SB Anatomy Lab :Digestion and Nutrition

Why are teeth not considered to be part of the skeletal system?

- Teeth contain proteins not found in bones. - Teeth have a different structure than bones.

List the substances absorbed from the stomach.

- lipid-soluble drugs - alcohol - small volumes of water

The motor functions of the alimentary canal are movements that combine food with digestive fluids and movements that move materials along the digestive tract.

Blank 1: mixing or segmentation Blank 2: propelling or peristalsis

Which part of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

Mouth

Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach?

esophagus

When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose.

lower; raise

What is the body of the stomach?

the largest portion of the stomach

What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?

- move the contents along the tract. - mix the contents with fluids

Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called , which lubricates the food during swallowing.

Blank 1: amylase Blank 2: mucus

The small intestine consists of three sections. As food passes from the stomach through the small intestine, it passes through the (indicated by the letter "A"), then through the (indicated by "B"), and then through the (indicated by "C").

Blank 1: duodenum Blank 2: jejunum Blank 3: ileum

The alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the innermost tissue, the submucosa, muscularis externa, and

Blank 1: mucosa or mucous membrane Blank 2: serosa or serous layer

The alimentary canal is innervated by the and divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: parasympathetic

The first stage of swallowing is a(n) action involving the tongue moving the bolus into the . Listen to the complete question

Blank 1: voluntary Blank 2: oropharynx or pharynx

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically, into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called

Digestion

True or false: Most absorption of digestive products occurs in the stomach.

False The statement is false. Recall that gastric enzymes begin breaking down proteins, but the stomach wall is not well adapted to absorbing digestive products.

The ______ are highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. They contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods.

Lips

The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.

Tongue

The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic

amylase

The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______.

bicarbonate ions

Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called. that assists with lipid digestion.

bile

The liquid that is created and secreted by the liver to help with lipid digestion is

bile

The largest segment of the stomach is the

body

Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

breaks down glycogen to glucose converts noncarbohydrates to glucose polymerizes glucose to glycogen

Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.

carbohydrates

Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______.

carbohydrates; disaccharides

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase.

cephalic; gastric; intestinal

The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the

cheeks

Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called

chyme

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as

chyme

The ______ is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts.

common hepatic duct

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called

gastric

Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called

gastric glands

Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form

glycogen

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

Where is the stomach located?

in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

What is the function of bile salts?

increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes

Match the pancreatic secretion with the type of secretion process. Instructions Insulin Pancreatic juice

insulin matches Choice, endocrine secretion endocrine secretion pancreatic juice matches Choice, exocrine secretion exocrine secretion

The digestive organ that is about 1.5 meters long and begins in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity, where the ileum joins the cecum is the ______.

large intestine

The oral cavity functions in ______.

mastication, speech, and sensory perception

There are two main components to digestion, ______ digestion and ______ digestion.

mechanical; chemical

What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

The three parts of the pharynx are the

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What is the main function of the small intestine?

nutrient absorption

Match each part of the pharynx with its description.

oropharynx:Posterior to the soft palate, located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity. laryngopharynx:The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus. nasopharynx:It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.

The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.

oropharynx; voluntary

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the

palate

A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the

pancreas

The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the

pancreas

Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?

pancreas

Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates ______ reflexes that trigger the release of small intestine secretions.

parasympathetic

The largest salivary gland, located anterior and inferior to the ear, is the

parotid

The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.

pharynx

Openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa, as indicated by the arrows are called gastric

pits

Where is the pharynx located?

posterior to oral cavity

The common hepatic duct is formed by the convergence of which two structures?

right and left hepatic ducts

The substance that functions to moisten the mouth, clean the teeth, inhibit bacterial growth, and aid in swallowing by moistening food is called

saliva

The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is

secretin

In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called ______ and normal propelling movements are ______.

segmentation; peristalsis

A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing. Multiple choice question.

serous; mucous

Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine?

small intestine

The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the . Listen to the complete question

stomach

The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects which two organs in the digestive tract?

stomach and large intestine

Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

The hardest structures in the mouth that are not part of the skeletal system are called

teeth

Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______.

to emulsify fats

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the .

tongue

The liver is located mainly in the ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ______ to the diaphragm.

upper right; inferior

The liver is located in the right ______ quadrant of the abdominal cavity, just inferior to the ______.

upper; diaphragm

Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal

villi

The image is of a small structure within the small intestine known as a(n) ______.

villus

The forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents from the mouth is called ______.

vomiting

When the stomach lining is irritated significantly, sensory signals are sent to the brainstem, and motor signals return to various structures to cause ______.

vomiting