RLG100 Buddhism & Jainism test
Pali
ancient language used to create the pali canon
Xenophobic
anti-foreign/foreigner
the Buddha
- this is what Siddhartha becomes after he decides he's ready for death and reaches enlightenment - a title, not a person
Tripitaka
3 baskets of the pali canon -sutras -vinaya -abhidharma
Zazen
"just sitting", the practice of mediation from 8-10 hours usually
Laity
- common people
Samurai
feudal warriors in japan
Anitya
impermanence
Pure Land
other power type buddhism, claims that we need help from a higher power to get us to the afterlife/ the "pure land" aka heaven
karma
our actions perpetuate our movement in the world
himalayan buddhism
follows the tantric traditions and is found in the regions of Tibet, Mongolia, and Nepal
Shoguns
like feudal chiefs in japan
Dyana
meditation, in sanskrit
Sallekhana
- to expire out of the world with as little fanfare as possible - fasting to death, essentially
anadi
"beginningless", the world was never created, has always existed
pratitya samutpada
"dependent origination" -if everything is changing, where is the order? -> WELL things dont just change randomly, there have to be the right conditions for things to happen and change
Anatman
"no self" -> extension of the idea of impermanence (just as the world is changing, so are we) -THIS IS THE REAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUDDHISM AND OTHER VEDIC TRADITIONS -> we are the result of our decisions, parts, sensations, etc. NOT a soul that just like floats between bodies or whatever
jiva
- "the soul" in jainism
3 jewels of Jainism
- bright knowledge -> acquiring wisdom - bright insight -> the experience that sets us on the path to Jainism: the epiphany - bright action -> the MOST IMPORTANT THING!
Buddhism
- came from the sramana tradition - popular for a lil bit in India but then became REALLY popular in china - a missionary tradition - believes in enlightenment - 4 noble truths - 3 jewels
Vedic Traditions
- centered around sacrifice - circular: all aspects of the cosmos are interconnected - hierarchy was created based off of the professional sacrificers called Brahmins
Jain view of Karma
- karma is like a physical thing, like a dust that settles on our souls - obscures the light of the soul - we're trying to get rid of it so that our spirits can shine without being dimmed
Bodisvhata
- pledge to be enlightened - become teachers - stay on this earth past enlightenment, unlike the Arhants
Mahayana
- sect of Buddhism that believes that Arhants are allowed to make mistakes and are not the same as the Buddha aka they can fall from grace and the Buddha is THE BUDDHA - majority
Upaya
- skill - enlightenment can happen to anyone who is taught by a good teacher - makes it accessible for the laity
Arhant
- someone who becomes enlightened
Sakyas/Sakyamuni
- the clan that Siddhartha belonged to
Siddhartha Gautama
- this prince from India who's like super spoiled and shit - he is spoiled bc his parents were given a prophecy before he was born that was like he's either going to become a great conqueror or a great monk and his dad was like f*ck monks i'll give him all the good shit in life so that he won't wanna resign all of it to live in a stinky cave or something - so he gets older and is only surrounded by beautiful things - and then one day he goes out and he sees old age, disease, and death - BUT he also sees a monk thats like totally chill bc hes a monk or something idk - then he's like "i cant go back to all those luxuries when all this suffering is happening" so he follows a life of asceticism and then he's like nope cant do this either - so he follows a Middle Path - and he just like sat under a tree for so long
Syadvada
- to speak ONLY for yourself - done so to respect other peoples opinions (i.e. not make assumptions for anyone else or speak for someone) - like even for stupid shit you can only speak in terms of how you feel or think
Theravada
- traditionalist camp - thinks the arhant is just as Good as the Buddha! - think you have to be a monk or nun to reach enlightenment - centered in Sri Lanka/southeast asian areas
Avekantavada
-"many-pointedness" - there are many different perspectives on every thing - recognize the pluralism of the world and respect it
Digambara
-"sky clad" - aka naked - sect of Jainism - believed that Mahavira was naked as well, therefore they should be - think that clothes are just another way of conforming to society, shame and ego - believed that women couldn't reach enlightenment
Svetambara
-"white clad" - wear white - sect of Jainism - thought that women could reach enlightenment, just like men
5 vows
-ahimsa -> dont injure -satya -> dont lie -asteya -> dont steal -brahmachrya -> celibacy -aparigraha -> renounce attachments
Mahavira
-founder of jainism -pulled out all his hair - went to live a life of asceticism - thought he was hurting his mother in the womb? - went back from the woods to teach people then died at like 70
King Ashoka
-kinda like the Indian constantine - decided to spread Buddhism throughout India and other places so he sent missionaries
Swastika
-most important symbol used in Jainism -the four legs could represent the four types of people -> monks -> nuns -> laymen -> laywomen COULD ALSO BE the four realms of existence -> gods -> animals -> humans -> ghosts - the 3 dots are known as the 3 jewels of Jainism - the arc represents the aspiration for freedom (reaching for the dot in the middle)
The Sramana Movement
-movement in the Vedic traditions that was the first shift, caused by corruption of the Brahmins. -People just like... went into the woods - pretty much the violence of the sacrifices and the alienation caused by the brahmins led to this movement - led to BUDDHISM and JAINISM!
Jainism
-one of the oldest movements in the Vedic traditions - Conquering our attachment to the world is the most difficult of all battles but for people of this religion it is the only battle worth engaging. - non-violent -> concerned with minimizing harm to other organisms - "even thought it's nearly impossible to completely eradicate harm, it's possible to try your hardest" - monks and nuns shave their head/cover their heads to not focus on external things -ascetic and monastic
Mauryan Empire
-the empire in which Buddhism became popular during - around the 3rd century BCE
desire
-what holds us back and leads us to a life of constant dissatisfaction -directly related to karma
tenets of the Indic World View
1) anadi 2) kala 3) punarjanma 4) samsara 5) karma 6) moksha
4 Noble Truths
1) no living being can escape suffering 2) suffering comes from excessive desire, craving, attachment 3) if you get rid of desire, you get rid of suffering 4) the EIGHTFOLD PATH
3 Jewels of Buddhism
1) take shelter in the dharma 2) take shelter in the buddha 3) take shelter in the samgha
Padma Sambhava
Indian monk that brings Buddhism to Tibet, well educated in Tantra
3 Bodies of the Buddha
Mahayana thing 1) Phenomenal (historic form) 2) Body of Bliss (easier Buddhism that's reached after rebirth) 3) Buddhanature (we have potential)
gelupa
a group that the Dalai Lama belongs to -educated -tantrically practiced
Tendai
a type of buddhism that blends Chan, Pureland, scholastic, and tantric buddisms brought back to japan during the Heian period
tantra
based in the idea of homology, found in all vedic traditions but is more important in tibetan buddhism -emphasizes meditation, visualization through mandalas, and mantras
Pali Canon
buddhist scripture
Stupas
burial mounds that became popular as buddhism spread
The Silk Road
carried buddhism and spread the religion all over asia
Linchi
chan-zen buddhist monk that believed that enlightenment was an epiphany and could be sparked by anything- later becomes rinzai in japan
Tsao-tung
chan-zen buddisht monk that believed that enlightenment was to be reached slowly, and that it requires loads of meditation- later becomes soto in japan
Samgha
community of other believers in Buddhism
Vinaya
discipline -the rules of the samgha
Abhidharma
discussion/extension of the dharma
Scholasticism
helped overcome the language barrier that kept Hindu buddhism from being accessible to the chinese, involved learning sanskrit and pali to understand the religion
Experience + Practice
helped overcome the language barrier that kept Hindu buddhism from being accessible to the chinese, involved mixing chinese traditions with the traditions of buddhism
Srinram
monk who was associated w the japanese pureland sect of jodo shinshu, believed that everything was out of our hands and completely up to the amidha buddha's grace, disliked the idea of the piousness of monasticism- decided to let monks marry and stuff in order to kill the ego or like hierarchy associated w their holiness or whatever
moksha
nirvana, freeing yourself from the circle of life after learning every possible thing and living every type of life
Koan
nonsense riddles or puzzles used to spark enlightenment in chan-zen buddhism
Ahimsa
not causing harm
samsara
our experience in the world is constantly changing, which causes stress and anxiety
yugas
phases of a cyclical kala 1) infancy/innocence: pure, good 2) negative outweighs the positive 3) gets worse 4) gets so bad you can't salvage it
Mappo Age
pretty much the time where everything has gone to shit, chaos, whatever and we cant reach enlightenment ourselves
punarjanma
rebirth/reincarnation- our spirits travel through different bodies over time THE LADDER OF EXISTENCE: -humans -animals -gods -ghosts
Madhyamaka
sect of mahayana buddhism that claims that things around you are all empty
Yogacara
sect of mahayana buddhism that claims things around you are in your mind
Jodoshu
sect of pureland buddhism in japan that believes in nembutsu and the Amidha buddha, associated with the monk Honen
Jodo Shinshu
sect of pureland buddhism in japan that believes there's no hope at all and lets people do whatever they want, associated with Honen's disciple Srinram
Rinzai
sect of zen Buddhism that believed in harsh enlightenment and the teacher linchi, called "heroic chan" because of fierce methods and is usually associated with samurais
Soto
sect of zen buddhism that believed in gradual enlightenment and the teacher Tsao-tung, called "farmers zen" because the tsao-tung considered it to be serene and like the growing of a plant
Chan-zen
self power type buddhism, mind to mind communication that happens when one drops the ego, lots of meditation, popular in japan
Duhka
suffering/anxiety caused by change
Syncretism
the blending of multiple religions, done in china with buddhism and confucianism
Amitabha
the buddha who directs us to the afterlife in pure land tradition
bon
the existing belief system in Tibet before buddhism came along, similar to Tantric buddhism
kala
the idea of time's non-linear nature: how do you mark time in infinity? - seen differently in different indic traditions -> jainism it's seen in waves of evolving and decaying -> hinduism/buddhism it's seen as cyclical. these phases of the cycle are called yugas
homology
the idea that microcosms are identical to macrocosms, therefore understanding and manipulating your body is equal to understanding and manipulating the universe
kaligula
the last indic yuga phase that claims that there's no point of return so the universe must be destroyed and reborn
Dengyo Daishi
the later name of monk Saicho
Saicho
the monk that sparked the Heian period in japan, went to the mt. Hiei and China to find a true buddhism, took these influences and created Tendai buddhism
Sonam Gyatso
the monk who became the third Dalai Lama by impressing the Mongol King who was ruling over the area at the time
Bodhidharma
the monk who founded chan-zen buddhism
Honen
the monk who introduced the idea of nembutsu
Buddha Nature
the natural state of a person that allows them to be able to reach enlightenment
Nara
the oldest period of buddhism in japan - scholastic - traditional - elite, governmental involvement - lil bit corrupt considering the monastic community was a branch of the gvmt
Confucianism
the religion that was seen in china before buddhism took hold, very collectivistic and concerned with the Now and focussing on the life you're living
Dalai Lama
the religious and political leader of Tibetan Buddhism
Heian
the second period of buddhism in japan - associated w the monk Saicho who disliked the corruption of the Nara period - created tendai buddhism -the gvmt pays them off so they couldn't escape the corruption - monasteries has like armies and stuff - culturally active time in japan
Dharma
the teachings of the Buddha
vajrayana
the third type of buddhism, associated with Tibetan/Himalayan buddhism
Conditioned existence
there are certain things that condition our lives - anitya - duhkha - anatman
Kamakura
third period of buddhism in japan - complete opposition from corruption - time of shoguns - characterized by 5 major schools of buddhism
Prince Shokotu
this prince that decided to integrate buddhism into japanese society, mostly for the elite class
Sutras
threads - the central teachings of buddhism
Nembutsu
when you give up your ego and say the name of the Amitabha to be carried over into heaven
Mt. Hiei
where monk Saicho went to seek the true meaning of buddhism
Sri Lanka
where the pali canon was compiled