SAD EXAM 2???

Concrete class

A class that can have direct instances

Attribute

A named property or characteristic of an entity that is of interest to the organization

Data flow diagram (DFD)

A picture of the movement of data between external entities and the processes and data stores within a system

Association

A relationship among instances of object classes

Homonym

A single attribute name that is used for two or more different attributes

false

A unary relationship is the most common type of relationship encountered in data modeling. A. True B. False

Multivalued attribute

An attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance is referred to as a:

multivalued attribute

An attribute that may take on more than one value for each entity instance is referred to as a: A. supertype B. multivalued attribute C. gerund D. nonexclusive attribute

4

Assume the structure of a relation is EMPLOYEE (Emp_ID, Name, Dept, Salary). The number of attributes for this relation would be:

Fork

Beginning of parallel activities

Merge

Diamond symbol where different paths converge

Triggers are constraints on valid values for attributes.

False

either A or B

For a unary one-to-one relationship between two entities A and B, the relationship is represented by: A. adding the primary key of A as a foreign key of B B. adding the primary key of B as a foreign key of A C. combining the two entities into one relation D. either A or B

DFDs in BPR

Help show inefficiencies in the existing system

Entity-relationship diagramming

The most common format used for data modeling is:

Data flows

The three main constructs of the entity-relationship modeling notation include each of the following except:

data flows

The three main constructs of the entity-relationship modeling notation include each of the following except: A. data entities B. relationships C. data flows D. attributes

determinants

To convert a relation to second normal form, you decompose the relation into new relations using the attributes, called: A. pointer B. determinants C. foreign key D. relationship key

An event is a trigger that starts a process in business process modeling.

True

the primary key of the corresponding relation

When transforming an E-R diagram into normalized relations, the identifier of the entity type becomes: A. the foreign key in the corresponding relation B. the primary key of the corresponding relation C. a nonkey attribute in the corresponding relation D. a secondary key in the corresponding relation

updated physical

Which of the following is not one of the four types of data flow diagrams? A. current physical B. current logical C. updated physical D. new physical

Partial specialization rule

Which of the following specifies that an entity instance of the supertype does not have to belong to any subtype?

The set of all data types and ranges of values that an attribute can assume defines:

domain

Which of the following refers to the set of all data types and values that an attribute can assume?

domains

Designing the database for an Internet-based electronic commerce application differs significantly from the process followed when designing the database for other types of applications.

false

An association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization best defines:

relationship

When an operation calls upon another operation within the same object, this is known as:

self-delegation

Which of the following depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time?

sequence diagrams

Which of the following represent dynamic models of interactions between objects

sequence diagrams

User rule

statement of the business rule to be enforced by the trigger

For a unary M:N relationship:

the entity type is modeled as one relation; using as its primary key a composite key, a separate relation is created to represent the M:N relationship

The relation state specifying that nonprimary key attributes do not depend on other nonprimary key attributes is:

third normal form

An activity diagram can be used for all of the following except:

to show the links between objects

A functional dependency between two (or more) nonprimary key attributes in a relation defines a:

transitive dependency

Which of the following refers to an assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete?

triggering operations

A physical file is a named set of table rows stored in a contiguous section of secondary memory.

true

A relation is in second normal form if every nonprimary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key.

true

An aggregation expresses a Part-of relationship between a component object and an aggregate object.

true

An object class is a logical grouping of objects that have the same attributes and behaviors.

true

File restoration can be achieved through backup copies of a file, audit trails, and row image files.

true

The selection of the appropriate storage format for each attribute from the logical database model is made during physical database design.

true

Level-0 diagram

A DFD that represents a system's major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail

adding the primary key attribute (or attributes) of the entity on the one side of the relationship as a foreign key in the relation that is on the many side of the relationship

A binary one-to-many relationship in an E-R diagram is best represented by: A. the creation of a separate relation; the primary key of this new relation is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship B. creating a relation with a composite primary key and nonkey attributes C. adding the primary key attribute (or attributes) of the entity on the many side of the relationship as a foreign key in the relation that is on the one side of the relationship D. adding the primary key attribute (or attributes) of the entity on the one side of the relationship as a foreign key in the relation that is on the many side of the relationship

Identifier

A candidate key that has been selected as the unique, identifying characteristic for an entity type

identifier

A candidate key that has been selected as the unique, identifying characteristic for an entity type is called a(n): A. secondary key B. attribute C. gerund D. identifier

Abstract class

A class that has no direct instances but whose descendants may have direct instances

Data type

A coding scheme recognized by system software for representing organizational data

Entity type

A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics

data store

A computer-based file containing employee information is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. source B. data flow C. process D. data store

user rule

A concise statement of the business rule to be enforced by the triggering operation refers to: A. event B. user rule C. condition D. action

extended entry

A condition that has more than two values is a(n): A. complex entry B. simple entry C. extended entry D. limited entry

level-0 diagram

A data flow diagram that represents a system's major processes, data flows, and data stores at a high level of detail refers to: A. level-00 diagram B. level-0 diagram C. level-1 diagram D. context diagram

false

A data marker is a field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data. A. True B. False

relational database model

A data model that represents data in the form of tables or relations is called a: A. network database model B. hierarchical database model C. hybrid database model D. relational database model

Gateway

A decision point

true

A default value is a value a field will assume unless an explicit value is entered for that field. A. True B. False

Use case

A depiction of a system's behavior or functionality under various conditions as the system responds to requests from users

Conceptual data model

A detailed model that captures the overall structure of organizational data and that is independent of any database management system or other implementation considerations

Entity-relationship data model (E-R Model)

A detailed, logical representation of the entities, associations, and data elements for an organization or business area

entity-relationship model

A detailed, logical representation of the entities, associations, and data elements for an organization or business area defines: A. conceptual model B. entity-relationship model C. data flow diagram D. entity-relationship diagram

Class diagram

A diagram that shows the static structure of an object-oriented model

Pointer

A field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data

pointer

A field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data best describes: A. reference locator B. field locator C. marker D. pointer

Calculated field

A field that can be derived from other database fields

data store

A file folder containing orders is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. process B. data store C. data flow D. source

Recursive foreign key

A foreign key in a relation that references the primary key values of that same relation

recursive foreign key

A foreign key in a relation that references the primary key values of that same relation is referred to as a: A. recursive foreign key B. complex key C. secondary key D. composite key

Operation

A function or a service that is provided by all the instances of a class

transitive dependency

A functional dependency between two (or more) nonprimary key attributes in a relation defines a: A. weak dependency B. transitive dependency C. partial dependency D. simple dependency

Entity-relationship diagram (E-R diagram)

A graphical representation of an E-R model

Object class

A logical grouping of objects that have the same (or similar) attributes and behaviors (methods).

bill of materials structure

A many-to-many relationship that associates certain items with their component items is called a: A. ternary relationship B. binary structure C. binary relationship D. bill-of-materials structure

Decision table

A matrix representation of the logic of a decision; it specifies the possible conditions for the decision and the resulting actions.

Asynchronous message

A message in which the sender does not have to wait for the recipient to handle the message

Simple message

A message that transfers control from the sender to the recipient without describing the details of the communication

has only outputs

A miracle process is one that: A. has only inputs B. has insufficient inputs to produce the associated processes C. cannot be exploded further D. has only outputs

decision table

A modeling technique that allows you to represent a set of conditions and the actions that follow from them in a tabular format best describes: A. structured English B. flowchart C. data flow diagram D. decision table

Physical file

A named set of table rows stored in a contiguous section of secondary memory

relation

A named two-dimensional table of data is a: A. tree structure B. relation C. tuple D. network

Composition

A part object that belongs to only one whole object and that lives and dies with the whole

Aggregation

A part-of relationship between a component object and an aggregate object

Use case diagram

A picture showing system behavior, along with the key actors that interact with the system

Second normal form (2NF)

A relation for which every nonprimary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key

true

A relation is in second normal form if every nonprimary key attribute is functionally dependent on the whole primary key. A. True B. False

Third normal form (3NF)

A relation that is in second normal form and that has no functional (transitive) dependencies between two (or more) nonprimary key attributes

Unary relationship

A relationship between the instances of one entity type

associative entity

A relationship that the data modeler chooses to model as an entity type best defines: A. recursive relationship B. associative entity C. complex relationship D. domain

Repeating group

A set of two or more multivalued attributes that are logically related

repeating group

A set of two or more multivalued attributes that are logically related defines: A. class B. repeating group C. relationship D. gerund

Ternary relationship

A simultaneous relationship among instances of three entity types

ternary relationship

A simultaneous relationship among instances of three entity types is a: A. multiple occurrence B. binary relationship C. ternary relationship D. unary relationship

entity instance

A single occurrence of an entity type defines: A. entity appearance B. data element C. attribute D. entity instance

null value

A special field value, distinct from 0, blank, or any other value, that indicates that the value for the field is missing or otherwise unknown best defines: A. primary key B. pointer C. transitive value D. null value

Null value

A special field value, distinct from a zero, blank, or any other value, that indicates that the value for the field is missing or otherwise unknown

source/sink

A square on a data flow diagram represents a: A. data store B. source/sink C. process D. data flow

Subtype

A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type that is meaningful to the organization

Index

A table used to determine the location of rows in a file that satisfy some condition

index

A table used to determine the location of rows in a file that satisfy some condition best describes: A. index B. structure chart C. domain table D. relation

File organization

A technique for physically arranging the records of a file

false

A ternary relationship is a relationship between the instances of one entity type. A. True B. False

Event

A trigger that initiates the start of the process

Synchronous message

A type of message in which the caller has to wait for the receiving object to finish executing the called operation before it can resume execution

Default value

A value a field will assume unless an explicit value is entered for that field

Pool

A way to encapsulate a process that has two or more participants

purchased models are very specific

All of the following are benefits of database patterns and packaged data models EXCEPT: A. purchased models are proven from extensive experience B. systems analysis is facilitated C. purchased models anticipate future needs D. purchased models are very specific

analysis

An E-R model with attributes is prepared during: A. project identification and selection B. analysis C. design D. project initiation and planning

Activity

An action that must take place for a process to be completed

Triggering operation

An assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete

triggering operation

An assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete is: A. triggering operation B. domains C. referential integrity constraints D. entity integrity

Extend relationship

An association between two use cases where one adds new behaviors or actions to the other best describes:

Include relationship

An association between two use cases where one use case uses the functionality contained in the other

Associative class

An association that has attributes or operations of its own or that participates in relationships with other classes

Candidate key

An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each instance of an entity type

candidate key

An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies each instance of an entity type defines: A. trigger B. data element occurrence C. gerund D. candidate key

Class-scope attribute

An attribute of a class that specifies a value common to an entire class, rather than a specific value for an instance

Foreign key

An attribute that appears as a nonprimary key attribute in one relation and as a primary key attribute (or part of a primary key) in another relation

Composite attribute

An attribute that has meaningful component parts

Optional attribute

An attribute that may not have a value for every entity instance

Required attribute

An attribute that must have a value for every entity instance

Primary key

An attribute whose value is unique across all occurrences of a relation

Associative entity

An entity type that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes that are peculiar to the relationship between those entity instances

weak entity

An entity whose primary key depends on the primary key of another entity is called a: A. weak entity B. referential entity C. candidate entity D. transitive entity

Which of the following is a true statement?

An information system design based on a data orientation, rather than a process or logic orientation, should have a longer useful life.

Referential integrity

An integrity constraint specifying that the value (or existence) of an attribute in one relation depends on the value (or existence) of the same attribute in another relation

Query operation

An operation that accesses the state of an object but does not alter the state

Update operation

An operation that alters the state of an object

Class-scope operation

An operation that applies to a class rather than an object instance

Constructor

An operation that creates a new instance of a class

Context diagram

An overview of an organizational system that shows the system boundary, external entities that interact with the system, and the major information flows between the entities and the system

false

Analysts should use intelligent keys as identifiers. A. True B. False

12

Assume the first condition has two values; the second condition has two values; the third condition has three values. How many rules will there be? A. 11 B. 6 C. 7 D. 12

identifying selection criteria

Basic procedures for constructing a decision table do not include: A. naming the conditions and the values each condition can assume B. listing all possible rules C. simplifying the decision table D. identifying selection criteria

decouples the processes

By placing a data store between two processes, this: A. enables store and forward capabilities B. enhances the flow of data between the processes C. structures the processes D. decouples the processes

view integration

Combining all normalized user views into one consolidated logical database model refers to: A. normalization B. requirements structuring C. view integration D. file integration

false

Conceptual data modeling for an Internet-based electronic commerce application differs significantly from the process followed when analyzing the data needs for other types of applications. A. True B. False

analysis

Conceptual data modeling is typically done in parallel with other requirements analysis and structuring steps during: A. logical design B. physical design C. analysis D. implementation

Data store

Data at rest, which may take the form of many different physical representations, defines:

data store

Data at rest, which may take the form of many different physical representations, defines: A. process B. data store C. source D. data flow

process models

Data flow diagrams that concentrate on the movement of data between processes are referred to as: A. process models B. data models C. flow models D. flow charts

data flow

Data in motion, moving from one place in a system to another, defines: A. process B. data store C. data flow D. source

Relational database model

Data represented as a set of related tables or relations

Abstract operation

Defines the form or protocol of the operation, but not its implementation.

Connection

Depicts a usage relationship between an actor and use case

Branch

Diamond symbol containing a condition whose results provide transitions to different activity paths

the project dictionary

During logical database design, the work of all systems development team members is coordinated and shared through: A. the project leader B. the project dictionary C. scheduled weekly meetings D. JAD sessions

all of the above

During physical design, you consider: A. the descriptions of where and when data are entered, retrieved, deleted, and updated B. the expectations for response time and data integrity C. the definitions of each attribute D. all of the above

The primary deliverable from the conceptual modeling step within the analysis phase is a(n):

E-R diagram

Relation

Each regular entity type in an E-R diagram is transformed into a:

true

Employee identification number, name, address, and skill are attributes. A. True B. False

Which of the following properties of a relation states that an entry at the intersection of each row and column is single-valued?

Entries in cells are simple.

Trigger

Event that initiates a use case

Actor

External entity that interacts with the system

A business process can only come from certain business functions.

False

A unary relationship is the most common type of relationship encountered in data modeling.

False

Business Process Modeling Notation is much more simple than data flow diagrams.

False

If a gateway is inclusive, the downstream activities that follow it must also be followed by a congregated gateway.

False

In an activity diagram, the fast lane represents the organizational unit responsible for a certain action.

False

In business process modeling, an action that may take place is called an activity.

False

Processes, rather than data, are the most complex aspects of many modern information systems.

False

Sequence diagrams represent dynamic models of how objects change their states in response to events.

False

true

File and database design occurs in two steps. A. True B. False

a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship

For a binary many-to-many relationship existing between entity types A and B: A. place the primary key of either entity in the relation for the other entity or do this for both entities B. a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship C. the primary keys of relation A and relation B are designated as functionally dependent attributes D. secondary keys are used to establish the relationship

either A or B

For a binary one-to-one relationship between two entities A and B, the relationship is represented by: A. adding the primary key of B as a foreign key of A B. adding the primary key of A as a foreign key of B C. combining the two entities into one relation D. either A or B

the entity type is modeled as one relation; using as its primary key a composite key, a separate relation is created to represent the M:N relationship

For a unary M:N relationship: A. the entity type and the M:N relationship are modeled as one relation; a composite key is used B. the entity type is modeled as one relation; using as its primary key a composite key, a separate relation is created to represent the M:N relationship C. separate relations for the class and for each subclass are created; primary and foreign keys are established for each class D. the primary key of the entity on the one side of the relationship serves as a foreign key in the relation on the many side of the relationship

underlined on an E-R diagram

For each entity, the name of the identifier is: A. bold on an E-R diagram B. underlined on an E-R diagram C. written in all capital letters on an E-R diagram D. identified by using a double-lined ellipse

process modeling

Graphically representing the functions, or processes, which capture, manipulate, store, and distribute data between a system and its environment and between components within a system refers to: A. process modeling B. data modeling C. flow charting D. transition modeling

numbering considerations

Guidelines for drawing DFDs include the following except for: A. numbering considerations B. completeness C. timing considerations D. consistency

violation of consistency

Having a level-1 diagram with no level-0 diagram is an example of a: A. violation of consistency B. gap C. structuring violation D. violation of completeness

the number of rules is reduced by condensing Rules 2, 4, and 6 into one rule

If Rules 2, 4, and 6 are indifferent conditions, then: Selected Answer: A. the number of rules is reduced by condensing Rules 2, 4, and 6 into one rule B. Rules 2, 4, and 6 will result in at least two additional rules being included in the matrix C. Rules 2, 4, and 6 are eliminated from the matrix D. Rules 2, 4, and 6 have no impact on the interpretation of the matrix

binary relationship

If STUDENT and COURSE participate in a relationship, their relationship is a(n): A. ternary relationship B. binary relationship C. extraordinary relationship D. unary relationship

multivalued attribute

If each employee can have more than one skill, then SKILL is referred to as a: A. gerund B. nonexclusive attribute C. repeating attribute D. multivalued attribute

true

If for every valid value of A the value of B is determined by the value of A, then B is functionally dependent on A. A. True B. False

Indifferent condition

In a decision table, a condition whose value does not affect which actions are taken for two or more rules

Swimlane

In business process modeling, a way to encapsulate a process is called a(n):

data store

In the Gane and Sarson model, a rectangle that is missing its right vertical sides on a data flow diagram represents a: A. process B. data store C. data flow D. source/sink

process

In the Gane and Sarson model, a rectangle with rounded corners on a data flow diagram represents a: A. process B. data store C. source/sink D. data flow

System boundary

Includes all relevant use cases

Multiplicity

Indicates how many objects participate in a given relationship

view integration

Merging relations is also referred to as: A. view consolidation B. encompassing C. normalizing D. view integration

both A and B

On a data flow diagram, you may: A. repeat sources/sinks B. repeat data stores C. repeat processes D. both A and B

true

One of the purposes of database design is to choose data storage technologies that will efficiently, accurately, and securely process database activities. A. True B. False

Secondary key

One or a combination of fields for which more than one row may have the same combination of values

true

One property of a relation is that entries in a given column are from the same set of values. A. True B. False

Stakeholder

People who have a vested interest in the system being developed

Level

Perspective from which a use case description is written, typically ranging from high level to extremely detailed

process

Recording a customer's payment is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. process B. source C. data store D. data flow

true

Referencing an employee entity, an employee's skills are a multivalued attribute. A. True B. False

decision table

Removing any rules with impossible actions to make which of the following simple as possible? A. hierarchical chart B. structure chart C. activity diagram D. decision table

Behavior

Represents how an object acts and reacts

Primary deliverable

Set of coherent, interrelated DFDs

Purpose of use case diagram

Show a system's available top-level functions for different types of users

Generic form

Shows all possible sequences of interactions, corresponding to all scenarios of a use case

Context DFD

Shows scope of system, indicating which elements are inside and outside the system

Instance form

Shows the sequence for only one scenario

Flow

Shows the sequence of action in a process

all of the above

Some systems developers believe that a data model is the most important part of the statement of information system requirements because: A. data rather than processes are the most complex aspects of many modern information systems and thus require a central role in B. structuring system requirements the characteristics about data are reasonably permanent C. the characteristics of data captured during data modeling are crucial in the design of databases, programs, computer screens, and printed reports D. all of the above

Business rules

Specifications that preserve the integrity of the logical data model

business rules

Specifications that preserve the integrity of the logical data model are: Selected Answer: A. business rules B. business limitations C. requirements specifications D. integrity restrictions

Overlap rule

Specifies that an entity instance can simultaneously be a member of two (or more) subtypes

Total specialization rule

Specifies that each entity instance of the supertype must be a member of some subtype in the relationship

Disjoint rule

Specifies that if an entity instance of the supertype is a member of one subtype, it cannot simultaneously be a member of any other subtype

Business Process

Standard method for accomplishing a particular task necessary for an organization to function

data flow

Student data contained on an enrollment form is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. data store B. process C. data flow D. source

Data flow

Student data contained on an enrollment form should be represented on a data flow diagram as a:

functional decomposition

The act of going from a single system to several component processes refers to: A. structuring B. functional decomposition C. formatting D. balancing

Hashed file organization

The address for each row is determined using an algorithm

condition

The condition that causes the operation to be triggered. A. user rule B. user rule C. entity name D. condition

Balancing

The conservation of inputs and outputs to a DFD process when that process is decomposed to a lower level

balancing

The conservation of inputs and outputs to a data flow diagram process when that process is decomposed to a lower level defines: A. conservation B. decomposition C. data flow structuring D. balancing

event

The data manipulation operation (insert, delete, or update) that initiates the operation is called a(n): A. user rule B. event C. action D. condition

top down approach

The data modeling perspective that derives the business rules for a data model from an intimate understanding of the nature of the business, rather than from any specific information requirements in screens, reports, or business forms, is referred to as the: A. top-down approach B. overview approach C. bottom-up approach D. business approach

what you learned during requirements determination

The deliverables of process modeling state: A. how you should implement the new system during implementation B. what you learned during project planning C. what you learned during requirements determination D. how you should develop the system during physical design

Association role

The end of an association where it connects to a class

DFD completeness

The extent to which all necessary components of a DFD have been included and fully described

DFD consistency

The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested DFDs is also included on other levels

Consistency

The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested data flow diagrams is also included on other levels refers to:

DFD consistency

The extent to which information contained on one level of a set of nested data flow diagrams is also included on other levels refers to: A. DFD gap proofing B. DFD consistency C. DFD flexibility D. DFD completeness

denormalize the relations

The following are steps to transforming an E-R diagram into normalized relations and then merging all the relations into one final, consolidated set of relations except for: A. denormalize the relations B. normalize the relations C. represent relationships D. represent entities

true

The goal of conceptual data modeling is to capture as much of the meaning of data as possible. A. True B. False

Method

The implementation of an operation

provides moderately fast random retrieval on the primary key

The index file organization: A. provides slow random retrieval on the primary key B. provides moderately fast random retrieval on the primary key C. does not provide random retrieval on the primary key D. provides very fast random retrieval on the primary key

Minimal Guarantee

The least amount promised to the stakeholder by a use case

Primitive DFD

The lowest level of decomposition for a DFD

entity-relationship diagramming

The most common format used for data modeling is: A. entity-relationship diagramming B. process modeling C. decision table diagramming D. state-transition diagramming

relational database model

The most common style for a logical database model is the: A. network database model B. object-oriented database model C. hierarchical database model D. relational database model

true

The names of data stores on primitive-level data flow diagrams often correspond to the names of data entities in entity-relationship diagrams. A. True B. False

false

The network model is the most common style for a logical database model. A. True B. False

having additional functions, removing obsolete functions, and reorganizing inefficient flows

The new logical model will differ from the current logical model by: A. identifying which system functions will be automated and which will be manual B. representing the physical implementation of the new system C. having additional functions, removing obsolete functions, and reorganizing inefficient flows D. including an identification of the "technology" used to process the data

Degree

The number of entity types that participate in a relationship

Condition stubs

The part of a decision table that lists the conditions relevant to the decision

condition stubs

The part of a decision table that lists the conditions relevant to the decision is called: A. condition stubs B. action stubs C. condition list D. condition execution

Rules

The part of a decision table that specifies which actions are to be followed for a given set of conditions

rules

The part of a decision table that specifies which actions are to be followed for a given set of conditions refers to: A. decision list B. action stubs C. rules D. condition list

false

The primary deliverable from logical database design is a conceptual model. A. True B. False

normalized relations

The primary deliverable from logical database design is: A. a list of alternative design strategies B. normalized relations C. design specifications D. an updated baseline project plan

Normalization

The process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data structures

normalization

The process of converting complex data structures into simple, stable data structures is referred to as: A. process modeling B. structuring C. simplification D. normalization

Gap analysis

The process of discovering discrepancies between two or more sets of DFDs or discrepancies within a single DFD

Denormalization

The process of splitting or combining normalized relations into physical tables based on affinity of use of rows and fields

third normal form

The relation state specifying that nonprimary key attributes do not depend on other nonprimary key attributes is: A. Boyce-Codd normal form B. second normal form C. third normal form D. first normal form

Indexed file organization

The rows are stored either sequentially or nonsequentially, and an index is created that allows software to locate individual rows

Sequential file organization

The rows in the file are stored in sequence according to a primary key value

Polymorphism

The same operation may apply to two or more classes in different ways

domain

The set of all data types and ranges of values that an attribute can assume defines: A. reference set B. cardinality C. constraint set D. domain

Domain

The set of all data types and values that an attribute can assume

Extension

The set of behaviors or functions in a use case that follow exceptions to the main success scenario

Field

The smallest unit of named application data recognized by system software

Encapsulation

The technique of hiding the internal implementation details of an object from its external view

Process

The work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed, stored, or distributed

process

The work or actions performed on data so that they are transformed, stored, or distributed defines: A. data flow B. data store C. process D. source/sink

Preconditions

Things that must be true before a use case can start

multiply the number of values for each condition by the number of values for every other condition

To determine the number of rules required for the decision table, you would: A. add the number of values for each condition to the number of values for every other condition B. multiply the number of values for each condition by the number of values for every other condition C. add the number of values for each condition to the number of values for every other condition, then subtract 1 D. multiply the number of conditions by two

false

Triggers are constraints on valid values for attributes. A. True B. False

A deliverable from conceptual data modeling is a set of entries about data objects to be stored in the project dictionary or repository.

True

A swimlane is a way to visually encapsulate a process.

True

An activity diagram clearly shows parallel and alternative behaviors.

True

An activity diagram shows the conditional logic for the sequence of system activities needed to accomplish a business process.

True

An entity is a person, place, object, event, or concept in the user environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data.

True

Employee identification number, name, address, and skill are attributes.

True

Entity integrity means each instance of an entity type must have a unique identifier that is not null.

True

In Business Process Modeling Notation, a gateway is represented by a diamond.

True

Relationships are labeled with verb phrases.

True

The more complex a business process is, the harder it is to automate.

True

The names of data stores on primitive-level data flow diagrams often correspond to the names of data entities in entity-relationship diagrams

True

When selecting an identifier, one should choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type.

True

Synonym

Two different names that are used for the same attribute

synonym

Two different names that refer to the same data item best defines: A. synonym B. homonym C. alias D. transitive dependency

Abstract use case

Type of use case that is initiated by another use case instead of by an actor

false

Use a verb or verb phrase to name an entity. A. True B. False

A dashed underline

Using relational notation, an attribute of a relation that is the primary key of another relation is indicated by

a dashed underline

Using relational notation, an attribute of a relation that is the primary key of another relation is indicated by: A. an underline B. a circle C. a dashed underline D. italics

Success guarantee

What a use case must do effectively in order to satisfy stakeholders

limited entry

When condition values are either "yes" or "no", these values are called a(n): A. simple entry B. extended entry C. complex entry D. limited entry

2NF

When each non-primary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in at least

second normal form

When each nonprimary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in at least: A. fifth normal form B. second normal form C. fourth normal form D. third normal form

true

When selecting an identifier, one should choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type. A. True B. False

transitive dependencies may result

When two 3NF relations are merged to form a single relation: A. recursive relationships may result B. weak entities are created C. transitive dependencies may result D. IS-A relationships are formed

a data store has a noun phrase label

Which of the following is a true statement regarding a data store? A. Data can move from an outside source to a data store. B. A data store has a noun phrase label. C. Data can move directly from a sink to a data store. D. Data can move directly from one data store to another data store

none of the above

Which of the following is considered when diagramming? A. the interactions occurring between sources and sinks B. how to control or redesign a source or sink C. how to provide sources and sinks direct access to stored data D. none of the above

The preparation of a final conceptual model and the implementation of the database

Which of the following is not associated with database design? A. Develop a logical database design from which we can do physical database design. B. Structure the data in stable structures that are not likely to change over time and that have minimal redundancy. C. The preparation of a final conceptual model and the implementation of the database. D. Develop a logical database design that reflects the actual data requirements that exist in the forms and reports of an information system.

entries in cells are simple

Which of the following properties of a relation states that an entry at the intersection of each row and column is single-valued? A. Each row is unique. B. Entries in cells are simple. C. The sequence of rows is insignificant. D. Entries in columns are from the same set of values.

domains

Which of the following refers to the set of all data types and values that an attribute can assume? A. entity integrity B. domains C. triggering operations D. referential integrity constraints

Activation

Which of the following shows the time period during which an object performs an operation, either directly or through a call to some subordinate operation?

activation

Which of the following shows the time period during which an object performs an operation, either directly or through a call to some subordinate operation?

overlap rule

Which of the following specifies that an entity instance can simultaneously be a member of two (or more) subtypes? A. disjoint rule B. total specialization rule C. partial specialization rule D. overlap rule

The symbol for an activity is:

a rectangle with rounded edges

In UML, a class is represented by:

a rectangle with three compartments separated by horizontal lines

Which of the following represents how an object acts and reacts?

behavior

All of the following are symbols used in business process modeling EXCEPT:

decision

To convert a relation to second normal form, you decompose the relation into new relations using the attributes, called:

determinants

For a binary one-to-one relationship between two entities A and B, the relationship is represented by

either adding the primary key of A as a foreign key of B or adding the primary key of B as a foreign key of A

The technique of hiding the internal implementation details of an object from its external view is called:

encapsulation

Which of the following specifies that each instance of an entity type must have a unique identifier that is not null?

entity integrity

All business processes begin and end with a(n):

event

A data marker is a field of data that can be used to locate a related field or row of data.

false

The primary deliverable from logical database design is a conceptual model.

false

if order number serves as the primary key in the ORDER relation and also appears as a nonprimary key attribute in the INVOICE relation, then order number is said to be a:

foreign key

A candidate key that has been selected as the unique, identifying characteristic for an entity type is called a(n):

identifier

Sequence diagrams can be presented in:

instance or generic form

On a sequence diagram, the destruction of an object is shown as a:

large X

The primary deliverable from logical database design is:

normalized relations

An entity that has a well-defined role in the application domain and has state, behavior, and identity characteristics defines:

object

Each regular entity type in an E-R diagram is transformed into a:

relation

Which of the following encompasses an object's properties and the values those properties have?

state

In business process modeling, a way to encapsulate a process is called a(n):

swimlane

If entity B is a mandatory participant, then:

the minimum cardinality of the relationship is one

When two 3NF relations are merged to form a single relation:

transitive dependencies may result

An entity whose primary key depends on the primary key of another entity is called a:

weak entity

regular entity

"Create a relation with primary key and nonkey attributes" is the relational representation for which E-R structure? A. weak entity B. IS-A relationship C. gerund D. regular entity

level-3 diagram

A DFD that is a result of three nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level-0 diagram defines a: A. level-3 diagram B. level-2 diagram C. primitive diagram D. level-1 diagram

Level-n diagram

A DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions of a series of subprocesses from a process on a level-0 diagram

level-n diagram

A DFD that is the result of n nested decompositions from a process on a level-0 diagram, is called: A. context diagram B. primitive diagram C. level-0 diagram D. level-n diagram

has only inputs

A black hole is one that: A. has only outputs B. has not been exploded to show enough detail C. has only inputs D. has insufficient inputs to produce the associated processes

entity type

A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics defines: A. entity occurrence B. entity collection C. entity type D. entity instance

removing any rules with impossible actions

A decision table is simplified by: A. removing any rules with impossible actions B. removing any rules with static actions C. removing simple entries D. removing extended entries

true

A deliverable from conceptual data modeling is a set of entries about data objects to be stored in the project dictionary or repository A. True B. False

Supertype

A generic entity type that has a relationship with one or more subtypes

decision table

A matrix representation of the logic of a decision, which specifies the possible conditions for the decision and the resulting actions, defines a A. sequence diagram B. structure chart C. state transition diagram D. decision table

attribute

A named property or characteristic of an entity that is of interest to the organization defines: A. gerund B. relationship C. attribute D. instance

Physical table

A named set of rows and columns that specifies the fields in each row of the table

physical table

A named set of rows and columns that specifies the fields in each row of the table best describes: A. entity type B. relation C. physical table D. data structure

Relation

A named, two-dimensional table of data. Each relation consists of a set of named columns and an arbitrary number of unnamed rows

Functional dependency

A particular relationship between two attributes

functional dependency

A particular relationship between two attributes best defines: A. normal form B. functional dependency C. structure D. context

entity

A person, place, object, event, or concept in the user environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data refers to a(n): A. entity B. data element C. relationship D. attribute

false

A primary key should be null. A. True B. False

verb phrase label

A process has a: A. noun phrase label B. pronoun label C. verb phrase label D. adjective label

false

A relation is said to be in second normal form when there are no transitive dependencies. A. True B. False

Well-structured relation

A relation that contains a minimum amount of redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, and delete the rows without errors or inconsistencies

well structured relation

A relation that contains a minimum amount of redundancy and allows users to insert, modify, and delete rows without errors or inconsistencies is a(n): A. well-structured relation B. simple relation C. unnormalized relation D. independent relation

homonym

A single name that is used for two or more different attributes best defines: A. alias B. synonym C. homonym D. transitive dependency

Entity instance

A single occurrence of an entity type

subtype

A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type that is meaningful to the organization and that shares common attributes or relationships distinct from other subgroupings best defines: A. child node B. supertype C. disjoined entity D. subtype

source

A supplier of auto parts to our company is represented on a data flow diagram as a: A. data store B. process C. source D. data flow

To show the links between objects

An activity diagram can be used for all of the following except:

data flow

An arrow on a data flow diagram represents a: A. data store B. source/sink C. process D. data flow

Relationship

An association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization

relationship

An association between the instances of one or more entity types that is of interest to the organization best defines: A. cardinality B. occurrence C. coupling D. relationship

Derived attribute

An attribute whose value can be computed from related attribute values

true

An entity instance is a single occurrence of an entity type. A. True B. False

Object

An entity that has a well-defined role in the application domain and has state, behavior, and identity characteristics

dash (-)

An indifferent condition is represented by a(n): A. pound sign (#) B. dash (-) C. exclamation point (!) D. asterisk (*)

Functional decomposition

An iterative process of breaking the description of a system down into finer and finer detail, which creates a set of charts in which one process on a given chart is explained in greater detail on another chart

four

Assume the structure of a relation is EMPLOYEE (Emp_ID, Name, Dept, Salary). The number of attributes for this relation would be: A. six B. five C. three D. four

18

Assume we have three conditions. Condition one has two values; condition two has three values; condition three has three values. How many rules are needed? Answers: A. 5 B. 18 C. 6 D. 8

Sequence diagram

Depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time

an E-R model represents conceptual data requirements for a particular system

During requirements structuring: A. the conceptual E-R data model is refined before it is translated into a logical format from which database definition and physical database design are done B. an enterprise-wide data model with very broad categories of data and little detail is prepared C. an E-R model represents conceptual data requirements for a particular system D. a specific E-R model is built to help explain the scope of a particular systems analysis and design effort

relation

Each regular entity type in an E-R diagram is transformed into a: A. row in a relation B. relation C. tuple in a relation D. column in a relation

State

Encompasses an object's properties (attributes and relationships) and the values those properties have

Join

End of parallel activities

A collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics defines:

Entity Type

then B is said to be functionally dependent on A

For any relation R, if, for every valid instance of A, that value of A uniquely determines the value of B: A. then a primary dependency exists in the relation B. then A is said to be functionally dependent on B C. then B is said to be functionally dependent on A D. then A and B are candidate keys for the relation

Binary relationship

If STUDENT and COURSE participate in a relationship, their relationship is a(n):

a separate relation with a primary key that is the composite of the primary keys of each of the participating entities is created

If a relationship exists among three or more entities, then: A. use the primary key of relation A as a foreign key in relations B and C B. separate relations are established for each class and for each of the subclasses C. a separate relation with a primary key that is the composite of the primary keys of each of the participating entities is created D. recursive relationships must be established through the use of recursive foreign keys

a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship

If an associative entity exists, then: A. place the primary key of either entity in the relation for the other entity or do this for both entities B. a separate relation C is created; the primary key of relation C is a composite key consisting of the primary key for each of the two entities in the relationship C. the primary keys of relation A and relation B are designated as functionally dependent attributes D. secondary keys are used to establish the relationship

One

If entity B is a mandatory participant, then the minimum cardinality of the relationship is:

the minimum cardinality of the relationship is one

If entity B is a mandatory participant, then: A. the minimum cardinality of the relationship is two B. the minimum cardinality of the relationship is optional C. the minimum cardinality of the relationship is one D. the minimum cardinality of the relationship cannot be defined

foreign key

If order number serves as the primary key in the ORDER relation and also appears as a nonprimary key attribute in the INVOICE relation, then order number is said to be a: A. candidate key B. relationship key C. pointer D. foreign key

be coupled to each other

If two processes are connected by a data flow, they are said to: A. share the same timing effects B. be strapped to each other C. be coupled to each other D. share the same data

Complete

If your DFD contains data flows that do not lead anywhere, it is not

complete

If your DFD contains data flows that do not lead anywhere, it is not: A. gap proof B. complete C. a primitive diagram D. consistent

indifferent condition

In a decision table, a condition whose value does not affect which actions are taken for two or more rules is referred to as a(n): A. flexible condition B. fixed condition C. static condition D. indifferent condition

they each describe different but complementary views of the same information system

Process, logic, and data model descriptions of a system must be consistent and complete because: A. they each describe different but complementary views of the same information system B. they are prepared during the analysis phase C. they are constructed in parallel by separate analyst teams D. programming tasks require the integration of the information contained in the diagrams

recursive relationships

Relationships between instances of a single entity type are referred to as: A. recursive relationships B. transitive relationships C. dependent relationships D. binary relationships

context diagram

The diagram that shows the scope of the system, indicating what elements are inside and which are outside the system, is called a: A. representative diagram B. referencing diagram C. level-2 diagram D. context diagram

DFD completeness

The extent to which all necessary components of a data flow diagram have been included and fully described refers to: A. DFD gap proofing B. DFD consistency C. DFD completeness D. DFD flexibility

primitive data flow diagrams

The lowest level of DFDs is called: A. context diagrams B. level-0 diagrams C. level-1 diagrams D. primitive data flow diagrams

primitive diagram

The lowest level of decomposition for a data flow diagram is called the: A. context diagram B. primitive diagram C. level-1 diagram D. level-0 diagram

minimum cardinality of the relationship

The minimum number of instances of entity B that may be associated with each instance of entity A defines the: A. maximum cardinality of the relationship B. degree of the relationship C. minimum cardinality of the relationship D. domain of the relationship

Cardinality

The number of instances of entity B that can (or must) be associated with each instance of entity A

cardinality

The number of instances of entity B that can (or must) be associated with each instance of entity A refers to: A. cardinality B. ternary occurrence C. participation level D. domain

source/sink

The origin and/or destination of data, sometimes referred to as external entities defines: A. source/sink B. data store C. process D. data flow

Source/Sink

The origin and/or destination of data; sometimes referred to as external entities

rules

The part of a decision table that links conditions to actions is the section that contains the: A. action statements B. condition statements C. rules D. decision stubs

Action stubs

The part of a decision table that lists the actions that result for a given set of conditions

E-R diagram

The primary deliverable from the conceptual modeling step within the analysis phase is a(n): A. state-transition diagram B. E-R diagram C. decision tree D. context data flow diagram

gap analysis

The process in analysis in which the analyst tries to discover discrepancies between two or more sets of data flow diagrams, representing two or more states of an information system, or discrepancies within a single DFD, is referred to as: A. sequencing B. referencing C. double checking D. gap analysis

demoralization

The process of splitting or combining normalized relations into physical tables based on affinity of use of rows and fields best describes: A. data structure B. normalization C. simplification D. denormalization

true

The purpose of the conceptual data model is to show as many rules about the meaning and interrelationships among data as possible. A. True B. False

A gateway can be exclusive or inclusive.

True

A sequence diagram depicts the interactions among objects during a certain period of time.

True

An activity diagram should only be used when it adds value to the project.

True

In business process modeling, a gateway is a decision point.

True

choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type

When selecting an identifier, one should: A. use intelligent keys B. choose a candidate key such that for each instance of the entity, the attribute is guaranteed to have valid values or is null C. use large composite keys instead of single-attribute surrogate keys D. choose a candidate key that will not change its value over the life of each instance of the entity type

primitive data flow diagrams

When you believe that you have shown each business form or transaction, computer screen, and report as a single data flow, you have probably reached the: A. level-3 diagrams B. level-1 diagrams C. level-0 diagrams D. primitive data flow diagrams

referential integrity constraints

Which of the following addresses the rules concerning the relationships between entity types? A. referential integrity constraints B. domains C. triggering operations D. entity integrity

composite partitioning

Which of the following combines range and hash partitioning by first segregating data by ranges on the designated attribute and then within each of these partitions it further partitions by hashing on the designated attribute? A. functional partitioning B. combined partitioning C. composite partitioning D. transitive partitioning

A join in a data flow means that exactly the same data comes from any of two or more different processes, data stores, or sources/sinks to a common location

Which of the following is a true statement regarding data flows? A. A data flow may have multiple directions between symbols. B. A data flow to a data store means retrieve or use. C. A join in a data flow means that exactly the same data comes from any of two or more different processes, data stores, or sources/sinks to a common location. D. A data flow from a data store means update.

An information system design based on a data orientation, rather than a process or logic orientation, should have a longer useful life

Which of the following is a true statement? A. An information system design based on a data orientation, rather than a process or logic orientation, should have a longer useful life. B. A data model explains the transient form of an organization. C. Data flow paths are permanent. D. Data characteristics are dynamic.

Model how data flow through an information system, the relationships among the data flows, and how data come to be stored at specific locations.

Which of the following is not a key step in logical database modeling and design? A. Translate the conceptual E-R data model for the application into normalized data requirements. B. Combine normalized data requirements from all user interfaces into one consolidated logical database model. C. Compare the consolidated logical database design with the translated E-R model and produce, through view integration, one final logical database design for the application. D. Model how data flow through an information system, the relationships among the data flows, and how data come to be stored at specific locations.

Each row in a relation corresponds to an attribute of that relation.

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding a relation? A. Each column in a relation corresponds to an attribute of that relation. B. An entry at the intersection of each row and column has a single value. C. Each row in a relation corresponds to an attribute of that relation. D. Each relation consists of a set of named columns and an arbitrary number of unnamed rows.

Composite data flows on one level cannot be split into component data flows at the next level

Which of the following is not an advanced rule governing data flow diagramming? A. At the lowest level of DFDs, new data flows may be added to represent data that are transmitted under exceptional conditions. B. The inputs to a process must be sufficient to produce the outputs from the process. C. To avoid having data flow lines cross each other, data stores may be repeated on a DFD. D. Composite data flows on one level cannot be split into component data flows at the next level.

state-transition diagram

Which of the following is not one of the primary deliverables resulting from studying and documenting a system's processes? A. state-transition diagram B. context data flow diagram (DFD) C. DFDs of the current logical system D. thorough descriptions of each DFD component

The value of the key must uniquely identify every row in the relation

Which of the following properties should be satisfied when the identifier of the entity type becomes the primary key of the corresponding relation? A. The key should be an intelligent key. B. The key must be a composite of a primary key and a secondary key. C. The key should serve as a foreign key in at least two other relations. D. The value of the key must uniquely identify every row in the relation.

triggering operations

Which of the following refers to an assertion or rule that governs the validity of data manipulation operations such as insert, update, and delete? A. referential integrity constraints B. triggering operations C. entity integrity D. domains

partial specialization rule

Which of the following specifies that an entity instance of the supertype is allowed not to belong to any subtype? A. partial specialization rule B. disjoint rule C. overlap rule D. total specialization rule

total specialization rule

Which of the following specifies that each entity instance of the supertype must be a member of some subtype in the relationship? A. partial specialization rule B. disjoint rule C. total specialization rule D. overlap rule

entity integrity

Which of the following specifies that each instance of an entity type must have a unique identifier that is not null? A. domains B. triggering operations C. referential integrity constraints D. entity integrity

disjoint rule

Which of the following specifies that if an entity instance of the supertype is a member of one subtype it cannot simultaneously be a member of any other subtype? A. total specialization rule B. disjoint rule C. overlap rule D. partial specialization rule

Normalization produces a set of well-structured relations that contain all of the data mentioned in system inputs and outputs

Which of the following statements is true regarding normalization? Selected Answer: A. Normalization is an integrity constraint specifying that the value of an attribute in one relation depends on the value of the same attribute in another relation. B. Through the use of anomalies, stable structures are produced. C. Normalization is a top-down process. D. Normalization produces a set of well-structured relations that contain all of the data mentioned in system inputs and outputs.

A relationship that the data modeler chooses to model as an entity type best defines:

associative entity

A message in which the sender does not have to wait for the recipient to handle the message best describes:

asynchronous message

A particular relationship between two attributes best defines:

functional dependency

When each nonprimary key attribute is identified by the whole key, the relation is said to be in at least:

second normal form