SB ch. 5? Developmental psych 3200
If an infant's behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, the behavior
is likely to recur
Baby Erika is one year old. She is at the park with her mother. She sees a puppy and becomes very excited. She goes over to her mother and grabs her shirt and points at the puppy. What concept does this interaction demonstrate?
joint attention
Reciprocal interaction is one component of
joint attention
Rebeca, a 14-month-old infant, and her mother are looking at a picture book. Her mother points to a picture of a dog and says, "Look, there's a doggie!" Rebeca repeats the word doggie. What concept does this example illustrate?
joint-attention
The length of sustained attention increases through
the 2nd year
Sustained attention is also known as
focused attention
By the time they are 3 months of age, infants develop expectations about
future events
A string of consonant-vowel combinations, such as "da, da, da," or "ba, ba, ba, ba," is known as
babbling
What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations?
babbling
Which of the following vocalizations do infants start to make around the middle of the first year of life?
babbling
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called
cooing
What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?
cooing
What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 2 to 4 months?
cooing
An infant who coordinates schemes and intentionality is engaging in the ______ sensorimotor stage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
When infants begin to engage in eye-hand coordination, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.
coordination of secondary circular reactions
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
crying
Order the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form on top.
crying, cooing, babbling
Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
deferred imitation
______ is the replication of behavior after a time delay of hours or days.
deferred imitation
is the process by which information is transferred to memory.
encoding
Assimilation and accommodation work in concert to produce cognitive change, and cognitive change is
equilibration.
When a child says, "Big bite," and the parent responds by saying, "You did take a big bite of the cookie!", the parent is using which strategy?
expanding
When a child says, "Big cup," and the parent says, "Yes, that is a big cup," the parent is using which of the following strategies?
expanding
is restating, in a linguistically sophisticated form, what a child has said.
expanding
What type of memory involves the conscious or intentional recall of facts and other information that can be stated or declared?
explicit
Which type of memory improves substantially during the second year of life?
explicit
___________ memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences.
explicit
If a child's sucking behavior is followed by a reward such as music or a human voice, one can expect which of the following infant behaviors to occur?
faster sucking
What is the age range that is associated with infantile or childhood amnesia?
first 3 years of life
When babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are most likely in the second sensorimotor substage, which is characterized by
first habits and primary circular reactions.
How many rule systems are involved in language organization?
five
Rovee-Collier found that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is ______ by a visual display, music, or a human voice.
followed
A mother turns her head and looks out the window. Her baby also looks toward the window. This behavior is known as ______ following.
gaze
Which of the following is not one of the five systems of rules of language?
generativity
An infant waving bye-bye is an example of a(n)
gesture
An infant smacking its lips to indicate that it wants food or drink is an example of
gesturing
Which form of infant communication involves showing and pointing?
gesturing
Which of the following is not one of the three strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language?
gesturing
When babies are shown the same toy repeatedly, they will usually pay less attention to it each time. In other words, the babies have ______ to the toy.
habituated
Infants' attention is strongly governed by novelty and
habituation
______ provides a useful tool for assessing what infants can see, hear, smell, and taste.
habituation
is decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
habituation
Betty Hart and Todd Risley observed that the children of professional parents ______ vocabulary at 36 months of age than the children of welfare parents.
had a much larger
Failure to engage in pointing is a sign that a child may
have communication problems
Which type of memory is demonstrated earliest in infants?
implicit
memory is the type of memory that encompasses skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically.
implicit
Memory without conscious recollection is known as
implicit memory
A baby is presented with a new stimulus. If the baby ______ his responsiveness, this shows dishabituation to the stimulus.
increases
What infant ability is represented in the photograph depicting research conducted by Andrew Meltzoff?
infant imitation
When caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, how is language development impacted?
infants have a larger vocabulary, and infants speak their first words earlier
Which of the following actions did infants imitate in Meltzoff's research on infant deferred imitation?
infants imitated sounds they heard the day before
The ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules is known as
infinite generativity
Which of the following are common characteristics of all human languages?
infinite generativity, organizational rules
According to Roger Brown, children want more than just the names of objects; they often want _____ about the object too.
information
According to Roger Brown, children want more than just the names of objects; they often want ______ about the object too.
information
A baby watches her older sibling throw a temper tantrum and later imitates the behavior. Which sensorimotor substage is the baby most likely in?
internalization of schemes .
When infants begin using primitive symbols, they are in the ______ sensorimotor substage.
internalization schemes
When caregivers and infants frequently engage in ______ attention, infants say their first word earlier and develop a larger vocabulary.
joint
attention considerably increases infants' ability to learn from other people.
joint
attention occurs when two individuals focus on the same object or event.
joint
What is a word or a part of a word that cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful parts?
morpheme
Which of the five systems of rules of language has the function of marking tense and number?
morphemes
Which of the following capabilities or behaviors cannot be measured through habituation?
motor skills
Which of the following is not an example of a common first-word type for an infant?
not: locations is: food, toys, greeting terms
During play, the ball rolls out of view behind a chair. The infant walks behind the chair in search of the ball. This behavior is an example of which of the following?
object permanence
What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?
orienting/ investigative process
Baby Arshiya has awakened in her crib. She cries to alert her parents that she is awake. Arshiya stands in her crib, hanging onto the bars and watching the door. When her mother opens the door and comes in, Arshiya stops crying, smiles, and waves. What attentional concept does this example describe?
orienting/investigative processes
A child overextends the word "dada." This means that the she will also call which of the following "dada"?
other men
An infant sees a rabbit and calls it "kitty." This is an example of
overextension
Jeffrey is an infant who has learned the word dada. To his mother's embarrassment, Jeffrey calls his father, his uncle, his brother, and any male stranger he sees "dada." What is Jeffrey engaging in?
overextension
Julie is an infant who has just gotten a football from her grandfather. He tells her that it is a football, and she quickly repeats the word. Julie begins to call every ball that she sees "football," even though none of the other balls she sees is actually a football. In what is Julie engaging?
overextension
What is the term for the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning?
overextension
is the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning
overextension
Operant conditioning has been especially useful when studying infant _____________ , memory, and retention.
perception
Which of the following is not a component of language?
perceptual categorization
The /d/ sound in the word "dog" is an example of a ______.
phoneme
is the smallest unit of sound in language that affects meaning.
phoneme
An example of ______ would be how in English some words start with sch as in school, but no words start with the cluster chs.
phonology
In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of
phonology
Sh, ch, and sp are all examples of what is incorporated in the sound system of a language, which is called
phonology
______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.
phonology
______ is to sound units as morphology is to meaning.
phonology
is the sound system of a language.
phonology
lack of _____ a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.
pointing
Which two of the following strategies do parents typically use with young infants to direct joint attention?
pointing, gaze following
If you say "Hey, Buddy!" when greeting your friend but "Hello, Mrs. Berra" when greeting your teacher, you are demonstrating that you understand ______.
pragmatics
The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.
pragmatics
What term refers to the appropriate use of language in different contexts?
pragmatics
When you ask a question and then pause to wait for the answer, you are demonstrating that you understand ______.
pragmatics
Piaget believed that cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.
qualitatively
Piaget believed that the way children reason at one stage is different from the way they reason at another stage. The difference in reasoning is considered to be
qualitatively different.
A child says, "I like to play with Sophie." Her teacher asks, "What do you like to play with Sophie?" This is an example of
recasting
A child says, "Me want food." His mother responds, "What kind of food do you want?" This is an example of which of the following?
recasting
Mario makes a simple statement about playing with blocks. His mother rephrases Mario's statement and turns it into a question. This is an example of which of the following?
recasting
Which strategy do parents use when they respond to a child's utterance by rephrasing it as a grammatical sentence?
recasting
is the rephrasing or restating of something a child has said, perhaps in the form of a question, for example.
recasting
vocabulary refers to words a child understands.
receptive
Research has shown that infants will suck faster on a nipple when the sucking behavior is followed by a visual display, music, or a human voice. The visual display, music, or human voice is considered to be a(n)
reinforcer
To enhance a child's acquisition of language, parents may use a strategy called "expanding," which is ______ what a child has said in a linguistically sophisticated form.
restating
When infants repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results, primarily with people or objects in their environment, they are most likely in the ______ sensorimotor substage.
secondary circular reactions
The meaning of words and sentences is called
semantics
We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand
semantics
refers to the meaning of words and sentences.
semantics
Joint attention enables children to use their ______ skills to acquire language.
social
Language experts consider pointing to be an important index of the ______ aspects of language.
social
Words a child uses are called ______ vocabulary.
spoken
Millicent knows what a ball is but cannot say the word "ball." She has not yet incorporated the word into her
spoken vocabulary
Habituation and dishabituation is a way parents can interact effectively with their children since the infants will react to changes in
stmulation
The type of attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar is called
sustained attention
According to Piaget, a ______ is an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event.
symbol
During the internalization of schemes substage, infants develop the ability to use primitive _____________ that allow them to think about concrete events without directly acting them out or perceiving them.
symbols
"The car talked the girl into buying an apple" is ______ correct but ______ incorrect.
syntactically; semantically
In the sentence "Michael walked to the store," we know who walked where because we understand
syntax
The sentence "The mouse the cat the farmer chased killed the cheese," does not exist in any language. This is because the sentence's ______ is too complex.
syntax
The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called
syntax
We realize that the sentence "You didn't stay, didn't you?" is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand
syntax
involves the way in which words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.
syntax
True or false: An example of coordination of secondary schemes would be an infant manipulating a stick in order to bring an attractive toy within reach.
t
True or false: In order for equilibration to take place, children must experience assimilation and accommodation.
t
A phrase like "Daddy come school" or "Mommy give Hakan ice cream? are examples of
telegraphic speech
______ is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
telegraphic speech
Callie is a toddler who has never seen a cow before. Initially she calls the cow a horse because she has a toy barn with a horse, and the cows were in the barn on the farm. Her mother tells her that the animal she is looking at is a cow. She quickly learns what a cow looks, smells, and sounds like after feeding it some grass. What has Callie done with the information she has gained about cows?
Accommodated the information about cows and created a cow scheme
A child calls all winged creatures birds, including bats and butterflies. Her mother teaches her the correct terms for the different animals, and the child does not make the mistake again in the future. What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
Accommodation
Baby Rajiv has just turned one. While he is sitting at the park, an airplane flies overhead. He then turns to his father and points in the sky at the plane. What concept does this interaction demonstrate?
Joint attention
Which of the following are characteristics of child-directed speech?
Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
What has been discovered by studies that examined the connection between socioeconomic status and language development?
Low-income parents talked less to their children.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding deferred imitation?
Meltzoff's research showed that it occurred earlier than Piaget theorized.
After an infant babbles, her mother immediately smiles and touches her. According to the environmental influence perspective, what behavior will the infant most likely display following her mother's response?
More speech-like sounds
What concept is being studied in the picture?
Object permanence
What is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched?
Object permanence
Roger Brown claimed that much of a child's early vocabulary is motivated by which of the following?
Parents play the word game: pressuring children to identify words associated with objects.
Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is not true?
Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.
Darlene's infant daughter does not yet recognize her name when someone says it. What is the oldest she is likely to be?
4 months old
By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize its name when someone says it.
5 . months
In Patricia Kuhl's research, she found that a baby's brain becomes most open to learning the sounds of a native language at
6 months for vowels and 9 months for consonants
At what age do infants begin gesturing?
7-15 months
While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that ______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before.
9-month old
Which of the following is NOT an example of telegraphic speech?
A child says "My daddy gives Carter the cookie."
What view proposes that language is a chain of responses acquired through reinforcement?
The environmental influence perspective
If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in the communication system, which of the following is true?
The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding language development in childhood?
The timing of a child's first word and the timing of the vocabulary spurt vary.
Baby Michelle looks intently at her mother, who is singing a song. What is Michelle demonstrating?
attention
How many morphemes are contained in the word "teacher"?
2
At what age do infants begin engaging in 5 to 10 seconds of sustained attention?
3 months of age
At what age does babbling first begin?
6 months
The production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations such as "ma-ma-ma" is called
babbling
What do infants imitate first?
facial expressions
Words are created out of
phonemes
Which of the following is not one of the functions of early vocalizations?
to practice the semantics of language is: to communicate, attract attention, practice making sounds
Findings from a study conducted by Brooks and Meltzoff demonstrated that infants first begin engaging in gaze following at approximately what age?
10 months
The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.
18
two-word utterances cooing crying babbling first word spoken
18-24 2-4 birth 6 months 13 months
At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?
18-24 months
Based on Spelke's research on expectations, at what age to children expect objects to be solid and continuous?
4 months
What does research on infants' recognition of language sounds demonstrate?
By their first birthday, infants lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds not important in their own language.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding common first words?
Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago.
Baby Tyrone sees his favorite stuffed bear on the couch across the room. He crawls over to the couch, pulls himself up, and reaches for his bear. Which sensorimotor substage does Tyrone fit into?
Coordination of secondary circular reactions
When considering habituation and dishabituation, what should parents do to foster infant learning?
Do novel things and repeat them often until the infant stops responding
A child says, "Me sleepy." The parent responds, "Yes, you are sleepy." This is an example of which language acquisition strategy?
EXPANDING
True or false: Accommodation occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
F
True or false: Infants can say more words than they can actually understand.
False
True or false: Recasting refers to identifying the names of objects.
False
Baby Rebecca is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally puts her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back into her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Rebecca in?
First habits and primary circular reactions
When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?
First habits and primary circular reactions
What term refers to the inability to remember events in the first three years of life?
Infantile or childhood amnesia
Why does Meltzoff believe that infant imitation has a biological basis?
Infants can imitate facial expressions within the first few days after birth.
What is the main finding in Rovee-Collier's experiment of infant memory?
Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.
Which of the following statements is true?
Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months.
Baby Alex is lying on his back on a blanket with a musical toy dangling above him. When Alex begins to wave his hands and accidentally touches the toy and it begins to play music. Very quickly Alex learns that when he touches the toy, it plays music. Every time the toy stops, he bats at it with his hand to make the music continue. Which sensorimotor substage is Alex in?
Secondary circular reactions
Luis is about 7 months of age. Luis bumped a rattle on the floor and it made a noise. Immediately, he grabbed the rattle and repeated the action. What sensorimotor substage is Luis in?
Secondary circular reactions
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants become more object-oriented and less focused on their own body?
Secondary circular reactions
According to Spelke's findings, what did 4-month-old infants expect objects to be?
Solid and continuous
True or false: According to the textbook, infants can imitate facial expressions within the first few days after birth.
T
True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.
T
True or false: There is no practical limit to the number of meaningful sentences that can be created using the words and rules in the human language.
T
Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?
Telegraphic speech is not limited to two words.
While in her highchair, Baby Nadia picks up a magazine and pretends to read it. She then turns it over and puts it on her head, pretending it is a hat. She is delighted when it slides off and falls to the ground. Which sensorimotor substage is Nadia in?
Tertiary circular reactions
What is the minimal unit of meaning in a word?
a morpheme
occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account.
accommodation
A father is playing a game with his child in which he shows the child pictures of different objects. He asks the child to identify the names of the objects. This is an example of
labeling
A mother holds up a ball and asks her child, "What is this?" Next, she holds up a doll and asks, "What is this?" What strategy is this parent using to enhance the child's acquisition of language?
labeling
What is the term for identifying the names of objects when speaking to a child?
labeling
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
language
Which of the following are knowledge systems discussed as part of the core knowledge approach?
language, object permanence, space
______ research suggested that infants were capable of deferred imitation at an earlier age than Piaget theorized.
meltzoff's
Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?
memory
Baby Carter sees an empty box on the floor. He crawls over to the box and begins putting his blocks into it. A few minutes later, he tips the box on its side and crawls into it. He then crawls out of the box, stands up, and puts the box on his head like a hat. He walks around with the box on his head until he bumps into the wall. Which sensorimotor substage is Carter in?
tertiary circular reactions
When infants become intrigued with all the different ways they can manipulate objects, they have entered into the ______ sensorimotor substage.
tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity
When infants begin experimenting with new behavior, they are engaging in
tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity.
Which of the following is a necessary requirement of joint attention?
track another behavior (gaze), one person directing anothers attention, reciprocal interactions
True or false: Recasting, expanding, and labeling are common strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language.
true
Carter is a 20-month-old boy. He drinks out of a cup with a zebra on it. He uses the word cup to identify his zebra cup. He will use the word cup only when he is referring to his zebra cup. In what is Carter engaging?
underextension
Little Becky thinks only lollipops should be called candy. What linguistic mistake is she making?
underextension
MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?
underextension
is the tendency to apply a word too narrowly.
underextension
Receptive vocabulary refers to the words a child can
understand
In terms of sentence structure, the idea that language users cannot process subjects and objects arranged in too complex a fashion is
universal across languages
The timing of a child's first word and the timing of the vocabulary spurt
vary
The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months of age is called the
vocabulary spurt
