RPTA MIDTERM REVIEW

How is an ethic of care different from an ethic of justice and what theorist and gender tend to more fully resonate with this ethic?

Ethic of Justice vs. Ethic of Care (Jean Valjean) Ethic of Justice Kohlberg (six stages = logic) Ethic of Care Gilligan (relationship-oriented)

Define judgment and decision-making and discuss how they differ

Judgment - an informed opinion based on past experience cannot be taught but can be developed Decision-Making - the process of choosing the best option from a collection of possible options

What is your true colour and how does it inform your approach to leadership?

Orange, green, blue, or gold Green: Independent Selfish Creative Orange Spontaneous Action oriented Blue: Empathetic Emotive Relationship Gold: Type A Structure Organized

What are the 3 communication channels?

Visual Channel facial expressions, eye contact, body language, use of touch, time and space.... Vocal Channel tone, pitch, rate, volume emphasis, accent, dialect, articulation..... Verbal Channel words we use, including word choice and vocabulary

What are the three primary learning styles?

Visual, auditory, and Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners

Leadership & Leaders are Characterized by what Key Qualities?

- An Interactional Approach, involving both leaders and followers - An Understanding of How Leader and Follower Perceptions Influence Individuals and Groups - The Recognition of Leadership as Multifaceted and Complex - A Fluid Approach

Supervisors responsibilities and the "dos" and "don'ts"

-Do- Look and act like a leader Be trustworthy Get to know and care about your supervises Practice mindfulness Listen really well Provide appreciation, praise, and recognition Remember that other people are supervisors too Provide feedback and motivation Provide a positive employment climate Confront supervisee employment climate Spread goodwill -Don't- Be too emotional Vent or listen to venting Rely solely on your experience with other supervisors Be bossy Be unclear about expectations Lie your way out of situations Take credit for supervises success Blame the admin for problems Sell out your supervises Be afraid to say no Give up your personal life

What are the 6 stages of Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory

1. Avoid punishment (early childhood) 2. Obtain awards (middle childhood) 3. Gain social approval (adolescence) 4. Follow legitimate authority (young adulthood) 5. Social contract (middle adulthood) 6. Self-chosen ethical principles (adulthood)

What 3 steps can be taken when perception checking?

1. Identify behaviours you observed 2. Offer interpretations 3. Seek clarification

Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of virtual communication

Advantages: Vast Intercultural Access Diminished Power Plays More Focus on Content than Relationship Dimension Ample Processing and Reaction Time Disadvantages: Can take the tone the wrong way Not always sure if they are happy or mad Don't get the in person socialization Can acknowledge facial expressions

List the steps in one of the two decision-making" models

Analytic Model of Decision-Making Define the problem Gather relevant information Consider priorities Consider options List solutions Evaluate solutions and consequences Implement a decision Reevaluate

What are the three leadership styles in the "Style Theory?"

Autocratic Democratic abdicratic

What factors come into play in more contemporary views of leadership?

Coaching-Based Leadership A contemporary approach to leadership. The leader serves as a coach and mentor rather than in a directive manner

History of Leadership

Confucius - urged leaders to set a moral example Taoism - emphasized that a leader's success is equivalent to his efforts Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle - leaders are those people who are virtuous while ruling with order and reason

Differentiate between content and relational dimensions of meaning

Content = the topic of conversation Objective & Cognitive Relational = affinity, inclusion, respect and control Subjective & Emotive

Learning styles inventory

Converger - practical application of ideas Diverger - imaginative Assimilator - theoretical Accommodator - a doer

What is Tuckman's model of group development?

Forming - dependent on leaders Storming - roles get defined Norming - rules Performing - Accomplishment Adjourning or Transforming - group comes to an end and celebrates

What are Goals & Objectives and How are They Different?

Goal = Intended Aim of an Individual or Group to Meet Certain Targets Objectives are Specific Measurable Actions = Building Blocks for Achieving the Goal

Define integrity

Integrity - the congruency of morals (beliefs and values) and ethics (acting on those beliefs and values)

Define the Term Group Dynamics

Kurt Lewin (1935) suggested that group dynamics consisted of interacting and processes of cohesion and effectiveness Carter (1954) argued that the objectives of the group, types of individuals, and structure were central to any discussion of group dynamics. Shaw (1959) said that personality and structure were what mattered most, arguing that personality reflected deep level attributes and structure reflected surface level attributes. Sessoms & Stevens (1981) suggested that "Group dynamics is a study of human interactions in specific group settings" (p. 3).

List the 9 decision-making methods

Leader Decision Pros and Cons List Consensus Decision Unity Voting Decision Arbitration Flippism/Chance Decision Compromise Decision Expert Decision

What is the role of communication relevant to leadership?

Leadership success depends on developing interpersonal communication skills and using them to achieve established goals

What will Contribute to Setting the Leadership Stage?

Learn about Leadership Individual Leadership Development Experiential Learning Workplace as a Learning Laboratory Custom-Designed Learning Experiences Spiritual Aspects of Leadership

How does an understanding of one's "intelligence" influence leadership? Who developed this theory?

Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"): Logical-mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart") Spatial intelligence ("picture smart") Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body smart") Musical intelligence ("music smart") Interpersonal intelligence ("people smart") Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart") Naturalist intelligence ("nature smart") Developed by: Gardner

Summarize the 5 Best Practices and 10 Commitments of Leadership (Kouzes and Posner) And list direct actions for each

Model the way, Inspire a shared vision, challenge the process, enable others to act, encourage the heart, lead by example, create an inclusive picture, practice continuous improvement, lift others up, live with passion

Morals, Values, Ethics - define and identify the difference between them

Morals - a personal philosophy of right and wrong Ethics - actions based on those morals Values - beliefs not facts

What are norms?

Norms develop through reinforcement and adherence to behaviors.

What are the source of ethics and how do they influence our decision-making?

Principle Ethics are guided by a proactively determined set of rules, often determined by a governing professional organization or by the current professional standards of behavior Virtue ethics are guided by the particular virtues associated with being a moral outdoor leader rather than the principles of being ethical Consequentialist Theory of Ethics One of the most common approaches in determining 'right' from 'wrong' is to make judgments in terms of the highest good. (summum bonum) (Hunt, 1994). Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory of ethics that maintains that an act is good only if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. The nonconsequentalist approach to ethics is concerned with the acts themselves-the means.

List sources of values

Religion Education Influences Travel Family composition and upbrining 'environment' that you live and work in Socioeconomic class Gender Sexuality Race Culture

Understand individual's roles and how group size, cohesion, socialization, and environmental factors affect the group

Roles A set of behaviors that are expected from the occupants of specific positions within the group Task focused or social Formal and informal Group size Should be 5-7 group members Cohesion leaders work together as a unit to make decisions rather than doing their own thing individually Socialization Group think: the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. Polarization: division into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs. Social loafing: the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone. Environmental factors If people are comfortable environment they can devote energy to talk and hangout Those who are in a uncomfortable group they tend to get stressed out and get agitated in emotional, cognitive,physical/mental behaviors Environmental factors. Groups are affected by the environment - both the physical aspects of the environment and the social ones.

What are the roles of task and relationship relevant to leadership?

Situational Leadership Theory Situational theories take into account the leader, the follower, and the situation. Task orientation Relationship orientation = leader selects a style that is appropriate to the group goals

What are factors that determine whether a decision is simple or complex?

Situational variable For whom is it a problem? What is the problem? Why is it a problem? Where is it a problem? How is it a problem? Simple decisions = fewer variables, limited consequences, and predictable outcomes Complex decisions = higher levels of uncertainty with all of the above.

What Factors Affect Recreation and Leisure Services Leadership?

Social & Cultural, Political, Economic Factors & Complexities of Globalization

List the earliest Leadership Theories

Style Theory of Leadership - Lewin Trait Theories Charismatic/Heroic Leadership Contingency Leadership Theory Situational Leadership Theory Values-Based Leadership Servant Leadership Wisdom-Led Leadership Coaching-Based Leadership

What is Supervision and Why is it Important?

Supervision is a means of directing, supporting, and monitoring those for whom as supervisor is responsible. (Important so people feel supported and valued. Good supervision leads to staff doing a better job and the organization being more effective.)

What is leadership?

The process of navigating change that enables leaders and followers to reach higher levels of accomplishment and self actualization

Define the Term Group

Two or more people who are socially connected to each other

Epistemological lens

What are your values? Epistemology = way of knowing (and seeing the world) Your "epistemological lens" = considering some of the sources of values

Macro trends that effect recreation and leisure services

demographic, technological, and economic

5 generations of facilitation skills

experience speak for itself, speaking for the experience, debriefing the experience, directly front-loading the experience, framing the experience

4 human development considerations a leader takes into account when planning an activity

physical, cognitive, social, and moral

What are the components of Kolb's (1984) Experiential Learning Cycle and how might it inform you as a leader?

prep>experience>observe and reflect>formation of abstract concepts and generalizations>testing implication in new settings >> It can inform us as leaders because it will allow us to know when it's time to step in or not. We can observe the group as they continue to rise and come together more and if something happens that's when the leaders know they can intervene.

platinum rule

treat others how they would want to be treated

behavior modifications

used to increase desired, decrease undesired behaviors and involves operant conditioning