Rizal in the Context of 19th Century PH
Filosofo Tasio
"The Philippines owes [the Jesuits] the beginning of Natural Sciences , soul of the 19th century."
Jose Ma. Basa
- exile of 1872 - campaigned against the friars (1880s - 1890s) - main source by which the writings of Propaganda movement were smuggled into the Philippines - former head of Comite de Propaganda (Manila) - among the first to petition the American consul to Hong Kong for an American protectorate over the Philippines
Ateneo Municipal
- A college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits - opened it to Filipino and Spanish students - transformed into secondary school (1865) - subjects: Latin, Spanish, Greek, French, English
Ferdinand Blumentritt
- Austrian friend of Rizal - Rizal would write to him concerning the young Filipinos in Spain
Manifiesto
- Burgos' defense of the rights of the secular clergy - scholarly arguments from canon law used by Pelaez - to urge the rights of the Filipino clergy to the parishes - it blazes forth a passionate challenge to the whole notion of inferiority of the Filipino to the European - citing a long list of Filipino priests and lawyers from the past - the 1st step, the expression of a sense of those born in the Philippines with a national identity/rights, even under the sovereignty of Spain
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
- Historical Events of the Philippine Islands - Antonio de Morga - his most important historical work
Fr. Mariano Sevilla
- Marcelo del Pilar was living in his house as a student (1872) - survivor; would reappear in the public eye in the Revolution - would work to rally Filipinos to resist Americans - once more be condemned-though eventually reprieved-to exile in Guam, this time by Americans
liberal reformists of 1860s
- Modernizers - men who desired to bring the Philippines: ~ economic progress ~ modern legal system ~ modern liberties (freedom of the press, association, speech, worship) - mostly criollos (1869-72) - would be silenced, but they were only a passing annoyance (Gen. Izquierdo) - no longer returned to the Philippines once they were free - for them, the American offer would be enough; it was what they were looking for all along
Domingo Lam-co
- Rizal's Chinese ancestor - came to Binan hacienda in mid-18th century
Criollos (Creoles)
- Spaniards born in the Philippines - had little or no desire to see the Philippines separated from Spain - wished to see the liberties that had been introduced to the Peninsula also extended to Spanish Philippines - generally anti-friar examples: - Joaquin Pardo de Tavera - Antonio Regidor
Juan de la Matta
- Spanish official - proposed the closing of educational institutions as being "nurseries of subversive ideas" (1843)
Ilustrados
- The wealthy and highly-educated Filipinos in Europe - produced by the growth of education - anti-friar - anti-clergy - anti-Catholic - found the Catholic practice childish and incompatible with modern ideas
2 qualities of friars
- accdg to Rafael Izquierdo: 1. unshakeable devotion to Spain 2. influence on the natives
Juan Alaminos
- anti-clerical Spanish governor - could not sufficiently emphasize the importance of the friars - no one could deny Filipinos' patriotism
Gen. Rafael Izquierdo
- anti-clerical Spanish governor - wrote a confidential memorial for the use of his successors (1872) - another appointee of the Revolution - his liberal reforms were for the Peninsula, not the colonies - preceded by De La Torre - didn't even keep up the pretense of his predecessor - quickly suppressed the reform committees - ended the appearances of liberty of expression allowed by De La Torre
friars
- are always making use of religion as shield, weapon, citadel, protection, fortress, armor - the enemy (accdg to Rizal) that hid behind religion
Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Sta. Justa
- attempted to subject the religious orders to his own jurisdiction - overnight creation of Filipino clergy who would take their place - produced unworthy priests - Spanish joke: there were no more oarsmen at Pasig river boats because he ordained them all
Guardia Civil
- created to rid of the provinces of the bands of tulisanes - became an oppressive force in the provinces - harassing farmers - using their position for personal profit
Modernization
- desire of all liberals (nationalists) - primarily an economic goal - most men were conservative politically
Americans
- directing the crushing of the guerilla resistance Examples: ~ Gov. Taft ~ Gen. J. Franklin Bell (Batangas, military) ~ Gen. Jacob Smith (Samar, military)
Filipino clergy
- due to the lack of friars (19th century) - chief victims of the power play of Archbishop Basilio Sancho de Sta. Justa - slow but steady growth - accelerated at the expense of quality - the Spanish joke created a permanent prejudice - most dangerous enemy - the soul of the Filipino resistance - remained a powerful force in the Revolution - major factor in keeping the masses loyal - much less likely to be the target of liberal antipathy - powerless to block liberal reforms
Fr. Jose Burgos Fr. Mariano Sevilla
- early nationalist leaders - from Filipino clergy - came from UST - didn't go abroad
Fr. Jose Burgos
- emphasized the need for Filipinos to look to their heritage (Rizal learned this concern) - most articulate spokesman - Rizal was acquainted both personally and through Paciano - the man who had open the eyes of his intelligence - made him understood the good and the just - young disciple of Fr. Pelaez - took over Fr. Pelaez's role - Spanish mestizo
Fr. Toribio H. Del Pilar
- exiled in Guam in the aftermath of Burgos's execution - older brother of Marcelo
Jesuits
- expelled in the Philippines and the rest of the Spanish empire (1768) - returned to take charge of the evangelization of Mindanao (1859)
Rizal sought above all that his country would be free
- free from tyrants from abroad or at home - Filipinos would not allow themselves to be slaves - the growth of a free people - proud of its past - working for its future - united in a common set of ideals
personal liberty
- freedom of speech - freedom of the press - freedom of association - freedom of religion - freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, exile or imprisonment without a trial - these were an essential progress worth the name (Rizal to Blumentritt) - aspirations of all activist Filipinos in Propaganda Movements
Rizal family
- had a land dispute with the Dominican hacienda in Calamba - real issue: to be able to show that Filipino was the equal of Spaniard (even if they're friars)
Rizal's annotations to Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
- he had come to seek foundation for his nationalism in historical past - emphasizes the importance of history to the national task - seeks out all evidence of a Filipino civilization before the coming of Spaniards - tries to show how the intervening 3 centuries have meant decline rather than progress - emphasizes Filipino values, contrasting them with the Spanish - extolling the accomplishments of his people
secondary schools
- ideas of nationalism were to awake - even among those who had never gone to Europe
Fr. Pedro Pelaez
- lead the new-generation of Filipino priests - attempting to disprove old-age accusations - showing their equal ability with the friars - died in the earthquake (1863) - accused as subversive
Spanish colonial government
- less and less willing or able to promote happiness or prosperity of the Philippines - they leaned more heavily on what had always been a mainstay of Spanish rule-the devotion of Filipinos to their Catholic faith
Execution of GOMBURZA
- manifested Izquierdo's conviction that friars were a necessary political instrument for maintaining loyalty of Filipinos to Spain - therefore, Filipino priests who might replace them in the parishes must be eliminated
T. H. Pardo de Tavera
- nephew of the exile of 1872 - friend of Rizal and the Lunas in Paris - conservative modernizer - bitter enemy of the friars - high-ranking anti-clerical Mason - among the 1st to accept a position in the American government - one of the first Filipino members of the Philippine commission - Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the government of Aguinaldo
Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
- new governor - enthusiastically welcomed by liberal reformists - arrived in Manila (1869) - the appointee of anti-clerical liberals who had made the Revolution of 1868 in Spain - opened some freedom of expression proclaimed by Revolution - announced his intention of introducing reforms into the government - deceived and put the Filipino clergy and liberal reformists under secret police surveillance
Escuela Normal de Maestros
- opened to provide Spanish-speaking teachers for the projected new primary school system (1865) - represented a hope of progress in the minds of many Filipinos
Franciscan Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante
- published a book (1885) - he proclaimed the danger of studying, especially learning Spanish
paradox of Philippine Catholicism
- remained in the traditional religious practices & beliefs of his forefathers - continued to look up at his friar parish priest as: ~ father of his people ~ protector against oppressive gov't officials
conservative modernizers
- sought them for the profit they themselves would derive, not for the country - desiring far-reaching economic changes in the Philippines - had no desire to create a new nation - had no regrets when the Spanish regime fell under the onslaught of the Revolution - they realized how little hope there was of Spain ever doing away with all the archaic obstacles to economic progress - supported Philippine Revolution cautiously, intending to control it
Fr. Pedro Dandan
- survivor; would reappear in the public eye in the Revolution - would die fighting in the mountains (1897)
Propaganda Movement
- the heir of the movement of the Filipino clergy - carry the ideas of a national identity articulated by Burgos - heirs to the liberal reformists of 1860s
Rizal
- the only Filipino to see the importance of such historical investigation for the creation of a national consciousness among his countrymen - forced to attack their false & superstitious religion to combat the friars - prolonged the incipient national consciousness into the full-blown nationalism which led to Revolution
5 different currents that went into movement
- the reformist - the liberal - the clerical - the modernizing - the strictly nationalist
catchwords for Filipino nationalism
- the secularization movement - the reform movement - the revolt of the masses - the betrayal of the ilustrados
Nationalists
- the struggle would go on till it becomes hopeless
heritage of Padre Burgos
- transformed the century-old dispute between Spanish friars & Filipino secular clergy - from an intramural ecclesiastical controversy - into a clear assertion of Filipino equality with the Spaniard - into a demand for justice to the Filipino
Bagumbayan
- where Ibarra passes by when he just got back from his studies in Europe - where the 3 priests have been executed (1872)
Memorias
- written by Rizal while he was still a university student in Manila - "the eyes of my intelligence opened a little, and my heart began to cherish nobler sentiments" (studying lit, sci, and philo) - 5th year in Ateneo: "my patriotic sentiments greatly developed"
Paciano Rizal
- wrote to Jose (in Europe) - he heard a rumor that Archbishop Nozaleda (also in Europe) had proposed friar support for reforms to the Filipino nationalists (Del Pilar) in order to end the anti-friar campaign of La Solidaridad - living in the house of Burgos (1872) - "many of the friars themselves desire reforms"
1869
Opening of the Suez Canal
why they want reforms?
for all suffering from: - inefficient and corrupt bureaucracy - antiquated and contradictory laws - exploitation of the Philippine treasury by the mother country - inability of the government to maintain peace and order
Doroteo Cortes
former head of Comite de Propaganda (Manila) + Jose Ma. Basa
Comite de Propaganda
supported Del Pilar and La Solidaridad for 5 years