RM 225: Ch 9 Quiz

Which of the following phrases in a popular media article suggests that multiple regression was used? - "made a difference in" - "depends on" - "is more likely than" - "controlled for"

"controlled for"

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign-language anxiety as a predictor of foreign-language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables, including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found β = −.39 for foreign-language anxiety and .29 for academic achievement. Which of the following explains what this means? - Foreign-language anxiety is not related to foreign-language achievement. - More foreign-language anxiety is related to higher foreign-language achievement. - Foreign-language anxiety has a greater effect than academic achievement does on foreign-language achievement. - Academic achievement has a greater effect than foreign-language anxiety does on foreign-language achievement.

Foreign-language anxiety has a greater effect than academic achievement does on foreign-language achievement.

Which type of research design involves measuring the same variables, for the same people, across different points in time? - cross-sectional - longitudinal - pattern and parsimony - multiple regression

longitudinal

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign-language anxiety as a predictor of foreign-language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables, including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found β = −.39 for foreign-language anxiety. Which of the following explains what this means? - There is no relation between foreign-language anxiety and foreign-language achievement after controlling for the other variables. - Even after controlling for the other variables, people who are more anxious about learning a foreign language have higher levels of achievement in foreign language. - People with lower levels of anxiety about learning a foreign language have higher levels of achievement in foreign language, even after controlling for the other variables. - There is not enough information given here to answer this.

People with lower levels of anxiety about learning a foreign language have higher levels of achievement in foreign language, even after controlling for the other variables.

June is interested in looking at whether social media use predicts feelings of loneliness and found there was a positive relationship between the two variables. However, she finds that after controlling for the amount of time a person spends with friends per week, social media use was no longer associated with feelings of loneliness. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of this finding? - The amount of time spent with friends is not associated with social media use. - The beta for amount of time spent with friends is significant. - The amount of time spent with friends is a third-variable problem. - The amount of time spent with friends predicts social media use.

The amount of time spent with friends is a third-variable problem.

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds home-life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Which of the following explains why Dr. Horvat can't conclude that home-life satisfaction causes job satisfaction? - Home-life satisfaction is not related to job satisfaction. - Home-life satisfaction did not occur before job satisfaction. - Job satisfaction at the first time point is not correlated with home-life satisfaction at the second time point. - There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.

There are potential third variables that might explain the relationship.

A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Which of the following explains why this study doesn't establish causation? - Temporal precedence isn't established between the variables. - The beta values are not shown, so there isn't enough information to establish covariance. - There may be some other third variable. - No significant cross-lag correlations were found.

There may be some other third variable.

Which of the following is true about the difference between beta and r? - Unlike r, beta cannot be negative. - Unlike r, beta reflects the independent contribution of the predictor variable, controlling for the contributions from the other predictor variables. - Unlike r, the size of beta is not related to the magnitude of the effect. - Unlike r, a beta of zero reflects a statistically significant relationship between the predictor variable and the criterion variable.

Unlike r, beta reflects the independent contribution of the predictor variable, controlling for the contributions from the other predictor variables.

In a study in which two variables are measured at two different time points, which of the following is an example of a cross-lag correlation? - Variable A at time 1 is associated with variable A at time 2. - Variable A at time 1 is associated with variable B at time 1. - Variable A at time 1 is associated with variable B at time 2. - Variable B at time 1 is associated with variable B at time 2.

Variable A at time 1 is associated with variable B at time 2

Iva is studying whether students gain weight during their first year of college. She collects weights from all the incoming freshmen in the fall, then collects weights from them again at the end of the spring term. Which is the term for the correlation she finds when she compares the fall and spring weights of the students? - cross-sectional - nonlinear - cross-lag - autocorrelations

autocorrelations

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds job satisfaction at the first time point is correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point. Which type of correlation is this? - cross-sectional - cross-lag - autocorrelations - negative

autocorrelations

Multiple-regression designs help address internal validity in which of the following ways? - by ruling out third variables - by establishing temporal precedence - by eliminating selection threats - by introducing a control condition

by ruling out third variables

Dr. Russell did a study that found praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more-motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity. - mediator - moderator - confounding third variable - criterion variable

confounding third variable

Dr. Stevens did a study that found having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years because people who are highly educated take cognitively demanding jobs, and people who are highly educated have better cognitive skills. In the relationship between having demanding job and cognitive benefits in later years, she found that the amount of education plays which of the following roles? - mediator - moderator - confounding third variable - criterion variable

confounding third variable

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds home-life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first time point and home life satisfaction measured at the second time point. Which of the three criteria for causation does Professor Horvat's study fulfill? - covariance and internal validity - covariance and temporal precedence - temporal precedence and internal validity - covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity

covariance and temporal precedence

When using multiple regression, which is the term for the variable the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting? - predictor variable - independent variable - moderator - criterion variable

criterion variable

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds home-life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction measured at the second time point. Which type of correlation is this? - autocorrelation - cross-sectional - curvilinear - cross-lag

cross-lag

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home-life satisfaction on two occasions, 1 year apart. She finds at both the first time point and the second time point there is a strong correlation between work satisfaction and home-life satisfaction. Which type of correlations are these? - autocorrelations - cross-sectional - cross-lag - curvilinear

cross-sectional

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign-language anxiety as a predictor of foreign-language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables, including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. Which of the following is the criterion variable? - foreign-language achievement - foreign-language anxiety - academic achievement - perceived self-worth

foreign-language achievement

Dr. Samuels does a study that finds children with unusual names are more likely to have delinquency records as adolescents because they were teased more, and the teasing makes them act out. In the relationship between having an unusual name and adolescent delinquency, Dr. Samuels found that teasing plays which of the following roles? - mediator - moderator - confounding third variable - criterion variable

mediator

When a third variable explains the relationship between two other variables, that kind of third variable is called a _____. - mediator - moderator - spurious correlation - predictor variable

mediator

Dr. Aarons does a study that finds having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life, sex plays which of the following roles? - mediator - moderator - confounding third variable - criterion variable

moderator

When a relationship between two variables depends on the level of a third variable, that kind of a third variable is called a _____. - mediator - moderator - spurious correlation - predictor variable

moderator

Which type of study design is used when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction? - longitudinal study - pattern and parsimony - multiple-regression design - cross-lag design

pattern and parsimony

Which of the answer pairs correctly completes the following sentence: Although we cannot establish causation with correlational designs, longitudinal designs address concerns of _____ and multiple regression addresses concerns of ____? - internal validity; covariance - internal validity; temporal precedence - temporal precedence; internal validity - temporal precedence; covariance

temporal precedence; internal validity