RS Exam Group 1 includes chapters 1-4

What % of the global content of water constitutes as fresh water

2.6%

It is estimated that there are more than _______ cases or more annually of __________ and the number is expected to increase.

300 Million cases of Schistosomiasis

What are the goals of environmental health programs? (List 4)

A. Prevention of communicable disease B. Prevention of non-communicable disease C. Prevention of premature death D. Prevention of disability

What disease is transmitted by the bite of an infective flea X. Cheopis, rodents are also another reservoir and the etiolgical agent can either be yersinia pestis or Pasteurella pestis

Bubonic plague

The etiologic agent of cyclosporiasis is

Cyclospora cayetamensis

This disease is also known as breakbone fever, this viral disease is transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus.

Dengue Fever

What disease is caused by nematode worms and is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito; Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles species with the reservoir being blood from the person harboring the agent.

Filariasis

Schistosomiasis is spread by

Freshwater Snails

What is the type of water that is considered the most plentiful form of available water

Ground Water

Water treatment, specifically the application of disinfectant, has practically eliminated many of the traditional waterborne diseases in developed countries, however waterborne diseases such as; ____________, ____________ and ___________ still occur.

Hepatitis A, Giardiasis, and Cryptosporidiosis

Finished yay high fives all around! ❤️

Just kidding on to lesson 3 :D

Provide an example of a waterwashed disease

Shigella

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Trichinosis

Specific Agent: The larvae of the Trichinella Roundworm Reservoir: Raw undercooked meat Symptoms: Diarrhea, cramps, fatigue, nausea, vomiting Incubation period: 1 - 2 days

What disease has reservoirs including rabbits, muskrats and other wild animals. The agent is transmitted by the bite of infected flies or ticks and also can be transmitted by eating undercooked rabbit meat

Tularemia

First lesson finished

You're doing amazing sweetie :D

List the six barriers of a multiple barrier plan of water treatment to ensure the

a.Source water protection b.Water treatment plant processes c.Disinfection practices d.Distribution systems e.Security f.Education

List three Category C Agents - Need for continued review of potential threat

A. Nipah Virus B. Hantaviruses C. Yellow Fever

List three category A agents -High level of priority for preparedness

A. Variola Virus B. Bacillus Anthracis C. Ebola Virus

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates about what percent of all diseases are attributable to inadequate water or sanitation.

About 80%

Waterborne diseases in the U.S. occur more frequently in what kind of water systems.

Non community

Lesson 4

Non-Communicable Diseases Bioterrorism:

How is anthrax contracted? What is the fatality rate?

•Anthrax is contracted through the inhalation of anthrax spores, and is fatal in 75% of cases.

What role did Robert Koch play in the study of cholera in the 1880s?

•Koch was able to isolate and culture Vibrio Cholerae He is also known for the creation of the four postulates

What is involved in the security of water treatment facilities?

•Physical watching of the plant and the processes within. This is to help prevent unlawful entry in an attempt to tamper with the process, such as bioterrorism.

What do security concerns of a water treatment system take into account?

•There is a need for replacement of aged facilities. (54,000 in 2001) •This is shrinking the revenue •Funds are being diverted to cover other expenses •Bioterrorism

What are the EPA recommendations for a minimum state regulatory program regarding the surveillance of a public water supply?

•Water quality sampling

To an epidemiologist the term environment has a different meaning than what the general public might define it as. To an epidemiologist the term may refer to...

"Everything that humans encounter- everything that is eaten, drank and smoked (420 whatcha smokin?) drugs, medicine, and occupational exposures like air, water or soil."

Describe some of the earliest attempts of bioterrorism in the 14th, 15th and 18th centuries

1346- Mongols catapulted dead bodies over wall as a means of spreading disease 1422- Siege of Bohemian castle at Karlstein using the spread of disease 1710- Corpses were again catapulted by the Russians over walls of Reval

Define the term Bioterrorism

A disruptive and health-threating event directed at an individual, group of individuals, a community, or at-large population within a nation and is facilitated by the intentional release of a highly virulent biological agent.

Define biological agent

A microorganism or a biologically synthesized toxin that causes disease in man, plants or animals or causes deterioration of materials

Explain the difference between a Category A, B and C Agents as it relates to bioterrorism

A- High Level of priority for preparedness B- Need for improved awareness, surveillance measures and laboratory diagnosis C- Need for continued review of potential threat to the public

Analyzing the epidemiological triangle what are the three factors that influence disease factors

A. Agent B. Host C. Environment

List three category B Agents- Need for improved awareness and surveillance measures

A. Brucella Species B. Coxiella Burnetti C. Burkholderia Mallei

List the five core health problems of developing countries

A. Communicable diseases B. Malnutrition C. HIV D. Malaria E. Yellow Fever

What are three factors that make developing countries susceptible to illnesses listed in the above question

A. Contaminated drinking water B. Unhygienic housing C. Poor Sanitation

List three control measures for eliminating or reducing the incidence of insect borne diseases

A. Control of water and food B. Carriers of disease agents C. Immunization

The selection of an agent to be used in any act of terrorism should satisfy 7 properties, what are they?

A. Readily Available B. Easily producible on a large scale C. Highly virulent for lethal or incapacitation purposes D. Appropriate size for aerosolization and uptake by victims E. Easy to disseminate by available means F. Be environmentally stable G. Be dispersible so that targeted individuals but not the terrorists suffer the intended consequences

Schistosomiasis is largely endemic to ________, ________ and _______

Africa, Asia and South America

What is the agent of West Nile Virus and what is the disease it causes as well as the type of mosquito that carries it

Agent is Falvivirus which causes West Nile Encephalitis and is carried by the Culex Mosquitos

Give one example of each of these epidemiological triangle factors

Agent: Mosquito Host: Human Environment: Old Tires

Lead is a cumulative poison ending up in the body's ________, ________, and ___________of the human body.

Bones, blood and tissues

What disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected tick with symptoms occurring usually four to five days after being bitten the gent is also a virus

Colorado Tick Fever

Define Communicable disease and describe how communicable diseases are transmitted

Communicable diseases is an illness due to a specific agent or its toxic products They are transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host either directly or indirectly

Drinking water contaminated with what is the principle cause of waterborne diseases

Contaminated with sewage

Provide an example of a waterborne disease

Cryptosporidium

___________ can survive in surface water at _____________

Cryptosporidium oocysts can survive at 4C for 18+ months

When a country shifts from infectious disease mortality to chronic disease mortality, the country is said to have undergone an _________

Epidemiological transition

Describe all of the following as it relates to malaria.. Etiologic agent, reservoir, how it is transmitted, the incubation period and the environmental factors

Etiologic agent- Plasmodium vivax The Reservoir- humans infected mosquitoes How it is transmitted- bite of infected Anopheles and injection of blood transfusion of infected person. Incubation period- Falciparum = 12 days Vivax = 14 days; Malariae = 30 days, sometimes delayed 8-10 months Environmental factors- found where summer temperature average is above 70 degrees F or average winter temperature is above 48 degrees F

Describe the following as it relates to Plague: Etiologic agent, reservoir, how it is transmitted, the incubation period and the environmental factors

Etiologic agent- Yersinia pestis The Reservoir- wild rodents and infected fleas How it is transmitted- bite of infected fleas. Spread person to person as well. Incubation period and symptoms- fever and enlarged lymph nodes, chest pain, dyspnea. Environmental factors- in the U.S. most exposure occurs in and around home.

Describe the following at it relates to Rabies Etiologic agent, reservoir, how it is transmitted, the incubation period and the environmental factors

Etiologic agent- virus of rabies The Reservoir- infected animals; wild and domestic How it is transmitted- bite of an infected animal or saliva on open wound Symptoms of a rabid dog- sick looking, becomes ill-tempered, spams, foaming at mouth. Prevalence and Mortality Rates- 100% mortality in humans, 1 human case in 2001.

Nearly 40% of the world's population lives in regions at risk of contracting the vector borne disease ____________ and the WHO estimates over 500 million cases annually.

Malaria

Provide an example of an general water related disease

Malaria

Waters suitable for drinking water supplies and shellfish rearing are monitored routinely for what

Microbial Quality

The disease is due to a fly infestation of humans and vertebrate animal tissue with fly larvae transmitting this etiologic agent commonly known as the screwworm

Myasis

Define nosocomial transmission and give an example of one

Nosocomial transmission: The spread of an infectious disease in a healthcare setting Example: The shape of sinks in hospitals are linked to the spread of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

What year was lead banned from being used in paint: in the manufacture of cans in gasoline

Paint: 1978 Cans:1991 Gasoline: 1995

A waterborne disease that can be prevented through vaccinations is

Polio

This diseases etiologic agent reservoirs include; infected parrots, parakeets, love birds and other birds. The disease is contracted through contact with infected birds or inhalation of their desiccated waste with an incubation period of 4-15 days.

Psittacosis

A food associated with cyclosporiasis is

Raspberries and Lettuce from South America

What disease has... Reservoirs including dog ticks, wood tick and the lone star tick. Etiologic agent is Rickettsia rickettsii Transmitted by the bite or crushed tick blood with an incubation time of 3-10 days

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Finished with lesson 2!! Wanna hear a joke? What are the strongest days of the week?

Saturday and Sunday. All the others are weekdays. :D

Provide an example of a water based infection

Schistosomiasis

The only infectious disease to be eradicated by humans is....

Smallpox

Discuss the possibility of smallpox as a viable bioterrorism tool

Smallpox has the capability to be used as a viable form of bioterrorism because smallpox vaccinations stopped in 1976. There are only two strains left in the world and if one of those were released on the susceptible public it would be classified as bioterrorism

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Amebiasis

Specific Agent Entamoeba histolytica Reservoir: Humans Symptoms: Dysentery, fever, chills, diarrhea (bloody) Incubation period: 2-4 weeks

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for shigellosis

Specific Agent Shigella sonnei, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysnteriae, Shigella flexneri Reservoir: Humans Symptoms: Mainly diarrhea with additional nausea, and vomiting Incubation period 1-3 days

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Bacillus Cereus Diarrheal type

Specific Agent: Bacillus cereus Reservoir: Soil and food Symptom: Colic and diarrhea Incubation period: 6-24 hours

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Bacillus Cereus Emetic type

Specific Agent: Bacillus cereus (Heat Stable) Reservoir: Soil and food, rice, leftovers Symptoms: Nausea and vomiting Incubation period: 30 minutes-6 hours

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Campylobacter enteritis

Specific Agent: Campylobacter jejuni Reservoir: Animals (more specifically poultry and cattle) Symptoms: Diarrhea (bloody), abdominal pain, malaise, fever, nausea, vomiting Incubation period:2-5 days

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for botulism

Specific Agent: Clostridium botulinum and sometimes Botulinum butyricum Reservoir: Soil, aquatic sediment, birds, animals, fish, agricultural products (veggies, honey) Symptoms: Visual impairment, localized paralysis, cramping, nausea, vomiting, death Incubation period: 12-72 hours

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Clostridium perfringins food poisoning

Specific Agent: Clostridium perfringins Reservoir: Soil, GI tract of humans and animals Symptoms: Abdominal pain / cramping, diarrhea, fever, vomiting Incubation period: 6 - 24 hours

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Cryptospordiosis

Specific Agent: Cryptosporidium Reservoir: Humans and animals Symptoms Diarrhea, dehydration, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, weight loss Incubation period: 2 days-2 weeks

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Scombroid fish poisoning

Specific Agent: Fish in the Scombridae family (tuna, mackerel, skip jack and bonito) Reservoir: Fish in the Scombridae Symptoms: Tingling and burning sensations around the mouth, facial flushing, sweating, nausea, vomiting, headache, palpitation, dizzisness Incubation period:2 mins-3 hours

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Giardiasis

Specific Agent: Giadia intestinalis, giardia lambia Reservoir: GI tract of humans and animal Symptoms: Mostly diarrhea with additional signs of abdominal cramping and fatigue Incubation period: 1-14 days

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Listeriosis

Specific Agent: Listeria monocytogenes Reservoir: Soil and water; notably animals can carry with no signs Symptoms: Fever, nausea, aches, diarrhea,flu-like symptoms Incubation period: 3-70 days

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Typhoid Fever

Specific Agent: Salmonella typhi Reservoir: Humans (more specifically human feces) Symptoms: Fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea, loss of appetite Incubation period: 8-14 days

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Staphylococcus food poisoning

Specific Agent: Staphylococcus aureus Reservoir: Ready-to-eat (RTE) food Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, cramps and sometimes diarrhea Incubation period: 30 mins- 8 hours

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Cholera

Specific Agent: Vibrio cholerae Reservoir: Feces Symptoms: Severe diarrhea leading to dehydration Incubation period: 2 - 3 days

Provide the specific agent, the reservoir, the known symptoms and the incubation time period for Yersiniosis

Specific Agent: Yesinia enterocolitica Reservoir: Raw undercooked pork Symptoms: Diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting Incubation period: 4 - 6 days

Define Heard Immunity

The concept that the higher rates of immunity there are in a population (Typically through vaccinations) the lower the chances an infected person will cause an endemic

What disease is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies with the reservoir of this agent being humans, wild game and cattle

Trypanosomiasis

Most waterborne disease fatalities occurred before 1940 and were attributed to what waterborne illness

Typhoid Fever.

Diseases such as _____,_____, and _______ were common in Europe, the United States, and other parts of the world prior to the 20th century.

Typhus, Typhoid, Dysentary and Cholera

Anthropods involved in the transmission of human and animals diseases are called ___________

Vectors

How can the availability of clean water and better nutrition affect morbidity and mortality rates

When clean water and better nutrition become available life expectancy will increase and infant mortality will be reduced

Define zoonoses and discuss its prevalence in today's world.

Zoonoses: Infections transmitted from animals to humans. This is very prevalent in today's world, there are many emerging infections in humans that originate in animals.

Give three measures that can be taken to prevent and control environmental pollutants.

a. Eliminate or control at the source b. Intercept the travel or transmission of the pollutant c. Protect humans to eliminate or minimize the effects of the pollutant.

With more than 2 million recognized chemical compounds and hundreds of new ones being introduced each year, there is a concern that we know so little about their effects on human health. Harmison views chemicals as falling into one of four categories. List each and include 4 to five examples of each category.

a. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: PCB's, Kepone, Mirex, PBB's b. Heavy Metals: Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Barium, Nickle c. Nonmetallic inorganics: Arsenic, Asbestos d. Biological Contaminants: Aflatoxins, pathogenic microorganisms, animal and human drugs, synthetic hormones, and food additives.

Lead is not easily excreted from the body of children; therefore, children may experience afflictions such as: ________________________________________________________________________________________

mental retardation, blindness, chronic kidney disease, muscular paralysis, behavioral changes, high blood pressure, and birth defects.

Prior to the 19th Century, civilization regarded the onset of infections being caused by foul air, these infections were otherwise commonly called

miasma

Viral infections readily spread through drinking water, food and water-contact recreation activities due to what

pathogens. Remember that it only takes one pathogen to cause harm.

Also known as ___________ disease, ____________ is an infectious disease principally of cattle, swine, sheep and horses.

woolsorter's disease Anthrax

If smallpox has been eradicated, why is the world still concerned with its use in a terroristic plot?

•Although Smallpox has been eradicated, WHO is still worried about its used as a biological warfare agent because there are still strains existing, although it is held in two secret locations (One in the US and one in Russia), vaccination for smallpox stopped in 1976, so a large amount of the population is still susceptible to the disease.

Describe the history of bioterrorism and biological warfare and some examples.

•During the siege of Kaffa, the Tartars catapulted dead plague infected corpse over the city walls. •Spanish conquistadors gave South Americans smallpox infected blankets and clothing to eliminate the threat to them while conquering.

What actions should be taken in the possible event of a dog bite of a suspect animal?

•Immediately wash and flush wound with soap and warm water. •Seek medical attention.

Who was John Snow and what was his role in the cholera epidemic of 1849 and 1854

•John Snow was a physician that believed the feces of cholera patients were the source of the disease •Snow performed epidemiological studies, in London, in an attempt to pinpoint the cause of the cholera epidemic •Snow narrowed down a significant amount of cases t0 Broad street in the SoHo district •Snow removed the well pump for that area and a drastic improvement was observed

What precautions must one take when removing lead-based paint to protect children, adults and the workers during mitigation?

•When removing lead from a home or workplace it is important to ensure enclosure of the area, protection of furniture and clothing, proper PPE, complete dust removal and proper disposal to minimize the amount of lead left.