SB- Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance
A diploid cell has ______ alleles for each gene, one on each homologous chromosome.
2
In a monohybrid cross, Mendel mated two F1 generation (Yy) pea plants. What was the genotypic ratio in the F2 generation?
25% YY, 50% Yy, 25% yy
When Mendel mated two F1 generation yellow-seeded (Yy) pea plants, what was the phenotypic ratio in the F2 offspring? (Green-seeded pea plants are genotype yy.)
3 yellow seeds: 1 green seed
What chance (#/16 possibilities) is there of producing an offspring with the round shape and green color phenotype in the dihybrid cross illustrated here? 🍋 🍋 🍋 🍈
3/16
What percent chance is there of producing an offspring with the yellow seed color phenotype in the Punnett square shown? Y y Y y
75%
In a dihybrid cross, Mendel mated two of the F1 generation (RrYy) pea plants that had yellow, round seeds. As predicted by a Punnett square, the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation is ____________ round and yellow seeds, to ___________ round and green seeds, to ______________ wrinkled and yellow seeds, to ____________ wrinkled and green seeds.
9, 3, 3, 1
What is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that holds the instructions to make a protein?
Gene
Who discovered the basic principles of inheritance using traits of pea plants?
Gregor Mendel
What genotype produces the phenotype of type AB blood?
IAIB
Typically, the sex chromosomes of a human female are
XX.
What chromosomes typically make up the sex chromosomes in a human male?
XY
BB Bb bb
all dominant alleles dominant and recessive alleles all recessive alleles
Alternative forms of a gene are called
alleles
Different varieties of the same gene, called ______, may arise from mutations.
alleles
Mendel deduced the law of independent _____________ , which states that alleles for one gene are randomly separated into gametes in a way that is not influenced by the separation of alleles of another gene.
assortment
The pedigree shown in the picture depicts the inheritance of a(n)
autosomal dominant disorder.
Of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are the same in both sexes and are not sex chromosomes are called the .
autosomes
In the human genome, 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are called
autosomes.
The gametes of humans are called
eggs and sperm.
True or false: For some of the traits Mendel studied, alleles were incompletely dominant or codominant.
false
In humans, sex is determined by the sex chromosomes X and Y. If a human contains two X chromosomes, then its biological sex is typically _____________ ; but if a human contains an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, then its biological sex is typically _______________.
female, male
The haploid cells of humans are called
gametes.
A(n) ______ is a portion of DNA that encodes a protein.
gene
An individual's allele combination for a particular gene is called the .
genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual is called the
genotype.
A cell with one set of chromosomes is a(n) ______ cell.
haploid
Gametes, or sex cells, are ____________ , meaning they contain only one set of chromosomes.
haploid
A(n) ______ individual has 2 different alleles for a given gene.
heterozygous
If parents contribute different versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.
heterozygous
In Mendel's experiments, the hybrid plants had what genotype?
heterozygous
Two chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes in the same positions are a(n) ______ pair.
homologous
A ______ individual has two identical alleles for a gene.
homozygous
If both parents contribute identical versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.
homozygous
In a test cross, a homozygous recessive pea plant with green seeds is mated with a yellow-seeded plant of unknown genotype. If all the progeny have yellow seeds, then the genotype of the yellow-seeded plant is
homozygous dominant.
Select all of the possible genotypes for the true-breeding plants in Mendel's experiments.
homozygous recessive homozygous dominant
Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but may contain different alleles at a particular site, called a gene
locus.
The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called the gene's ___________.
locus/ loci
Cell division that results in the production of gametes is called
meiosis
A ______ cross is a mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same, single gene.
monohybrid
An example of a(n) ______ cross is the mating of two rats that both contain the alleles Ff for fur color. This cross is made to examine which of two fur colors their offspring will have.
monohybrid
A type of gene expression called pleiotropy occurs when
one gene has multiple effects on the phenotype.
A chart showing the presence and absence of phenotypes in multiple generations of a family is called a
pedigree.
An individual's _______________ is its observable characteristics for a particular trait.
phenotype
In ______, one gene encodes a protein that is important in many biochemical pathways or that affects many parts of the body.
pleiotropy
If the genotype for a trait is Tt, the t allele is called the _________ allele, whose effect is masked by the other allele.
recessive
The trait encoded by a(n) ______ allele will ONLY be exhibited when another allele does not mask it.
recessive
What type of trait in Mendel's studies could vanish in one generation and reappear in the next generation?
recessive
Mendel's law of ______ states that alternative versions of genes are packaged into separate gametes.
segregation
When pollen from the male parts of a flower becomes applied to the female part of the same flower, the process is called
self-fertilization.
In the human genome, the X and Y chromosomes are called the
sex chromosomes
Genes that are located on the X or Y chromosome are said to be ______ and often are expressed in one sex more than the other.
sex-linked
Red-green color blindness and hemophilia are examples of ______, which are controlled by alleles on the sex chromosomes.
sex-linked genes
To determine if the genotype of a pea plant with a dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous, a ______ may be completed.
test cross
In a ______________ cross, an individual with an unknown genotype is mated with an individual with a homozygous recessive genotype to determine the unknown genotype.
test/ testcross
Presence of the phenotype of an autosomal recessive disorder in one generation and then absence of the phenotype in the next generation likely means
the allele is present in heterozygotes that are carrying the disorder.
A ______ organism always produces offspring that are identical to the parent when self-fertilized.
true-breeding
If a gene exists in 10 different alleles in a population, how many alleles can be expressed in one diploid cell?
two
The symbol for a dominant allele is a(n) ______ letter, whereas the symbol for a recessive allele is a(n) ______ letter.
uppercase; lowercase
The compartments within a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross show the possible allele combinations of the
The compartments within a Punnett square for a dihybrid cross show the possible allele combinations of the
In Mendel's experiments, a true-breeding pea plant with yellow seeds (YY) was mated with a true-breeding pea plant with green seeds (yy). What was the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation?
0% YY, 100% Yy, 0% yy
In a dihybrid cross, Mendel mated two F1 generation (RrYy) pea plants. Referring to the Punnett square, what is the genotypic ratio of the F2 generation? 🍋 🍋 🍋 🍈
1 RRYY, 2 RRYy, 1 RRyy, 2 RrYY, 4 RrYy, 2 Rryy, 1 rrYY, 2 rrYy, 1 rryy
1. above and left of Punnett square 2. inside Punnett square
1. above and left of Punnett square 2. possible alleles of haploid sperm and egg
In plants, the production of seeds by the union of gametes from the same plant is called _____________-fertilization, whereas production of seeds by the union of gametes from different plants is called _________________-fertilization.
1. self, self-pollination, self-fertilization, or inbreeding 2. cross, cross-pollination, cross-fertilization, or outcrossing
1. genotype IAi or IAIA 2. genotype IBi or IBIB 3. genotype IAIB 4. genotype ii
1. type A blood 2. type B blood 3. type AB blood 4. type O blood
Mendel mated a pea plant of true-breeding round, yellow seeds (RR YY) with a pea plant of true-breeding wrinkled, green seeds (rr yy). A Punnett square analysis shows that ________% of the F1 generation has round, yellow seeds.
100%
In a cross between two traits, Mendel mated a pea plant of true-breeding round, yellow seeds (RR YY) with a pea plant of true-breeding wrinkled green seeds (rr yy). What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation?
100% Rr Yy
Mendel mated true-breeding pea plants that had yellow seeds (YY) with true-breeding pea plants that had green seeds (yy). In the F1 generation, ______% of the plants had yellow seeds, and ______% of the plants had green seeds.
100; 0
The first filial generation in a genetic cross is written as the ______ generation.
F1
The offspring of the first set of individuals mated in a particular cross is the
F1 generation.
The second filial generation in a genetic cross is written as the ______ generation.
F2
In a genetic cross, the offspring of the F1 generation are the
F2 generation.
A pea plant with purple flowers of unknown genotype is test crossed with a white-flowered pea plant (ff), and half of the offspring have purple flowers and half the offspring have white flowers. What is the genotype of the purple flower?
Ff
______ is the cell division process that occurs in diploid germ cells and gives rise to haploid cells.
Meiosis
______ formulated key principles of genetics before DNA, genes, and chromosomes were discovered.
Mendel
What type of gene expression was present in the seven traits Mendel studied?
One allele was completely dominant over the other.
What is the first set of individuals mated in a particular cross?
P generation
In a genetic cross, what does the P generation represent?
Parental generation
What are the observable characteristics of an individual's genes?
Phenotype
A ______ is a diagram that shows how the parental alleles may combine to form possible genotypes of the offspring.
Punnett square
What type of diagram is shown in the picture? Y Y y y
Punnett square
Mendel deduced the law of _______________, which states alleles of a gene move apart from each other during gamete formation.
Segregation
Homologous chromosomes are
chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes but may not carry the same alleles.
Two different alleles of a heterozygous genotype are both fully expressed to produce the phenotype in a type of expression called
co dominance
In a type of gene expression called ______, two different alleles are both expressed fully in the phenotype of the offspring.
codominance
An example of a(n) ______ cross is the mating of two rats that both have the genotype Ff Tt for fur color and tail length to examine which of two fur colors and tail lengths their offspring will have.
dihybrid
What type of cross is a mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same two genes?
dihybrid cross
A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes is a _______________ cell.
diploid
A human ______ cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes from each parent.
diploid
An _____________ allele always exerts its effects when present.
dominant
In Mendel's studies, a ______ trait is one that could mask the appearance of another trait.
dominant
When one or both copies of a gene are the ______ allele, then this allele's form of the trait will be exhibited.
dominant
A ______ organism produces mixed offspring: some that are identical to the parent plant and some that are different.
hybrid
In a gene expression pattern called ______, the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between the homozygotes.
incomplete dominance
The pink snapdragon flowers in the picture are an example of ⚪️+🔴= 100%🍑 🍑+🍑= 25%🔴, 50%🍑, 25%⚪️
incomplete dominance.
Mendel's law of ______ claims that the segregation of alleles for one gene does not influence the alleles for another gene during gamete formation. Multiple choice question.
independent assortment
