Rizal in the Context of 19th Century PH

Filosofo Tasio

"The Philippines owes [the Jesuits] the beginning of Natural Sciences , soul of the 19th century."

Jose Ma. Basa

- exile of 1872 - campaigned against the friars (1880s - 1890s) - main source by which the writings of Propaganda movement were smuggled into the Philippines - former head of Comite de Propaganda (Manila) - among the first to petition the American consul to Hong Kong for an American protectorate over the Philippines

Ateneo Municipal

- A college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits - opened it to Filipino and Spanish students - transformed into secondary school (1865) - subjects: Latin, Spanish, Greek, French, English

Ferdinand Blumentritt

- Austrian friend of Rizal - Rizal would write to him concerning the young Filipinos in Spain

Manifiesto

- Burgos' defense of the rights of the secular clergy - scholarly arguments from canon law used by Pelaez - to urge the rights of the Filipino clergy to the parishes - it blazes forth a passionate challenge to the whole notion of inferiority of the Filipino to the European - citing a long list of Filipino priests and lawyers from the past - the 1st step, the expression of a sense of those born in the Philippines with a national identity/rights, even under the sovereignty of Spain

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

- Historical Events of the Philippine Islands - Antonio de Morga - his most important historical work

Fr. Mariano Sevilla

- Marcelo del Pilar was living in his house as a student (1872) - survivor; would reappear in the public eye in the Revolution - would work to rally Filipinos to resist Americans - once more be condemned-though eventually reprieved-to exile in Guam, this time by Americans

liberal reformists of 1860s

- Modernizers - men who desired to bring the Philippines: ~ economic progress ~ modern legal system ~ modern liberties (freedom of the press, association, speech, worship) - mostly criollos (1869-72) - would be silenced, but they were only a passing annoyance (Gen. Izquierdo) - no longer returned to the Philippines once they were free - for them, the American offer would be enough; it was what they were looking for all along

Domingo Lam-co

- Rizal's Chinese ancestor - came to Binan hacienda in mid-18th century

Criollos (Creoles)

- Spaniards born in the Philippines - had little or no desire to see the Philippines separated from Spain - wished to see the liberties that had been introduced to the Peninsula also extended to Spanish Philippines - generally anti-friar examples: - Joaquin Pardo de Tavera - Antonio Regidor

Juan de la Matta

- Spanish official - proposed the closing of educational institutions as being "nurseries of subversive ideas" (1843)

Ilustrados

- The wealthy and highly-educated Filipinos in Europe - produced by the growth of education - anti-friar - anti-clergy - anti-Catholic - found the Catholic practice childish and incompatible with modern ideas

2 qualities of friars

- accdg to Rafael Izquierdo: 1. unshakeable devotion to Spain 2. influence on the natives

Juan Alaminos

- anti-clerical Spanish governor - could not sufficiently emphasize the importance of the friars - no one could deny Filipinos' patriotism

Gen. Rafael Izquierdo

- anti-clerical Spanish governor - wrote a confidential memorial for the use of his successors (1872) - another appointee of the Revolution - his liberal reforms were for the Peninsula, not the colonies - preceded by De La Torre - didn't even keep up the pretense of his predecessor - quickly suppressed the reform committees - ended the appearances of liberty of expression allowed by De La Torre

friars

- are always making use of religion as shield, weapon, citadel, protection, fortress, armor - the enemy (accdg to Rizal) that hid behind religion

Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Sta. Justa

- attempted to subject the religious orders to his own jurisdiction - overnight creation of Filipino clergy who would take their place - produced unworthy priests - Spanish joke: there were no more oarsmen at Pasig river boats because he ordained them all

Guardia Civil

- created to rid of the provinces of the bands of tulisanes - became an oppressive force in the provinces - harassing farmers - using their position for personal profit

Modernization

- desire of all liberals (nationalists) - primarily an economic goal - most men were conservative politically

Americans

- directing the crushing of the guerilla resistance Examples: ~ Gov. Taft ~ Gen. J. Franklin Bell (Batangas, military) ~ Gen. Jacob Smith (Samar, military)

Filipino clergy

- due to the lack of friars (19th century) - chief victims of the power play of Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Sta. Justa - slow but steady growth - accelerated at the expense of quality - the Spanish joke created a permanent prejudice - most dangerous enemy - the soul of the Filipino resistance - remained a powerful force in the Revolution - major factor in keeping the masses loyal - much less likely to be the target of liberal antipathy - powerless to block liberal reforms

Fr. Jose Burgos Fr. Mariano Sevilla

- early nationalist leaders - from Filipino clergy - came from UST - didn't go abroad

Fr. Jose Burgos

- emphasized the need for Filipinos to look to their heritage (Rizal learned this concern) - most articulate spokesman - Rizal was acquainted both personally and through Paciano - the man who had open the eyes of his intelligence - made him understood the good and the just - young disciple of Fr. Pelaez - took over Fr. Pelaez's role - Spanish mestizo

Fr. Toribio H. Del Pilar

- exiled in Guam in the aftermath of Burgos's execution - older brother of Marcelo

Jesuits

- expelled in the Philippines and the rest of the Spanish empire (1768) - returned to take charge of the evangelization of Mindanao (1859)

Rizal sought above all that his country would be free

- free from tyrants from abroad or at home - Filipinos would not allow themselves to be slaves - the growth of a free people - proud of its past - working for its future - united in a common set of ideals

personal liberty

- freedom of speech - freedom of the press - freedom of association - freedom of religion - freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, exile or imprisonment without a trial - these were an essential progress worth the name (Rizal to Blumentritt) - aspirations of all activist Filipinos in Propaganda Movements

Rizal family

- had a land dispute with the Dominican hacienda in Calamba - real issue: to be able to show that Filipino was the equal of Spaniard (even if they're friars)

Rizal's annotations to Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

- he had come to seek foundation for his nationalism in historical past - emphasizes the importance of history to the national task - seeks out all evidence of a Filipino civilization before the coming of Spaniards - tries to show how the intervening 3 centuries have meant decline rather than progress - emphasizes Filipino values, contrasting them with the Spanish - extolling the accomplishments of his people

secondary schools

- ideas of nationalism were to awake - even among those who had never gone to Europe

Fr. Pedro Pelaez

- lead the new-generation of Filipino priests - attempting to disprove old-age accusations - showing their equal ability with the friars - died in the earthquake (1863) - accused as subversive

Spanish colonial government

- less and less willing or able to promote happiness or prosperity of the Philippines - they leaned more heavily on what had always been a mainstay of Spanish rule-the devotion of Filipinos to their Catholic faith

Execution of GOMBURZA

- manifested Izquierdo's conviction that friars were a necessary political instrument for maintaining loyalty of Filipinos to Spain - therefore, Filipino priests who might replace them in the parishes must be eliminated

T. H. Pardo de Tavera

- nephew of the exile of 1872 - friend of Rizal and the Lunas in Paris - conservative modernizer - bitter enemy of the friars - high-ranking anti-clerical Mason - among the 1st to accept a position in the American government - one of the first Filipino members of the Philippine commission - Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the government of Aguinaldo

Carlos Ma. Dela Torre

- new governor - enthusiastically welcomed by liberal reformists - arrived in Manila (1869) - the appointee of anti-clerical liberals who had made the Revolution of 1868 in Spain - opened some freedom of expression proclaimed by Revolution - announced his intention of introducing reforms into the government - deceived and put the Filipino clergy and liberal reformists under secret police surveillance

Escuela Normal de Maestros

- opened to provide Spanish-speaking teachers for the projected new primary school system (1865) - represented a hope of progress in the minds of many Filipinos

Franciscan Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante

- published a book (1885) - he proclaimed the danger of studying, especially learning Spanish

paradox of Philippine Catholicism

- remained in the traditional religious practices & beliefs of his forefathers - continued to look up at his friar parish priest as: ~ father of his people ~ protector against oppressive gov't officials

conservative modernizers

- sought them for the profit they themselves would derive, not for the country - desiring far-reaching economic changes in the Philippines - had no desire to create a new nation - had no regrets when the Spanish regime fell under the onslaught of the Revolution - they realized how little hope there was of Spain ever doing away with all the archaic obstacles to economic progress - supported Philippine Revolution cautiously, intending to control it

Fr. Pedro Dandan

- survivor; would reappear in the public eye in the Revolution - would die fighting in the mountains (1897)

Propaganda Movement

- the heir of the movement of the Filipino clergy - carry the ideas of a national identity articulated by Burgos - heirs to the liberal reformists of 1860s

Rizal

- the only Filipino to see the importance of such historical investigation for the creation of a national consciousness among his countrymen - forced to attack their false & superstitious religion to combat the friars - prolonged the incipient national consciousness into the full-blown nationalism which led to Revolution

5 different currents that went into movement

- the reformist - the liberal - the clerical - the modernizing - the strictly nationalist

catchwords for Filipino nationalism

- the secularization movement - the reform movement - the revolt of the masses - the betrayal of the ilustrados

Nationalists

- the struggle would go on till it becomes hopeless

heritage of Padre Burgos

- transformed the century-old dispute between Spanish friars & Filipino secular clergy - from an intramural ecclesiastical controversy - into a clear assertion of Filipino equality with the Spaniard - into a demand for justice to the Filipino

Bagumbayan

- where Ibarra passes by when he just got back from his studies in Europe - where the 3 priests have been executed (1872)

Memorias

- written by Rizal while he was still a university student in Manila - "the eyes of my intelligence opened a little, and my heart began to cherish nobler sentiments" (studying lit, sci, and philo) - 5th year in Ateneo: "my patriotic sentiments greatly developed"

Paciano Rizal

- wrote to Jose (in Europe) - he heard a rumor that Archbishop Nozaleda (also in Europe) had proposed friar support for reforms to the Filipino nationalists (Del Pilar) in order to end the anti-friar campaign of La Solidaridad - living in the house of Burgos (1872) - "many of the friars themselves desire reforms"

1869

Opening of the Suez Canal

why they want reforms?

for all suffering from: - inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy - antiquated and contradictory laws - exploitation of the Philippine treasury by the mother country - inability of the government to maintain peace and order

Doroteo Cortes

former head of Comite de Propaganda (Manila) + Jose Ma. Basa

Comite de Propaganda

supported Del Pilar and La Solidaridad for 5 years