SAD EXAM 2???
Concrete class
A class that can have direct instances
Attribute
A named property or characteristic of an entity that is of interest to the organization
Data flow diagram (DFD)
A picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system
Association
A relationship among instances of object classes
Homonym
A single attribute name that is used for two or more different attributes
false
A unary relationship is the most common type of relationship encountered in data modeling. A. True B. False
Multivalued attribute
An attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance is referred to as a:
multivalued attribute
An attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance is referred to as a: A. supertype B. multivalued attribute C. gerund D. nonexclusive attribute
4
Assume the structure of a relation is EMPLOYEE (Emp_ID, Name, Dept, Salary). The number of attributes for this relation would be:
Fork
Beginning of parallel activities
Merge
Diamond symbol where different paths converge
Triggers are constraints on valid values for attributes.
False
either A or B
For a unary one-to-one relationship between two entities A and B, the relationship is represented by: A. adding the primary key of A as a foreign key of B B. adding the primary key of B as a foreign key of A C. combining the two entities into one relation D. either A or B
DFDs in BPR
Help show inefficiencies in the existing system
Entity-relationship diagramming
The most common format used for data modeling is:
Data flows
The three main constructs of the entity-relationship modeling notation include each of the following except:
data flows
The three main constructs of the entity-relationship modeling notation include each of the following except: A. data entities B. relationships C. data flows D. attributes
determinants
To convert a relation to second normal form, you decompose the relation into new relations using the attributes, called: A. pointer B. determinants C. foreign key D. relationship key
An event is a trigger that starts a process in business process modeling.
True
the primary key of the corresponding relation
When transforming an E-R diagram into normalized relations, the identifier of the entity type becomes: A. the foreign key in the corresponding relation B. the primary key of the corresponding relation C. a nonkey attribute in the corresponding relation D. a secondary key in the corresponding relation
updated physical
Which of the following is not one of the four types of data flow diagrams? A. current physical B. current logical C. updated physical D. new physical
Partial specialization rule
Which of the following specifies that an entity instance of the supertype does not have to belong to any subtype?
The set of all data types and ranges of values that an attribute can assume defines:
domain
Which of the following refers to the set of all data types and values that an attribute can assume?
domains
Designing the database for an Internet-based electronic commerce application differs significantly from the process followed when designing the database for other types of applications.
false
An association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization best defines:
relationship
When an operation calls upon another operation within the same object, this is known as:
self-delegation
Which of the following depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time?
sequence diagrams
Which of the following represent dynamic models of interactions between objects
sequence diagrams
User rule
statement of the business rule to be enforced by the trigger
For a unary M:N relationship:
the entity type is modeled as one relation; using as its primary key a composite key, a separate relation is created to represent the M:N relationship
The relation state specifying that nonprimary key attributes do not depend on other nonprimary key attributes is:
third normal form
An activity diagram can be used for all of the following except:
to show the links between objects
A functional dependency between two (or more) nonprimary key attributes in a relation defines a:
transitive dependency
Which of the following refers to an assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete?
triggering operations
A physical file is a named set of table rows stored in a contiguous section of secondary memory.
true
A relation is in second normal form if every nonprimary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key.
true
An aggregation expresses a Part-of relationship between a component object and an aggregate object.
true
An object class is a logical grouping of objects that have the same attributes and behaviors.
true
File restoration can be achieved through backup copies of a file, audit trails, and row image files.
true
The selection of the appropriate storage format for each attribute from the logical database model is made during physical database design.
true
Level-0 diagram
A DFD that represents a system's major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail
adding the primary key attribute (or attributes) of the entity on the one side of the relationship as a foreign key in the relation that is on the many side of the relationship
A binary one-to-many relationship in an E-R diagram is best represented by: A. the creation of a separate relation; the primary key of this new relation is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship B. creating a relation with a composite primary key and nonkey attributes C. adding the primary key attribute (or attributes) of the entity on the many side of the relationship as a foreign key in the relation that is on the one side of the relationship D. adding the primary key attribute (or attributes) of the entity on the one side of the relationship as a foreign key in the relation that is on the many side of the relationship
Identifier
A candidate key that has been selected as the unique, identifying characteristic for an entity type
identifier
A candidate key that has been selected as the unique, identifying characteristic for an entity type is called a(n): A. secondary key B. attribute C. gerund D. identifier
Abstract class
A class that has no direct instances but whose descendants may have direct instances
Data type
A coding scheme recognized by system software for representing organizational data
Entity type
A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics
data store
A computer-based file containing employee information is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. source B. data flow C. process D. data store
user rule
A concise statement of the business rule to be enforced by the triggering operation refers to: A. event B. user rule C. condition D. action
extended entry
A condition that has more than two values is a(n): A. complex entry B. simple entry C. extended entry D. limited entry
level-0 diagram
A data flow diagram that represents a system's major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail refers to: A. level-00 diagram B. level-0 diagram C. level-1 diagram D. context diagram
false
A data marker is a field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data. A. True B. False
relational database model
A data model that represents data in the form of tables or relations is called a: A. network database model B. hierarchical database model C. hybrid database model D. relational database model
Gateway
A decision point
true
A default value is a value a field will assume unless an explicit value is entered for that field. A. True B. False
Use case
A depiction of a system's behavior or functionality under various conditions as the system responds to requests from users
Conceptual data model
A detailed model that captures the overall structure of organizational data and that is independent of any database management system or other implementation considerations
Entity-relationship data model (E-R Model)
A detailed, logical representation of the entities, associations, and data elements for an organization or business area
entity-relationship model
A detailed, logical representation of the entities, associations, and data elements for an organization or business area defines: A. conceptual model B. entity-relationship model C. data flow diagram D. entity-relationship diagram
Class diagram
A diagram that shows the static structure of an object-oriented model
Pointer
A field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data
pointer
A field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data best describes: A. reference locator B. field locator C. marker D. pointer
Calculated field
A field that can be derived from other database fields
data store
A file folder containing orders is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. process B. data store C. data flow D. source
Recursive foreign key
A foreign key in a relation that references the primary key values of that same relation
recursive foreign key
A foreign key in a relation that references the primary key values of that same relation is referred to as a: A. recursive foreign key B. complex key C. secondary key D. composite key
Operation
A function or a service that is provided by all the instances of a class
transitive dependency
A functional dependency between two (or more) nonprimary key attributes in a relation defines a: A. weak dependency B. transitive dependency C. partial dependency D. simple dependency
Entity-relationship diagram (E-R diagram)
A graphical representation of an E-R model
Object class
A logical grouping of objects that have the same (or similar) attributes and behaviors (methods).
bill of materials structure
A many-to-many relationship that associates certain items with their component items is called a: A. ternary relationship B. binary structure C. binary relationship D. bill-of-materials structure
Decision table
A matrix representation of the logic of a decision; it specifies the possible conditions for the decision and the resulting actions.
Asynchronous message
A message in which the sender does not have to wait for the recipient to handle the message
Simple message
A message that transfers control from the sender to the recipient without describing the details of the communication
has only outputs
A miracle process is one that: A. has only inputs B. has insufficient inputs to produce the associated processes C. cannot be exploded further D. has only outputs
decision table
A modeling technique that allows you to represent a set of conditions and the actions that follow from them in a tabular format best describes: A. structured English B. flowchart C. data flow diagram D. decision table
Physical file
A named set of table rows stored in a contiguous section of secondary memory
relation
A named two-dimensional table of data is a: A. tree structure B. relation C. tuple D. network
Composition
A part object that belongs to only one whole object and that lives and dies with the whole
Aggregation
A part-of relationship between a component object and an aggregate object
Use case diagram
A picture showing system behavior, along with the key actors that interact with the system
Second normal form (2NF)
A relation for which every nonprimary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key
true
A relation is in second normal form if every nonprimary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key. A. True B. False
Third normal form (3NF)
A relation that is in second normal form and that has no functional (transitive) dependencies between two (or more) nonprimary key attributes
Unary relationship
A relationship between the instances of one entity type
associative entity
A relationship that the data modeler chooses to model as an entity type best defines: A. recursive relationship B. associative entity C. complex relationship D. domain
Repeating group
A set of two or more multivalued attributes that are logically related
repeating group
A set of two or more multivalued attributes that are logically related defines: A. class B. repeating group C. relationship D. gerund
Ternary relationship
A simultaneous relationship among instances of three entity types
ternary relationship
A simultaneous relationship among instances of three entity types is a: A. multiple occurrence B. binary relationship C. ternary relationship D. unary relationship
entity instance
A single occurrence of an entity type defines: A. entity appearance B. data element C. attribute D. entity instance
null value
A special field value, distinct from 0, blank, or any other value, that indicates that the value for the field is missing or otherwise unknown best defines: A. primary key B. pointer C. transitive value D. null value
Null value
A special field value, distinct from a zero, blank, or any other value, that indicates that the value for the field is missing or otherwise unknown
source/sink
A square on a data flow diagram represents a: A. data store B. source/sink C. process D. data flow
Subtype
A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type that is meaningful to the organization
Index
A table used to determine the location of rows in a file that satisfy some condition
index
A table used to determine the location of rows in a file that satisfy some condition best describes: A. index B. structure chart C. domain table D. relation
File organization
A technique for physically arranging the records of a file
false
A ternary relationship is a relationship between the instances of one entity type. A. True B. False
Event
A trigger that initiates the start of the process
Synchronous message
A type of message in which the caller has to wait for the receiving object to finish executing the called operation before it can resume execution
Default value
A value a field will assume unless an explicit value is entered for that field
Pool
A way to encapsulate a process that has two or more participants
purchased models are very specific
All of the following are benefits of database patterns and packaged data models EXCEPT: A. purchased models are proven from extensive experience B. systems analysis is facilitated C. purchased models anticipate future needs D. purchased models are very specific
analysis
An E-R model with attributes is prepared during: A. project identification and selection B. analysis C. design D. project initiation and planning
Activity
An action that must take place for a process to be completed
Triggering operation
An assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete
triggering operation
An assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete is: A. triggering operation B. domains C. referential integrity constraints D. entity integrity
Extend relationship
An association between two use cases where one adds new behaviors or actions to the other best describes:
Include relationship
An association between two use cases where one use case uses the functionality contained in the other
Associative class
An association that has attributes or operations of its own or that participates in relationships with other classes
Candidate key
An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each instance of an entity type
candidate key
An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each instance of an entity type defines: A. trigger B. data element occurrence C. gerund D. candidate key
Class-scope attribute
An attribute of a class that specifies a value common to an entire class, rather than a specific value for an instance
Foreign key
An attribute that appears as a nonprimary key attribute in one relation and as a primary key attribute (or part of a primary key) in another relation
Composite attribute
An attribute that has meaningful component parts
Optional attribute
An attribute that may not have a value for every entity instance
Required attribute
An attribute that must have a value for every entity instance
Primary key
An attribute whose value is unique across all occurrences of a relation
Associative entity
An entity type that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes that are peculiar to the relationship between those entity instances
weak entity
An entity whose primary key depends on the primary key of another entity is called a: A. weak entity B. referential entity C. candidate entity D. transitive entity
Which of the following is a true statement?
An information system design based on a data orientation, rather than a process or logic orientation, should have a longer useful life.
Referential integrity
An integrity constraint specifying that the value (or existence) of an attribute in one relation depends on the value (or existence) of the same attribute in another relation
Query operation
An operation that accesses the state of an object but does not alter the state
Update operation
An operation that alters the state of an object
Class-scope operation
An operation that applies to a class rather than an object instance
Constructor
An operation that creates a new instance of a class
Context diagram
An overview of an organizational system that shows the system boundary, external entities that interact with the system, and the major information flows between the entities and the system
false
Analysts should use intelligent keys as identifiers. A. True B. False
12
Assume the first condition has two values; the second condition has two values; the third condition has three values. How many rules will there be? A. 11 B. 6 C. 7 D. 12
identifying selection criteria
Basic procedures for constructing a decision table do not include: A. naming the conditions and the values each condition can assume B. listing all possible rules C. simplifying the decision table D. identifying selection criteria
decouples the processes
By placing a data store between two processes, this: A. enables store and forward capabilities B. enhances the flow of data between the processes C. structures the processes D. decouples the processes
view integration
Combining all normalized user views into one consolidated logical database model refers to: A. normalization B. requirements structuring C. view integration D. file integration
false
Conceptual data modeling for an Internet-based electronic commerce application differs significantly from the process followed when analyzing the data needs for other types of applications. A. True B. False
analysis
Conceptual data modeling is typically done in parallel with other requirements analysis and structuring steps during: A. logical design B. physical design C. analysis D. implementation
Data store
Data at rest, which may take the form of many different physical representations, defines:
data store
Data at rest, which may take the form of many different physical representations, defines: A. process B. data store C. source D. data flow
process models
Data flow diagrams that concentrate on the movement of data between processes are referred to as: A. process models B. data models C. flow models D. flow charts
data flow
Data in motion, moving from one place in a system to another, defines: A. process B. data store C. data flow D. source
Relational database model
Data represented as a set of related tables or relations
Abstract operation
Defines the form or protocol of the operation, but not its implementation.
Connection
Depicts a usage relationship between an actor and use case
Branch
Diamond symbol containing a condition whose results provide transitions to different activity paths
the project dictionary
During logical database design, the work of all systems development team members is coordinated and shared through: A. the project leader B. the project dictionary C. scheduled weekly meetings D. JAD sessions
all of the above
During physical design, you consider: A. the descriptions of where and when data are entered, retrieved, deleted, and updated B. the expectations for response time and data integrity C. the definitions of each attribute D. all of the above
The primary deliverable from the conceptual modeling step within the analysis phase is a(n):
E-R diagram
Relation
Each regular entity type in an E-R diagram is transformed into a:
true
Employee identification number, name, address, and skill are attributes. A. True B. False
Which of the following properties of a relation states that an entry at the intersection of each row and column is single-valued?
Entries in cells are simple.
Trigger
Event that initiates a use case
Actor
External entity that interacts with the system
A business process can only come from certain business functions.
False
A unary relationship is the most common type of relationship encountered in data modeling.
False
Business Process Modeling Notation is much more simple than data flow diagrams.
False
If a gateway is inclusive, the downstream activities that follow it must also be followed by a congregated gateway.
False
In an activity diagram, the fast lane represents the organizational unit responsible for a certain action.
False
In business process modeling, an action that may take place is called an activity.
False
Processes, rather than data, are the most complex aspects of many modern information systems.
False
Sequence diagrams represent dynamic models of how objects change their states in response to events.
False
true
File and database design occurs in two steps. A. True B. False
a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship
For a binary many-to-many relationship existing between entity types A and B: A. place the primary key of either entity in the relation for the other entity or do this for both entities B. a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship C. the primary keys of relation A and relation B are designated as functionally dependent attributes D. secondary keys are used to establish the relationship
either A or B
For a binary one-to-one relationship between two entities A and B, the relationship is represented by: A. adding the primary key of B as a foreign key of A B. adding the primary key of A as a foreign key of B C. combining the two entities into one relation D. either A or B
the entity type is modeled as one relation; using as its primary key a composite key, a separate relation is created to represent the M:N relationship
For a unary M:N relationship: A. the entity type and the M:N relationship are modeled as one relation; a composite key is used B. the entity type is modeled as one relation; using as its primary key a composite key, a separate relation is created to represent the M:N relationship C. separate relations for the class and for each subclass are created; primary and foreign keys are established for each class D. the primary key of the entity on the one side of the relationship serves as a foreign key in the relation on the many side of the relationship
underlined on an E-R diagram
For each entity, the name of the identifier is: A. bold on an E-R diagram B. underlined on an E-R diagram C. written in all capital letters on an E-R diagram D. identified by using a double-lined ellipse
process modeling
Graphically representing the functions, or processes, which capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data between a system and its environment and between components within a system refers to: A. process modeling B. data modeling C. flow charting D. transition modeling
numbering considerations
Guidelines for drawing DFDs include the following except for: A. numbering considerations B. completeness C. timing considerations D. consistency
violation of consistency
Having a level-1 diagram with no level-0 diagram is an example of a: A. violation of consistency B. gap C. structuring violation D. violation of completeness
the number of rules is reduced by condensing Rules 2, 4, and 6 into one rule
If Rules 2, 4, and 6 are indifferent conditions, then: Selected Answer: A. the number of rules is reduced by condensing Rules 2, 4, and 6 into one rule B. Rules 2, 4, and 6 will result in at least two additional rules being included in the matrix C. Rules 2, 4, and 6 are eliminated from the matrix D. Rules 2, 4, and 6 have no impact on the interpretation of the matrix
binary relationship
If STUDENT and COURSE participate in a relationship, their relationship is a(n): A. ternary relationship B. binary relationship C. extraordinary relationship D. unary relationship
multivalued attribute
If each employee can have more than one skill, then SKILL is referred to as a: A. gerund B. nonexclusive attribute C. repeating attribute D. multivalued attribute
true
If for every valid value of A the value of B is determined by the value of A, then B is functionally dependent on A. A. True B. False
Indifferent condition
In a decision table, a condition whose value does not affect which actions are taken for two or more rules
Swimlane
In business process modeling, a way to encapsulate a process is called a(n):
data store
In the Gane and Sarson model, a rectangle that is missing its right vertical sides on a data flow diagram represents a: A. process B. data store C. data flow D. source/sink
process
In the Gane and Sarson model, a rectangle with rounded corners on a data flow diagram represents a: A. process B. data store C. source/sink D. data flow
System boundary
Includes all relevant use cases
Multiplicity
Indicates how many objects participate in a given relationship
view integration
Merging relations is also referred to as: A. view consolidation B. encompassing C. normalizing D. view integration
both A and B
On a data flow diagram, you may: A. repeat sources/sinks B. repeat data stores C. repeat processes D. both A and B
true
One of the purposes of database design is to choose data storage technologies that will efficiently, accurately, and securely process database activities. A. True B. False
Secondary key
One or a combination of fields for which more than one row may have the same combination of values
true
One property of a relation is that entries in a given column are from the same set of values. A. True B. False
Stakeholder
People who have a vested interest in the system being developed
Level
Perspective from which a use case description is written, typically ranging from high level to extremely detailed
process
Recording a customer's payment is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. process B. source C. data store D. data flow
true
Referencing an employee entity, an employee's skills are a multivalued attribute. A. True B. False
decision table
Removing any rules with impossible actions to make which of the following simple as possible? A. hierarchical chart B. structure chart C. activity diagram D. decision table
Behavior
Represents how an object acts and reacts
Primary deliverable
Set of coherent, interrelated DFDs
Purpose of use case diagram
Show a system's available top-level functions for different types of users
Generic form
Shows all possible sequences of interactions, corresponding to all scenarios of a use case
Context DFD
Shows scope of system, indicating which elements are inside and outside the system
Instance form
Shows the sequence for only one scenario
Flow
Shows the sequence of action in a process
all of the above
Some systems developers believe that a data model is the most important part of the statement of information system requirements because: A. data rather than processes are the most complex aspects of many modern information systems and thus require a central role in B. structuring system requirements the characteristics about data are reasonably permanent C. the characteristics of data captured during data modeling are crucial in the design of databases, programs, computer screens, and printed reports D. all of the above
Business rules
Specifications that preserve the integrity of the logical data model
business rules
Specifications that preserve the integrity of the logical data model are: Selected Answer: A. business rules B. business limitations C. requirements specifications D. integrity restrictions
Overlap rule
Specifies that an entity instance can simultaneously be a member of two (or more) subtypes
Total specialization rule
Specifies that each entity instance of the supertype must be a member of some subtype in the relationship
Disjoint rule
Specifies that if an entity instance of the supertype is a member of one subtype, it cannot simultaneously be a member of any other subtype
Business Process
Standard method for accomplishing a particular task necessary for an organization to function
data flow
Student data contained on an enrollment form is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. data store B. process C. data flow D. source
Data flow
Student data contained on an enrollment form should be represented on a data flow diagram as a:
functional decomposition
The act of going from a single system to several component processes refers to: A. structuring B. functional decomposition C. formatting D. balancing
Hashed file organization
The address for each row is determined using an algorithm
condition
The condition that causes the operation to be triggered. A. user rule B. user rule C. entity name D. condition
Balancing
The conservation of inputs and outputs to a DFD process when that process is decomposed to a lower level
balancing
The conservation of inputs and outputs to a data flow diagram process when that process is decomposed to a lower level defines: A. conservation B. decomposition C. data flow structuring D. balancing
event
The data manipulation operation (insert, delete, or update) that initiates the operation is called a(n): A. user rule B. event C. action D. condition
top down approach
The data modeling perspective that derives the business rules for a data model from an intimate understanding of the nature of the business, rather than from any specific information requirements in screens, reports, or business forms, is referred to as the: A. top-down approach B. overview approach C. bottom-up approach D. business approach
what you learned during requirements determination
The deliverables of process modeling state: A. how you should implement the new system during implementation B. what you learned during project planning C. what you learned during requirements determination D. how you should develop the system during physical design
Association role
The end of an association where it connects to a class
DFD completeness
The extent to which all necessary components of a DFD have been included and fully described
DFD consistency
The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested DFDs is also included on other levels
Consistency
The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested data flow diagrams is also included on other levels refers to:
DFD consistency
The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested data flow diagrams is also included on other levels refers to: A. DFD gap proofing B. DFD consistency C. DFD flexibility D. DFD completeness
denormalize the relations
The following are steps to transforming an E-R diagram into normalized relations and then merging all the relations into one final, consolidated set of relations except for: A. denormalize the relations B. normalize the relations C. represent relationships D. represent entities
true
The goal of conceptual data modeling is to capture as much of the meaning of data as possible. A. True B. False
Method
The implementation of an operation
provides moderately fast random retrieval on the primary key
The index file organization: A. provides slow random retrieval on the primary key B. provides moderately fast random retrieval on the primary key C. does not provide random retrieval on the primary key D. provides very fast random retrieval on the primary key
Minimal Guarantee
The least amount promised to the stakeholder by a use case
Primitive DFD
The lowest level of decomposition for a DFD
entity-relationship diagramming
The most common format used for data modeling is: A. entity-relationship diagramming B. process modeling C. decision table diagramming D. state-transition diagramming
relational database model
The most common style for a logical database model is the: A. network database model B. object-oriented database model C. hierarchical database model D. relational database model
true
The names of data stores on primitive-level data flow diagrams often correspond to the names of data entities in entity-relationship diagrams. A. True B. False
false
The network model is the most common style for a logical database model. A. True B. False
having additional functions, removing obsolete functions, and reorganizing inefficient flows
The new logical model will differ from the current logical model by: A. identifying which system functions will be automated and which will be manual B. representing the physical implementation of the new system C. having additional functions, removing obsolete functions, and reorganizing inefficient flows D. including an identification of the "technology" used to process the data
Degree
The number of entity types that participate in a relationship
Condition stubs
The part of a decision table that lists the conditions relevant to the decision
condition stubs
The part of a decision table that lists the conditions relevant to the decision is called: A. condition stubs B. action stubs C. condition list D. condition execution
Rules
The part of a decision table that specifies which actions are to be followed for a given set of conditions
rules
The part of a decision table that specifies which actions are to be followed for a given set of conditions refers to: A. decision list B. action stubs C. rules D. condition list
false
The primary deliverable from logical database design is a conceptual model. A. True B. False
normalized relations
The primary deliverable from logical database design is: A. a list of alternative design strategies B. normalized relations C. design specifications D. an updated baseline project plan
Normalization
The process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data structures
normalization
The process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data structures is referred to as: A. process modeling B. structuring C. simplification D. normalization
Gap analysis
The process of discovering discrepancies between two or more sets of DFDs or discrepancies within a single DFD
Denormalization
The process of splitting or combining normalized relations into physical tables based on affinity of use of rows and fields
third normal form
The relation state specifying that nonprimary key attributes do not depend on other nonprimary key attributes is: A. Boyce-Codd normal form B. second normal form C. third normal form D. first normal form
Indexed file organization
The rows are stored either sequentially or nonsequentially, and an index is created that allows software to locate individual rows
Sequential file organization
The rows in the file are stored in sequence according to a primary key value
Polymorphism
The same operation may apply to two or more classes in different ways
domain
The set of all data types and ranges of values that an attribute can assume defines: A. reference set B. cardinality C. constraint set D. domain
Domain
The set of all data types and values that an attribute can assume
Extension
The set of behaviors or functions in a use case that follow exceptions to the main success scenario
Field
The smallest unit of named application data recognized by system software
Encapsulation
The technique of hiding the internal implementation details of an object from its external view
Process
The work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed, stored, or distributed
process
The work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed, stored, or distributed defines: A. data flow B. data store C. process D. source/sink
Preconditions
Things that must be true before a use case can start
multiply the number of values for each condition by the number of values for every other condition
To determine the number of rules required for the decision table, you would: A. add the number of values for each condition to the number of values for every other condition B. multiply the number of values for each condition by the number of values for every other condition C. add the number of values for each condition to the number of values for every other condition, then subtract 1 D. multiply the number of conditions by two
false
Triggers are constraints on valid values for attributes. A. True B. False
A deliverable from conceptual data modeling is a set of entries about data objects to be stored in the project dictionary or repository.
True
A swimlane is a way to visually encapsulate a process.
True
An activity diagram clearly shows parallel and alternative behaviors.
True
An activity diagram shows the conditional logic for the sequence of system activities needed to accomplish a business process.
True
An entity is a person, place, object, event, or concept in the user environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data.
True
Employee identification number, name, address, and skill are attributes.
True
Entity integrity means each instance of an entity type must have a unique identifier that is not null.
True
In Business Process Modeling Notation, a gateway is represented by a diamond.
True
Relationships are labeled with verb phrases.
True
The more complex a business process is, the harder it is to automate.
True
The names of data stores on primitive-level data flow diagrams often correspond to the names of data entities in entity-relationship diagrams
True
When selecting an identifier, one should choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type.
True
Synonym
Two different names that are used for the same attribute
synonym
Two different names that refer to the same data item best defines: A. synonym B. homonym C. alias D. transitive dependency
Abstract use case
Type of use case that is initiated by another use case instead of by an actor
false
Use a verb or verb phrase to name an entity. A. True B. False
A dashed underline
Using relational notation, an attribute of a relation that is the primary key of another relation is indicated by
a dashed underline
Using relational notation, an attribute of a relation that is the primary key of another relation is indicated by: A. an underline B. a circle C. a dashed underline D. italics
Success guarantee
What a use case must do effectively in order to satisfy stakeholders
limited entry
When condition values are either "yes" or "no", these values are called a(n): A. simple entry B. extended entry C. complex entry D. limited entry
2NF
When each non-primary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in at least
second normal form
When each nonprimary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in at least: A. fifth normal form B. second normal form C. fourth normal form D. third normal form
true
When selecting an identifier, one should choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type. A. True B. False
transitive dependencies may result
When two 3NF relations are merged to form a single relation: A. recursive relationships may result B. weak entities are created C. transitive dependencies may result D. IS-A relationships are formed
a data store has a noun phrase label
Which of the following is a true statement regarding a data store? A. Data can move from an outside source to a data store. B. A data store has a noun phrase label. C. Data can move directly from a sink to a data store. D. Data can move directly from one data store to another data store
none of the above
Which of the following is considered when diagramming? A. the interactions occurring between sources and sinks B. how to control or redesign a source or sink C. how to provide sources and sinks direct access to stored data D. none of the above
The preparation of a final conceptual model and the implementation of the database
Which of the following is not associated with database design? A. Develop a logical database design from which we can do physical database design. B. Structure the data in stable structures that are not likely to change over time and that have minimal redundancy. C. The preparation of a final conceptual model and the implementation of the database. D. Develop a logical database design that reflects the actual data requirements that exist in the forms and reports of an information system.
entries in cells are simple
Which of the following properties of a relation states that an entry at the intersection of each row and column is single-valued? A. Each row is unique. B. Entries in cells are simple. C. The sequence of rows is insignificant. D. Entries in columns are from the same set of values.
domains
Which of the following refers to the set of all data types and values that an attribute can assume? A. entity integrity B. domains C. triggering operations D. referential integrity constraints
Activation
Which of the following shows the time period during which an object performs an operation, either directly or through a call to some subordinate operation?
activation
Which of the following shows the time period during which an object performs an operation, either directly or through a call to some subordinate operation?
overlap rule
Which of the following specifies that an entity instance can simultaneously be a member of two (or more) subtypes? A. disjoint rule B. total specialization rule C. partial specialization rule D. overlap rule
The symbol for an activity is:
a rectangle with rounded edges
In UML, a class is represented by:
a rectangle with three compartments separated by horizontal lines
Which of the following represents how an object acts and reacts?
behavior
All of the following are symbols used in business process modeling EXCEPT:
decision
To convert a relation to second normal form, you decompose the relation into new relations using the attributes, called:
determinants
For a binary one-to-one relationship between two entities A and B, the relationship is represented by
either adding the primary key of A as a foreign key of B or adding the primary key of B as a foreign key of A
The technique of hiding the internal implementation details of an object from its external view is called:
encapsulation
Which of the following specifies that each instance of an entity type must have a unique identifier that is not null?
entity integrity
All business processes begin and end with a(n):
event
A data marker is a field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data.
false
The primary deliverable from logical database design is a conceptual model.
false
if order number serves as the primary key in the ORDER relation and also appears as a nonprimary key attribute in the INVOICE relation, then order number is said to be a:
foreign key
A candidate key that has been selected as the unique, identifying characteristic for an entity type is called a(n):
identifier
Sequence diagrams can be presented in:
instance or generic form
On a sequence diagram, the destruction of an object is shown as a:
large X
The primary deliverable from logical database design is:
normalized relations
An entity that has a well-defined role in the application domain and has state, behavior, and identity characteristics defines:
object
Each regular entity type in an E-R diagram is transformed into a:
relation
Which of the following encompasses an object's properties and the values those properties have?
state
In business process modeling, a way to encapsulate a process is called a(n):
swimlane
If entity B is a mandatory participant, then:
the minimum cardinality of the relationship is one
When two 3NF relations are merged to form a single relation:
transitive dependencies may result
An entity whose primary key depends on the primary key of another entity is called a:
weak entity
regular entity
"Create a relation with primary key and nonkey attributes" is the relational representation for which E-R structure? A. weak entity B. IS-A relationship C. gerund D. regular entity
level-3 diagram
A DFD that is a result of three nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level-0 diagram defines a: A. level-3 diagram B. level-2 diagram C. primitive diagram D. level-1 diagram
Level-n diagram
A DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level-0 diagram
level-n diagram
A DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions from a process on a level-0 diagram, is called: A. context diagram B. primitive diagram C. level-0 diagram D. level-n diagram
has only inputs
A black hole is one that: A. has only outputs B. has not been exploded to show enough detail C. has only inputs D. has insufficient inputs to produce the associated processes
entity type
A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics defines: A. entity occurrence B. entity collection C. entity type D. entity instance
removing any rules with impossible actions
A decision table is simplified by: A. removing any rules with impossible actions B. removing any rules with static actions C. removing simple entries D. removing extended entries
true
A deliverable from conceptual data modeling is a set of entries about data objects to be stored in the project dictionary or repository A. True B. False
Supertype
A generic entity type that has a relationship with one or more subtypes
decision table
A matrix representation of the logic of a decision, which specifies the possible conditions for the decision and the resulting actions, defines a A. sequence diagram B. structure chart C. state transition diagram D. decision table
attribute
A named property or characteristic of an entity that is of interest to the organization defines: A. gerund B. relationship C. attribute D. instance
Physical table
A named set of rows and columns that specifies the fields in each row of the table
physical table
A named set of rows and columns that specifies the fields in each row of the table best describes: A. entity type B. relation C. physical table D. data structure
Relation
A named, two-dimensional table of data. Each relation consists of a set of named columns and an arbitrary number of unnamed rows
Functional dependency
A particular relationship between two attributes
functional dependency
A particular relationship between two attributes best defines: A. normal form B. functional dependency C. structure D. context
entity
A person, place, object, event, or concept in the user environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data refers to a(n): A. entity B. data element C. relationship D. attribute
false
A primary key should be null. A. True B. False
verb phrase label
A process has a: A. noun phrase label B. pronoun label C. verb phrase label D. adjective label
false
A relation is said to be in second normal form when there are no transitive dependencies. A. True B. False
Well-structured relation
A relation that contains a minimum amount of redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, and delete the rows without errors or inconsistencies
well structured relation
A relation that contains a minimum amount of redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, and delete rows without errors or inconsistencies is a(n): A. well-structured relation B. simple relation C. unnormalized relation D. independent relation
homonym
A single name that is used for two or more different attributes best defines: A. alias B. synonym C. homonym D. transitive dependency
Entity instance
A single occurrence of an entity type
subtype
A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type that is meaningful to the organization and that shares common attributes or relationships distinct from other subgroupings best defines: A. child node B. supertype C. disjoined entity D. subtype
source
A supplier of auto parts to our company is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. data store B. process C. source D. data flow
To show the links between objects
An activity diagram can be used for all of the following except:
data flow
An arrow on a data flow diagram represents a: A. data store B. source/sink C. process D. data flow
Relationship
An association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization
relationship
An association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization best defines: A. cardinality B. occurrence C. coupling D. relationship
Derived attribute
An attribute whose value can be computed from related attribute values
true
An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity type. A. True B. False
Object
An entity that has a well-defined role in the application domain and has state, behavior, and identity characteristics
dash (-)
An indifferent condition is represented by a(n): A. pound sign (#) B. dash (-) C. exclamation point (!) D. asterisk (*)
Functional decomposition
An iterative process of breaking the description of a system down into finer and finer detail, which creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained in greater detail on another chart
four
Assume the structure of a relation is EMPLOYEE (Emp_ID, Name, Dept, Salary). The number of attributes for this relation would be: A. six B. five C. three D. four
18
Assume we have three conditions. Condition one has two values; condition two has three values; condition three has three values. How many rules are needed? Answers: A. 5 B. 18 C. 6 D. 8
Sequence diagram
Depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time
an E-R model represents conceptual data requirements for a particular system
During requirements structuring: A. the conceptual E-R data model is refined before it is translated into a logical format from which database definition and physical database design are done B. an enterprise-wide data model with very broad categories of data and little detail is prepared C. an E-R model represents conceptual data requirements for a particular system D. a specific E-R model is built to help explain the scope of a particular systems analysis and design effort
relation
Each regular entity type in an E-R diagram is transformed into a: A. row in a relation B. relation C. tuple in a relation D. column in a relation
State
Encompasses an object's properties (attributes and relationships) and the values those properties have
Join
End of parallel activities
A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics defines:
Entity Type
then B is said to be functionally dependent on A
For any relation R, if, for every valid instance of A, that value of A uniquely determines the value of B: A. then a primary dependency exists in the relation B. then A is said to be functionally dependent on B C. then B is said to be functionally dependent on A D. then A and B are candidate keys for the relation
Binary relationship
If STUDENT and COURSE participate in a relationship, their relationship is a(n):
a separate relation with a primary key that is the composite of the primary keys of each of the participating entities is created
If a relationship exists among three or more entities, then: A. use the primary key of relation A as a foreign key in relations B and C B. separate relations are established for each class and for each of the subclasses C. a separate relation with a primary key that is the composite of the primary keys of each of the participating entities is created D. recursive relationships must be established through the use of recursive foreign keys
a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship
If an associative entity exists, then: A. place the primary key of either entity in the relation for the other entity or do this for both entities B. a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship C. the primary keys of relation A and relation B are designated as functionally dependent attributes D. secondary keys are used to establish the relationship
One
If entity B is a mandatory participant, then the minimum cardinality of the relationship is:
the minimum cardinality of the relationship is one
If entity B is a mandatory participant, then: A. the minimum cardinality of the relationship is two B. the minimum cardinality of the relationship is optional C. the minimum cardinality of the relationship is one D. the minimum cardinality of the relationship cannot be defined
foreign key
If order number serves as the primary key in the ORDER relation and also appears as a nonprimary key attribute in the INVOICE relation, then order number is said to be a: A. candidate key B. relationship key C. pointer D. foreign key
be coupled to each other
If two processes are connected by a data flow, they are said to: A. share the same timing effects B. be strapped to each other C. be coupled to each other D. share the same data
Complete
If your DFD contains data flows that do not lead anywhere, it is not
complete
If your DFD contains data flows that do not lead anywhere, it is not: A. gap proof B. complete C. a primitive diagram D. consistent
indifferent condition
In a decision table, a condition whose value does not affect which actions are taken for two or more rules is referred to as a(n): A. flexible condition B. fixed condition C. static condition D. indifferent condition
they each describe different but complementary views of the same information system
Process, logic, and data model descriptions of a system must be consistent and complete because: A. they each describe different but complementary views of the same information system B. they are prepared during the analysis phase C. they are constructed in parallel by separate analyst teams D. programming tasks require the integration of the information contained in the diagrams
recursive relationships
Relationships between instances of a single entity type are referred to as: A. recursive relationships B. transitive relationships C. dependent relationships D. binary relationships
context diagram
The diagram that shows the scope of the system, indicating what elements are inside and which are outside the system, is called a: A. representative diagram B. referencing diagram C. level-2 diagram D. context diagram
DFD completeness
The extent to which all necessary components of a data flow diagram have been included and fully described refers to: A. DFD gap proofing B. DFD consistency C. DFD completeness D. DFD flexibility
primitive data flow diagrams
The lowest level of DFDs is called: A. context diagrams B. level-0 diagrams C. level-1 diagrams D. primitive data flow diagrams
primitive diagram
The lowest level of decomposition for a data flow diagram is called the: A. context diagram B. primitive diagram C. level-1 diagram D. level-0 diagram
minimum cardinality of the relationship
The minimum number of instances of entity B that may be associated with each instance of entity A defines the: A. maximum cardinality of the relationship B. degree of the relationship C. minimum cardinality of the relationship D. domain of the relationship
Cardinality
The number of instances of entity B that can (or must) be associated with each instance of entity A
cardinality
The number of instances of entity B that can (or must) be associated with each instance of entity A refers to: A. cardinality B. ternary occurrence C. participation level D. domain
source/sink
The origin and/or destination of data, sometimes referred to as external entities defines: A. source/sink B. data store C. process D. data flow
Source/Sink
The origin and/or destination of data; sometimes referred to as external entities
rules
The part of a decision table that links conditions to actions is the section that contains the: A. action statements B. condition statements C. rules D. decision stubs
Action stubs
The part of a decision table that lists the actions that result for a given set of conditions
E-R diagram
The primary deliverable from the conceptual modeling step within the analysis phase is a(n): A. state-transition diagram B. E-R diagram C. decision tree D. context data flow diagram
gap analysis
The process in analysis in which the analyst tries to discover discrepancies between two or more sets of data flow diagrams, representing two or more states of an information system, or discrepancies within a single DFD, is referred to as: A. sequencing B. referencing C. double checking D. gap analysis
demoralization
The process of splitting or combining normalized relations into physical tables based on affinity of use of rows and fields best describes: A. data structure B. normalization C. simplification D. denormalization
true
The purpose of the conceptual data model is to show as many rules about the meaning and interrelationships among data as possible. A. True B. False
A gateway can be exclusive or inclusive.
True
A sequence diagram depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time.
True
An activity diagram should only be used when it adds value to the project.
True
In business process modeling, a gateway is a decision point.
True
choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type
When selecting an identifier, one should: A. use intelligent keys B. choose a candidate key such that for each instance of the entity, the attribute is guaranteed to have valid values or is null C. use large composite keys instead of single-attribute surrogate keys D. choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type
primitive data flow diagrams
When you believe that you have shown each business form or transaction, computer screen, and report as a single data flow, you have probably reached the: A. level-3 diagrams B. level-1 diagrams C. level-0 diagrams D. primitive data flow diagrams
referential integrity constraints
Which of the following addresses the rules concerning the relationships between entity types? A. referential integrity constraints B. domains C. triggering operations D. entity integrity
composite partitioning
Which of the following combines range and hash partitioning by first segregating data by ranges on the designated attribute and then within each of these partitions it further partitions by hashing on the designated attribute? A. functional partitioning B. combined partitioning C. composite partitioning D. transitive partitioning
A join in a data flow means that exactly the same data comes from any of two or more different processes, data stores, or sources/sinks to a common location
Which of the following is a true statement regarding data flows? A. A data flow may have multiple directions between symbols. B. A data flow to a data store means retrieve or use. C. A join in a data flow means that exactly the same data comes from any of two or more different processes, data stores, or sources/sinks to a common location. D. A data flow from a data store means update.
An information system design based on a data orientation, rather than a process or logic orientation, should have a longer useful life
Which of the following is a true statement? A. An information system design based on a data orientation, rather than a process or logic orientation, should have a longer useful life. B. A data model explains the transient form of an organization. C. Data flow paths are permanent. D. Data characteristics are dynamic.
Model how data flow through an information system, the relationships among the data flows, and how data come to be stored at specific locations.
Which of the following is not a key step in logical database modeling and design? A. Translate the conceptual E-R data model for the application into normalized data requirements. B. Combine normalized data requirements from all user interfaces into one consolidated logical database model. C. Compare the consolidated logical database design with the translated E-R model and produce, through view integration, one final logical database design for the application. D. Model how data flow through an information system, the relationships among the data flows, and how data come to be stored at specific locations.
Each row in a relation corresponds to an attribute of that relation.
Which of the following is not a true statement regarding a relation? A. Each column in a relation corresponds to an attribute of that relation. B. An entry at the intersection of each row and column has a single value. C. Each row in a relation corresponds to an attribute of that relation. D. Each relation consists of a set of named columns and an arbitrary number of unnamed rows.
Composite data flows on one level cannot be split into component data flows at the next level
Which of the following is not an advanced rule governing data flow diagramming? A. At the lowest level of DFDs, new data flows may be added to represent data that are transmitted under exceptional conditions. B. The inputs to a process must be sufficient to produce the outputs from the process. C. To avoid having data flow lines cross each other, data stores may be repeated on a DFD. D. Composite data flows on one level cannot be split into component data flows at the next level.
state-transition diagram
Which of the following is not one of the primary deliverables resulting from studying and documenting a system's processes? A. state-transition diagram B. context data flow diagram (DFD) C. DFDs of the current logical system D. thorough descriptions of each DFD component
The value of the key must uniquely identify every row in the relation
Which of the following properties should be satisfied when the identifier of the entity type becomes the primary key of the corresponding relation? A. The key should be an intelligent key. B. The key must be a composite of a primary key and a secondary key. C. The key should serve as a foreign key in at least two other relations. D. The value of the key must uniquely identify every row in the relation.
triggering operations
Which of the following refers to an assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete? A. referential integrity constraints B. triggering operations C. entity integrity D. domains
partial specialization rule
Which of the following specifies that an entity instance of the supertype is allowed not to belong to any subtype? A. partial specialization rule B. disjoint rule C. overlap rule D. total specialization rule
total specialization rule
Which of the following specifies that each entity instance of the supertype must be a member of some subtype in the relationship? A. partial specialization rule B. disjoint rule C. total specialization rule D. overlap rule
entity integrity
Which of the following specifies that each instance of an entity type must have a unique identifier that is not null? A. domains B. triggering operations C. referential integrity constraints D. entity integrity
disjoint rule
Which of the following specifies that if an entity instance of the supertype is a member of one subtype it cannot simultaneously be a member of any other subtype? A. total specialization rule B. disjoint rule C. overlap rule D. partial specialization rule
Normalization produces a set of well-structured relations that contain all of the data mentioned in system inputs and outputs
Which of the following statements is true regarding normalization? Selected Answer: A. Normalization is an integrity constraint specifying that the value of an attribute in one relation depends on the value of the same attribute in another relation. B. Through the use of anomalies, stable structures are produced. C. Normalization is a top-down process. D. Normalization produces a set of well-structured relations that contain all of the data mentioned in system inputs and outputs.
A relationship that the data modeler chooses to model as an entity type best defines:
associative entity
A message in which the sender does not have to wait for the recipient to handle the message best describes:
asynchronous message
A particular relationship between two attributes best defines:
functional dependency
When each nonprimary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in at least:
second normal form