Science Big Bang
What is our Universe made of? Define each of the components that make up our universe.
71.5% dark energy -Dark energy is an unknown form of energy that counteracts gravity, and causes the universe's expansion accelerate. •24% dark matter -Dark matter is only a theory. -Fritz Zwicky (first one to come up with theory) noticed that galaxies' revolutionary speed was too fast for their mass. This extra speed, he said, was caused by dark matter's gravity. -Dark matter is also responsible for gravitational lensing. This is when light bends when we are looking at an object in space. Dark matter is thought to have caused this. -Dark matter would have to be invisible, give off no radio waves, emit no radiation, and not reflect light. •4% gases •.5% planets and stars.
Who are Penzias and Wilson? What did they discover?
Arno Penzias and Bob Wilson were scientists who met a conference. They went to Jersey, and used an antenna from bell Laboratory called Holmdel Horn. This antenna interpreted microwaves. In 1964, They pointed Holmdel at the edge of the Milky Way, but all they heard was static. No matter where they pointed it, they heard the static. They thought the static was the radar of a nearby army base, or pigeon poop, and almost everything else, but no matter what they did, the sound was still there. Finally, they went to a conference by Dave Wilkinson and Robert Dicke. They were scientists that thought there was energy left from the Big Bang in space. They been looking for evidence, but hadn't found it. When Pensius and and Wilson went to the conference and listened, they realized, they had found what Robert dicke and Dave Wilkinsonkhad been looking for. They had found CMB Pensius and Wilson were credited over Dave and Robert because they came up with the evidence, and that what science cares about. Science doesn't care much about a theory(Dave and Robert's). They same thing happened with Hubble and George lemaître.
What is CMB? How is this evidence for the Big Bang
Cosmic microwave Background radiation (CMBR, CBR, CMB) is Microwave Radiation that is everywhere in the universe and is leftover energy from the Big Bang. •This energy started as orange light (it started radiating during recombination era because atoms formed.) then went to infrared, then went to microwave, what it is today. •Another discovery that was made was in may 2009 the Planck telescope was launched, and over the course of 4 years, mapped CMB being released into the universe from the Big Bang. •This is evidence for the Big Bang because if there is Microwave everywhere in our universe it had to have come from the same source (the Big Bang). •If the Big Bang really happened it must have release tremendous energy that should still exist today, and that energy is CMB.
Describe the changes that took place in the moments following the Big Bang. Mention the following eras and explain. Remember these first four eras bolded below happened within the first 400,000 years of the beginning of our Universe. Inflation Early building blocks Recombination Era Dark Ages What changes come after the dark ages?
Inflation (10 to the negative 32 power years after the beginning) -Space inflates space to a visible size and spaces fills with a soup of subatomic particles called quarks. •Early building blocks (.1 millisecond after expansion.) -quarks clumped into protons, neutrons and electrons. •Recombination era -Universe cooled and atoms formed -Universe went from opaque to transparent. (When there is no atoms, light was just bouncing around, and we couldn't see. This is being opaque. But as atoms form, light settled and the universe became transparent. -photons could travel faster. •Dark Ages (380,000-300mil years after expansion.) -Cosmic background radiation is the only light. This radiation was infared. This is why it is called the dark ages, because we can't see infrared, so everything looked black. -Clumps of matter that will become galaxies glow brightest. After the darks ages; -dense gas collapses under its own gravity, and that of dark matter, to form galaxies and stars. -nuclear Fusion begins to happen and lights up stars -cosmic expansion accelerates because of dark energy. -The universe is getting less dense, so less galaxies and stars are forming.
What is our modern scientific model for the cosmos? Include a picture and a brief explanation.
LOOK AT STUDY SHEET
What is magnitude? How is it used to describe the distance to a galaxy?
Magnitude is a measure of how bright a galaxy or star looks, to us; in other words, how much light from a star or galaxy reaches earth. All galaxies have relatively the same size and brightness. So, closer the galaxy, the brighter it will be. •Magnitude measure distance, because the brighter something is (less magnitude), the closer it will be •The brighter a galaxy or star, the lower magnitude.
What is redshift? How is it used to describe the speed of a galaxy?
Redshifting is when an object moves farther away from Earth. The farther away it gets, the longer its wavelengths are. When wavelengths get longer, they head towards red side of the visible light spectrum, hence, redshift. •To get velocity, You measure a galaxy at one point in time, and then at another point it time. After this, you subtract the first distance from the second, to get how far it redshifted. Then, you divide how far it redshifted, by the time it took to travel, and you get the velocity.
What is the Big Bang Theory? Explain how it describes the birth of our Universe. How old is our Universe?
The Big Bang Theroy is a well-tested scientific theory that talks about the development of our universe. The theory explains that in the "beginning" where there was no time, space, energy, matter, atoms, there was just nothingness, the only thing that existed was singularity, smaller than the tip of a pin. An unknown instability in the singularity caused it expand into the "nothingness". That expansion/inflation was the beginning of all time and space. That was the beginning of our universe. The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago.
What are the three different theories regarding what could happen to our universe? Explain each of them. Which one do scientists support?
The Big Crunch -Gravity would halt, or even reverse cosmic expansion leading to a big crunch. This is unlikely because if dark energy. •The big rip -Expansion will trigger a big rip that shreds everything, including galaxies and atoms. •Infinite expansion -The universe might expand for hundreds of billions of years, long after all stars have died. •They support the big rip.
Who is Edwin Hubble? What did he discover? How is his discovery evidence for the Big Bang Theory?
•Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer who was responsible for coming up with hubble's law. •He said, "velocity of galaxies is proportional to their distance." This means that if an object is farther away to a starting point than another object, the one that is farther away will move faster. •He also can be credited for coming up with the Big Bang theory. His evidence for the Big Bang is he noticed the universe was expanding, therefore, he said, it must have started from one point, and expanded from there. (The Big Bang)
