off selling stocks when prices are high

What was the great importance of the ROosevelt Coollary?

Up until here, US wasn't involved with other countries. Now, US is involved EVERYWHERE.

Who were Federalists?

Upper class merchants and bankers who wanted a strong central government, liked Britain, and interpreted the constitution loosely

What finally goaded the Nez Perce into open war with the US authorities?

What goaded them was when US authorities *tried to herd them onto a reservation.* Chief Joseph finally surrendered his breakaway band of 700 Indians after a *tortuous 1700 mile 3 month trek* across the Continental Divide toward Canada. Betrayed into believing they would be returned to their ancestral lands in Idaho, the Nez Perces instead were sent to a dusty reservation in Canada, where 40% of them perished from disease. The survivors were eventually allowed to return to Idaho.

What led to the Battle of Wounded Knee?

What led to it was when Christian reformers joined with military men in successfully persuading the federal government to outlaw the sacred Sun Dance. WHen the "Ghost Dance" cult later spread to the Dakota Sioux, the army bloodily stamped it out at 1890 at the Battle of Wounded knee. 200 indian men, women and children were killed as well as 29 soldiers.

What led to an outbreak of guerilla warfare between American troops and Filipinos? This can be a generic answer - I just want the main reason.

What led to the outbreak was the fact that the *Filipinos were not freed following the Spanish-American war.* They were bitter towards American troops and, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, they began fighting. The US was forced to deploy some 126,000 troops ten thousand miles away to rivet shackles onto a people who asked for nothing but freedom. Now the US saw filipinos as dangerous enemies rather than innocent victims of the Spanish.

What led to a new round of warfare between the Sioux and the US Army in 1874? Hint: Think Custer.

What led to this was when Custer led a "scientific" expedition into the Black Hills of South Dakota, part of the Sioux reservation, and announced that he had discovered gold, attracting gold-seekers into the Sioux lands. The Sioux took for the warpath.

What was the *shot heard round the world?*

When 8 colonists were killed at *Lexington* and then at *Concord,* the start of the American Revolution!

What was the *Indian Removal Act of 1830?*

When Jackson forcibly moved 5 civilized tribes left of the Mississippi River

What was the *XYZ Affair?*

Where French officials attempted to get Americans to bribe them into negotiating with Talleyrand, but Americans were mad and demanded war

What was the *Virginia Plan?*

Where Madison was like we need a bicameral government based on population size

What was the *New Jersey Plan?*

Where Paterson was like we need a unicameral legislature with equal representation

What was the *Great/Connecticut Compromise?*

Where Sherman was like why don't we have a bicameral government with an upper house [Senate] with equal representation and a lower class [Reps] based on population and everyone was like .. ya sure

What was the *1st Continental Congress in 1774?*

Where all colonies (-Georgia) met in Philly to repair the relationship with England, adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, and worked on the Suffolk Resolves (boycott goods until Intolerable acts repealed) It also made the Association to coordinate economic boycotts, make military preparations, and meet again in May 1775

Panamanian Revolution

Where the Panamanians rebelled against the Colombians, encouraged by TR when he had US Naval forces prevent Colombian troops from crossing the isthmus to quell the uprising, quickly recognized the insurrection, and had Bunau-Varilla who was now the Panamanian minister despite being a french citizen sign the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. TR did this because the Colombian Senate rejected an American offer of $10 million and annual payment of $250,000 for a 6 mile wide zone across Panama, frustrating Roosevelt's ambitions. It only took him 3 days to recognize independence!! But by the end, Panamanians felt ripped off by America and relations worsened.

What was the *Olive Branch Petition?*

Where the colonies sought peace with King George, but were ignored and declared rebellious

What action (or inaction) did America take in response to the Spanish Civil War? Which side benefited from this decision?

While Washington continued official relations with the loyalist gov't, Congress, with the encouragement of Roosevelt, *amended the existing neutrality legislation so as to apply an arms embargo to both Loyalists and rebels*. This benefitted *Dictator Franco*, calling Roosevelt's behavior "the manner of a true gentleman." FDR later regretted being so gentlemanly. Uncle Sam stood out of the way while Franco abundantly supplied with arms and men by his fellow dictators strangled the republican gov't of Spain. They condemned a fellow democracy to death.

Name the organization that spoke for American isolationists.

While supporters made propaganda groups like the Committee To Defend America by Aiding the Allies, isolationists, determined to avoid American bloodshed at all costs, organized the *America First Committee* and proclaimed "England Will Fight to the Last American." They wanted America to concentrate its strength on defending its own shores in case of Hitler attacking.

How did white treaty makers misunderstand both Indian government and Indian society?

White treaty makers incorrectly understood that Indian government was made up of tribes and chiefs. In reality, many Native Americans, living in scattered bands, recognized only the authority of their immediate families or perhaps a band elder. The Nomadic culture of the Plains Indians was utterly alien to the concept of living out one's life in the confinement of a defined territory. Yet whites continued to herd Indians into still smaller confines, principally the "Great Sioux Reservation"

Southern colonies

[NC, SC, Georgia] -SC ash crop is rice, plantation economy, wealthy aristocrat govt, slave labor -NC tobacco farmers with less slavery -Georgia buffer colony, debtor haven, long growing seasons for cash crops -not many towns, churches, or schools, mostly plantations

New England

[Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay,] -Founded by the like-minded puritans -close knit -long life expectancy -lotsa schools -mixed economy -more families -voters were visible saints -small towns with little, self serving farms -high life expectancy -Town Hall Meetings -Most people can't vote -Not religiously tolerant -Some slavery

Why did Americans vote for FDR and not Willkie? What was the key to his reelection?

Willkie attacked Roosevelt in speeches while FDR made few. However, FDR won because *voters generally felt that should war come, the experienced hand of the tried leader was needed at the helm. Wilkie was well intentioned but completely inexperienced: he had never held public office. Roosevelt might have not won if there had not been a war crisis, but he probably would not have run either.*

Free Soil Platform

Wilmot Proviso, Homestead, Internal Improvement, hate low tariffs and Polk who split OR but NOT TX

Chesapeake

[Virginia/Maryland] -relied on servants then slaves in 1676 -prosperous tobacco -mostly agriculture and rural settlements -low life expectency -HoB in 1619 -Land-owning men voted - elite, wealthy planters dominated politics -maryland acts of toleration gave religious freedom to christians [catholic haven] -Lotsa slavery

What was the *Sugar Act*?

a 1764 tax intended to raise British revenue

Know the Zoot-suit riot was when American sailors viciously attacked young Mexican-Americans wearing Zoot-suits in Los Angeles.

Zoot suits were seen as unpatriotic because they used lots of material in a time of ration. Ok, and an even more brutal race riot occurred in Detroit, killing 25 blacks and 9 whites. Hispanics were badly mistreated

What kind of bank did republicans want?

a huge private bank with 15 branches.

14th Amendment

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons. NO VOTE

What was the "Gospel of Wealth"? Don't answer this question. I will answer it in class.

an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.

14th amendment

defines citizenship, guarantees equal protection under law, applies bill of rights to states

"We shall tax and tax, and spend and spend, and ______ and ______." - Harry Hopkins

elect;elect Now, everyone was grateful to the Democrats. They were basically buying votes!

What were some of Jefferson's policies?

eliminate excise taxes, lower national debt, keeps BUS and debt plan

Great Basin

ex Utah Utes Hunters, fishers, gatherers, farmers, dependent on local plants, nomadic and moved as they exhausted area's supply of food in small groups

Black codes

local laws to replicate slavery's economic/political conditions

15th amendment

makes it so males can vote (already implemented in some N states, mostly relevant in south bc blacks)

Repudiate

refuse to accept or be associated with.

Treaty of Portsmouth

the treaty that ended the conflict between Russia and Japan. It somehow worsened American relations with BOTH of them, as Japan felt they won the war, resentful. They had to drop their demands for a cash indemnity. Russia thought they won too, and USA robbed them of the win.

Sharecropping

work rented land, pay with crops grown there, kept $ from freedmen who suffered during bad seasons