RST Test #2

Homelessness rates in the U.S.

1% or 3 million of the U.S. population. 42% of homeless people are African American, 39% are Caucasian, and 13% are Hispanic

Name 4 brain lobes (+ brain stem and cerebellum) and describe major bodily functions they are responsible for. Types of major impairments associated with TBI of each of these lobes, brain stem, and cerebellum.

1. Frontal lobe (emotional control center): Changes in personality/social behavior 2. Parietal lobe: Awareness of spatial relationships 3. Occipital lobe: visual perception 4. Temporal lobe: hearing ability 5. Brain stem: vital function including breathing, heart rate, sweating, blood pressure, and temperature control 6. Cerebellum: balance and equilibrium, coordination of voluntary movements

What are the major causes of spinal cord injuries?

450,000 people have SCI in the US with 10,000 cases per year. Car accidents, falls, acts of violence, sports, and others

The number and proportion of older adults in the U.S.

55.5 million or 16.9% of the US population was over 65 years old. Life expectancy of 78.9 years, 76.4 for men and 81.4 for women.

What is muscular dystrophy and what are its symptoms?

A general designation for a group of chronic hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles. Genetic disorder. Prevents the body from developing a protein that is used in building muscles. Die of muscular dystrophy due to degeneration of involuntary muscles, heart, and lung muscles. Die of cardiac arrest or of pulmonary malfunction.

Traumatic Brain Injuries

An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force resulting in physical functional disability or psycho-social impairment, or both. 2.8 million per year that result in emergency room visits, 275,000 hospitalized, and 50,000 died

The ways in which socio-economic status and capital affect leisure and sport participation

Based on education, income, and occupation. Can't afford things, affects people you spend time with, get into things due to people. skills needed to do things

What is cerebral palsy and what are its symptoms?

Born with it during prenatal stage or during child birth, caused by damage to the motor portion of the brain, and PT helps but does not cure it. It is not progressive. Does not get worse or better. Does not affect people's intellectual potential. People with ataxic CP are more intelligent than general population. Symptoms include exaggerated reflexes, floppy or rigid limbs, and involuntary motions

What is poliomyelitis and what are its symptoms?

Caused by a virus that enters through the nose and is an infection of the central nervous system that causes paralysis or sudden numbness in your extremities (weakness). Does not get worse with time. There are 2 vaccines: the live modified virus you drink and the inactive virus is a shot. Legs can be paralyzed completely or you can just have a minor form where you lose sensation in the fingers

Defining poverty (Census definition and relative poverty)

Census: The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition (ages of family members) to determine who is in poverty. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold, then that family and every individual in it is considered in poverty. Poverty threshold in 2020 was set at $26,200 for a family of 4 and $17,240 for a family of 2. Female/male earnings ratio is 79%. Women earn $0.98 for every dollar made by a man controlling employment characteristics Relative: Rank order all the people in the community according to income and then draw a line at 10-20%. The lowest 10-20% in the community are considered poor. Those who do not have income that could support an acceptable standard of living according to community norms

Types of muscular dystrophy

Childhood muscular dystrophy or Duchenne M.D.: Passed by the mother and affects only boys. Diagnosed by 3, use wheelchair as a child, don't survive past late teens. Affects multiple boys in the same family. Prognosis is poor or lethal. Motor skills regress, leg muscles are affected first Limb Girdle muscular dystrophy: both boys and girls. Happens in mid-late teens. Progresses slowly (normal life expectancy). Develop disabilities later in life. Affects legs and arms Facio-scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy or FSH MD: Both boys and girls. Affects face and progresses down to the shoulders and neck. Starts in late teens/young adulthood. Normal lifespan but become disabled later

What is CTE? What are its causes and symptoms?

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a progressive degenerative disease within the brain resulting from several repeated TBI's. Tay protein accumulates as brain tissue degenerates. There is memory loss, erratic behavior, aggression, impaired judgement

What is the difference between closed head and open head TBI?

Closed: An injury does not penetrate/fracture the skull Open: The entry of an object into the brain through the skull or an inward cracking of the skull Other conditions: Lack of oxygen to the brain One-time events: One time Cumulative events: Concussion after already having a concussion

Cognitive changes related to aging - intelligence (fluid and crystallized); memory (sensory, short-term and long-term)

Cognitive function = Intelligence + learning + memory Fluid: Biologically determined, decreases with age (highest late teens/early twenties), mathematical average of the intelligence of both your parents (convergence to the mean: 80+60 = 70 or higher, 120+140 = 130 or lower) Crystallized: Based on learning, increases with age Sensory: The stimuli that are received by your senses Short-term: Info from the sensory memory is stored for a short period of time, temporarily Long-term: Place where info is stored for long-term storage, need to rehearse and memorize

Core and balance leisure activities

Core: Activities in which participation throughout the lifespan is usually stable. Inexpensive, doesn't require a lot of time, resources, or skills Balance: Activities in which participation changes depending on the roles and responsibilities that you assume with age and depending on your physical abilities. Requires skills and resources

Theories of aging and activity (disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, successful aging) - AR

Disengagement: During later life adults and social systems mutually withdraw from each other in order to prepare for the eventual death of the aging individual. Ceasing participation in leisure activities and social roles leads to more life satisfaction and better adjustment in older adulthood. Activity: The way to achieve greater life satisfaction in older adulthood is through one's ability to maintain or increase involvement in social roles and leisure activity. Continuity: Several patterns of aging could lead to positive development in later life and that adults do not need to withdraw or increase their involvement in activities to age successfully. The pattern of involvement that was most appropriate for individuals might be linked to their personality style. Successful: Characterized by the ability of adults to avoid disease, maintain high physical and cognitive function, and continue engagement in life. Engagement with life refers to our leisure activities, the activities that we find meaningful, rewarding, and interesting. Leisure activities in later life should provide adults with the opportunity to relate to and socialize with others, to be productive and contribute to society, or just have your value to the individual, whether they are paid or unpaid

What are the main causes of death among people with SCIs?

Due to infections of the upper respiratory system/pneumonia/pulmonary issues, nonischemic heart disease, and violence

Three types of capital (economic, social, and cultural)

Economic: Economic resources (money, assets) Social: Access to resources based on networks of influence and support, group membership, and relationships. Cultural: Education, skills, and knowledge that a person has that gives him or her higher status in society, including high expectations.

What are the causes of traumatic brain injuries?

Falls, car accidents, violence, sports injuries, and explosions

Forced leisure and true leisure

Forced: You do not have a choice for forced leisure, unemployed True: You make a choice to engage in true leisure

Functional versus chronological age

Functional: Ability to carry out activities of daily living and to live independently Chronological: Actual age

Benefits of leisure for the unemployed

Helps structure time, satisfaction, maintain social connections, help find jobs, helps with mental and physical health

What is the difference between impact and motion injury?

Impact: A moving object striking a stationary head or from a moving head striking a stationary object. Motion: Involves a sudden acceleration/deceleration of the brain within the skull

Differences between disability, impairment, and handicap. NEED TO KNOW EXAMPLES

Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function Disability: Any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being Handicap: A disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal Impairment leads to disability which leads to handicap

What is arthritis and what are its symptoms?

Inflammation of the joint that results in stiffness, swelling, redness, and pain with 1/4 of adults of 34 million in U.S. There are 100 different forms

Old age dependency

Is how many older adults rely on income of people in the productive age. (Population of 65+/Population of 20-64) * 100. This is going up.

What is multiple sclerosis and what are its symptoms?

Is progressive and a disease of the central nervous system (your brain and spinal column). Nerves are usually covered in myelin, protective tissue, but people with MS develop lesions in myelin resulting in it disappearing. The lesion becomes a scar so electrical impulses can't pass through the scar. There are periods of remission and relapse. Difficult to diagnose because symptoms come and go and vary. There is weakness, tiredness, numbness, tingling sensation in extremities, visual difficulties, less strength, less balance, white spots, and depression. Relapsing, and remitting is the most common MS where periods of remissions disappear and then they die. Eventually use canes and wheelchairs

Cocktail party effect

Is the inability to distinguish foreground sound from background conversation

Homeless people

Lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate night-time residence; and... has a primary night-time residency that is: publicly or privately operated shelter; an institution that provides temporary residence; a public or private place not designed for a regular sleep accommodation

Life span versus life expectancy; factors affecting life expectancy

Life span: Maximum # of years for a human specie (113-114) Life expectancy: A projected # of years a person is expected to live based on their genetic heritage and environmental conditions Factors: gender, genetics, access to health care, hygiene, diet and nutrition, exercise, lifestyle, and crime rates.

Geographic distribution of older adults

Live in Florida, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas for good climate. Live in North/South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas because they are farmers that don't move. Live with spouses or themselves with only 4.2% of them living in retirement homes.

The underclass

Long term, chronically unemployed, poor on social assistance, and chronically homeless

Reasons for homelessness

Lose job, evicted from house, fall behind on house payments, spousal abuse, divorce, alcohol/drug abuse, unexpected bills, kids who are runaways, choose to be homeless, homeless veterans

Leisure motivations among older adults

Maintain physical/mental health, maintain social networks, want to see the world, feel younger

Symptoms of TBI

Mild: Loss of consciousness, being confused/disoriented, headache, nausea/vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness/loss of balance, blurred vision Moderate/Severe: Loss of consciousness for several minutes/hours, persistent headache that worsens, repeated vomiting/nausea, convulsions of seizures, dilation of pupils, loss of coordination

Spatial distribution of poverty in the U.S.

Mississippi's lower valley is the poorest, the southeast U.S., the Appalachian belt, 4 corners of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, Native American reservations, and Rio Grande Valley far South

Constraints on leisure/sport participation among people in poverty

Money, transportation, where you live, discrimination, type of job you have, mental/physical health, concerned with injuries due to no health insurance. Includes intrapersonal (individualized), interpersonal (social), and institutional

What are the differences between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida manifesta? Two types of spina bifida manifesta.

Occulta: 10-20% of infants. Occurs when you have an opening in the vertebra but nothing is sticking out of it. A little dimple in skin but no serious defect Manifesta: 1/1000 births and is very serious. Meningocele: approx. 4% of children born with SBM. There is a cyst with tissue covering the spinal cord and cerebro-spinal fluid. Myelomeningocele: approx. 96% of children born with SBM and is more severe. Parts of the spinal cord are in the brown sac that is sticking out of the opening. Cyst with tissue covering the spinal cord, cerebro-spinal fluid, nerves, and part of the spinal cord. There is severe disability below level of opening. Children have hydrocephalus: brains are bigger because they have accumulation of cerevral-spinal fluid on their brain. A shunt is used to fix this. Folic acid during pregnancy decreases changes of having a child with SB.

The difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoarthritis or wear and tear arthritis: Occurs when the protective tissue in the joints disappear Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder where you have a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the lining of your joints, your heart, your skin, diaphragm, stomach, and eyes (feel sick, muscle pains, fever, lymph nodes enlarged)

What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia?

Paraplegia: A condition in which the lower extremities and/or lower torso are paralyzed Quadriplegia: Causes the greatest amount of disability, which results from an injury to the cervical area to the neck. All 4 limbs are paralyzed

Leisure constraints among older adults

Physical constraints, social networks decrease, mental capabilities declining, harsh weather, policy barriers, interpersonal constraints, fear of injury, pressure not to participate

Impairments of TBI

Physical: speech, vision, hearing/other sensory impairments, lack of fine motor coordination, balance/other walk impairments, paralysis of 1 or both sides. Cognitive: short/long term memory deficits, impaired concentration, slowness of thinking, and limited attention span. Psychological-behavioral-emotional: anxiety, depression, lowered self-esteem, sexual dysfunction, restlessness, lack of motivation, inability to self-monitor, difficulty with emotional control

Physical changes related to aging - sensory system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and nervous system.

Sensory (Smell, vision, hearing, touch, and taste): Smell decreases significantly after 70, hearing decreases significantly, and vision decreases significantly after 70 but at 42 we can see better from far but see worse from close Musculoskeletal (bones, muscles, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons): Elasticity of connective tissues decline, bones lose calcium (Osteoporosis is this process with women > men), and decline in muscle mass and strength Respiratory: Loss of elasticity, hardening, and stiffening of support tissues and airways. Decreased amount of air in and out of the lungs, reserve capacity of lungs decline, and lower ability to cope with air pollutants. Cardiovascular: Heart muscle becomes less elastic, the walls of the heart thicken resulting in higher blood pressure, and arteries become less elastic which leads to atherosclerosis. Active lifestyle helps to increase the function of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system Nervous (Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral components): Reduction in weight and size of the brain, and loss of neuron cells which leads to a longer reaction time.

4 stages of unemployment

Shock, active job search, pessimism/anxiety/distress, and fatalism/"broken attitude"

Characteristics of homeless people (who are the people who are homeless?)

Single men are the largest group of people who are homeless (51-61%), families who have children are 2nd and are fastest growing (30-33%), single women (17%), unaccompanied youth (2%), veterans (20%), substance abusers, and people with mental illness (16%). Most homeless people % wise: DC > NY > Hawaii > Oregon > Cali > Washington > Maine > Alaska > Nevada.

Sources of income among older adults

Social security at 40%, earnings at 30%, pensions at 20%, and asset income at 10%

Social construction of aging

Society has certain assumptions of capabilities, roles and responsibilities, and rights and privileges based on age

The difference between spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy

Spastic: Most common at 80%. Permanently contracted muscles and limbs are stiff/shorter. Vision is impaired, have a tremors, and fine motor movement problems. The more nervous they get, the worse the shaking Dyskinetic: Slow twisting movements of muscles, involuntary. Mostly the face. Ataxic: Disturbance of balance and a sense of direction. Also has an intention tremor: The closer you get to grabbing an object, the more their hands shake

Stages of homelessness

Stage 1- Marginally homeless: Those who are near or slightly below the poverty line. Rely on friends/family for accommodation, and don't live on the street/homeless shelter. Stage 2- Recently homeless: Been without a house for less than a year, see situation as temporary, rely on shelters, no substance abuse, no mental issues, families with children. Stage 3- Chronically homeless: Been without a house for more than a year, or had at least 4 episodes of homelessness in the last 3 years and have a disabling condition (alcohol/mental problems), live on streets

Recreation programs for the homeless (by the homelessness stage)

Stage 1: Don't need specialized programs, need help accessing recreational resources at a lower cost Stage 2: Games, resume, reading, music arts, physical activities, and field trips Stage 3: Convince them to go to shelters. Work on substance abuse and mental health. Stay sober, don't relapse, therapeutic recreation, programs

Benefits of leisure for the homeless

Takes mind off of problems, gives them something to do, lower stress/anxiety, maintains connections with families/community, have control over their lives, maintain mental/physical health, high self-esteem, improve job skills

Reasons for the growth of the elderly population

The baby boom generation is retiring, increase in life expectancy due to discoveries in medical sciences, people are more healthy now, and better transportation, and a decrease in fertility rates.

What is spina bifida and what are its signs and symptoms?

The most common form of neural tube defect. The spinal cord is surrounded by rings on bone called vertebra which is supposed to lock but for spina bifida there is a failure of 1 or more vertebra arches to close. When you have a spinal cord injury, everything below the injury is affected

Poverty rates in the U.S.

The poverty rate in 2018 was 11.8% or 38.1 million people below the poverty line. 16.2% of children under 18 lived in poverty. The poverty rate was high among African Americans (20.8%) and Hispanics (17.6%). More women than men

Providing leisure services for people with arthritis

They have problems with fine motor movement, lifting heavy objects, stretching out their hands, and getting up from chairs. Water activities help. Sensitive to weather

What is vertebra? What are the major sections of vertebra and bodily functions they are responsible for?

Vertebra is rings of bone that surround the spinal cord. Cervical: head, neck, diaphragm, arms, and everything below Thoracic: chest, abs, and below Lumbar: leg muscles and below Sacral: bowel, bladder, and sexual

The use of leisure time by older adults (how older adults use their leisure time and determinants of time use) - AR

Women appear to be more involved in social and public service activities than men, while men remain more active in physical activities during later life. Both men and women appear to decrease their participation in active leisure and exercise with age. This is the result of disability and change in functional health rather than age. Sedentary or passive leisure pursuits are more common among the older adult population. The time older people spend engaging in hobbies and personal interests generally increases with age. Most common physical leisure activities include gardening and walking. Determinants: age and health status, gender, education level/socioeconomic status, marital status, and life events such as retirement and caregiving.

What are the disabilities caused by damage to cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebra?

You become paralyzed at and below the affected area. Some loss of sensation

What are the new types of treatments for SCIs

exoskeletons, electrical stimulation of nerves, and stem cells

Veblen effect

wealthy classes use conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption to set "canons of taste" that lower classes seek to emulate.