Schizophrenia

DA and schizophrenia DA pathways: ________ ( (b); D2 receptor Mesocortical (c); ___ ______ ________ (a); D2 receptor __________ (d); D2 receptor

Mesolimbic D1 receptor Nigrostriatal Tuberoinfundibular

Neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin) b. induction of some positive symptoms by _______ and ______ (these INCREASE dopamine release and block _______)

amphetamine cocaine reuptake

Evidence for SEROTONIN 1. "_______" neuroleptics block specific ______ receptors 2.induction of "______ ______" by serotonin _______ (LSD, psilocybin) 3. ______ in serotonin receptors in schizophrenics

atypical serotonin Positive symptoms agonists changes

Neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin) 1. Evidence for dopamine a. "________" neuroleptic drugs ______ dopamine receptors i. generally neuroleptic drugs degree of dopamine block is correlated with ______ ______

classical BLOCK clinical efficacy

SCHIZOPHRENIA 1. disorders of thought form and content a._______ b.disorders of perception-________

delusions hallucinations

DA and schizophrenia Dominant hypothesis is that there is _______ of mesolimbic, nigrostriatal and tuberoinfundibular (subcortical) and hypofunction of _______

hyperfunction mesocortical

Evidence for GLUTAMATE 3. ______ glutamate release in schizos 4. ______ in glutamate receptors

reduced changes

SCHIZOPHRENIA 2. MOTOR symptoms a. stereotyped ______ movements b. _______

repetitive catatonia

Neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin) c. increases in dopamine receptors, ______ i. density of ____ receptors higher in _______ schizophrenics ii. schizophrenics have _______ DOPAMINE receptor SENSITIVITY

sensitivity D2 (dopamine) untreated increased

How do changes in these 3 systems produce schizophrenia? -excess _____/_____ or reduced ______ tend to decrease this inhibition (opens the gate) -_______ activity in the thalamo-_______-thalamicloop= _______ -increasing _______ activity and "____ fragmentation?"

dopmaine serotonin glutamate endogenous cortical HALLUCINATION sensory ego

What are the NEUROTRANMITTER IMBALANCES in Schizophrenia?

Dopamine Glutamate Serotonin

Some risk factors ________ -_______: low birth weight, prematurity, hypoxia, viral infections -Male (respond more to DA, no estrogen?) -DRUG ABUSE ______ ______: isolation, low dominance Many of these genes relate to dopamine signaling or synaptic development

Environmental Obstetric Social Adversity

SCHIZOPHRENIA 3. EMOTIONAL symptoms a. ______ affect, _______ affect 4. ________ symptoms (excesses) (meaning like present, active) EXAMPLE: delusions, hallucinations, movements -also ______ symptoms (LOSSES) e.g. _____, flat affect, asociality

Flat inappropriate POSITIVE Negative apathy

In regards to Schizophrenia, which symptoms respond better to DRUG TREATMENT?

Positive Symptoms

Schizophrenia is a _____ disorder.

Psychotic

Evidence for GLUTAMATE 1. dopamine inhibits glutamate release 2. _____ which produces positive symptoms has no known ______ effects, but is a glutamate (NMDA) receptor _______

inhibits PCP dopamine antagonist

How do changes in these 3 systems produce schizophrenia? a. disruption of ________->cortical gating of sensory information? -the thalamus may serve to GATE ______ ______ to the CORTEX -the _______ output is _______ to the thalamus (closes the gate)

thalamo sensory info striatal inhibitory