Science Chapter 12 Test Study Guide

Newton's 1st and 2nd laws of motion

1= an object will stay at rest or in motion unless an unbalanced force acts upon 2= the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object

Parts of the Earth

Check Notes 5

What causes day and night?

Day and night are caused by Earth's spinning on its axis or its rotation. As Earth rotates eastward, the sun appears to move westward across the sky. It is day on the side of Earth facing the sun. As Earth continues to turn to the east, the sun appears to set to the west. Sunlight can't reach the side of Earth facing away from the sun, so it is night there. It takes Earth about 24 hours to rotate once.

Why does the Earth have seasons?

Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun. Earth's axis is tilted at a angle of 23.5º from the vertical. As Earth revolves around the sun, the north end of its axis is tilted away from the sun for part of the year and toward the sun for part of the year. Summer and winter are caused by Earth's tilt as it revolves around the sun.

1st person to examine the moon through a telescope

Galileo Galilei

Look at Diagrams of the phases of the moon and the tides

Look at the diagrams

Alignment of the sun, Earth, and moon during each type of eclipse

Lunar = the earth is in between the sun and moon Solar = the moon is in between the sun and earth

Why is it warmer at the equator than at the poles?

The Equator is warmer than the poles because it gets more direct sunlight. Sunlight hits Earth's surface most directly near the equator. Near the Poles, sunlight arrives at a steep angle. As a result, it is spread out over a greater area. That is why it is warmer near the equator than near the poles.

What is the universal law of gravitation?

The law that states that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object

Orbit

The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space

Astronomy

The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space

What does not cause the seasons

The varying distance between the earth and the sun

crescent

a moon that is less that half visible

gibbous

a moon that is more than half illuminated but not full visible

new moon

a new moon is when the moon's daylight side is turned away from the earth, and so it cannot be seen

Ellipse

a shape that is not a perfect circle, but is close

Tilt

a sloping position or movement

Compare/contrast two types of eclipses

a solar eclipse is the moon passing between the earth and the sun, a lunar eclipse is when the earth passes between the sun and the moon

Calendar

a system of organizing time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of a year

Equator

an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres

Poles

either of the two locations on the surface of the earth that are the northern and southern ends of the axis of rotation

What two factors keep the Earth orbiting the sun and the moon orbiting the Earth?

inertia and gravity

Maria

latin word for seas, they are flat plain on the moon formed by ancient lava flows

Longitude

lines drawn from pole to pole and indicate how far east or west of the Prime Meridian something is

Latitude

lines drawn horizontally and indicate how far north or south of the midline the location of something is

What 2 factors effect/determine the strength of gravitational attraction between 2 objects?

mass (directly proportionally to gravity) and distance (inversely)

Orbital Motion

motion of an object around a fixed point

Highlands

mountainous lighter surfaces on the moon that cast dark shadows

What are the names and the sequence of the 8 main lunar phases

new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent

Name the two parts of the Earth's shadow

penumbra and umbra

Craters

round, bowl-like depressions in the moon's surface formed by impacts from meteors

alignment of the sun, earth, and moon during each special tide

spring = the sun, moon, and earth line up neap = the sun is at a right angle to the line between the earth and moon

name/describe the two special kinds of tides

spring and neap

Equinox

the 2 days of the year when neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun

Solstice

the 2 days of the year when the noon sun is farthest north or south of the equator

tides

the alternate rising and falling of the sea, twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

what causes the phases of the moon

the changing positions of the moon relative to the earth and sun

theory of how the moon formed

the collision ring theory: a large object collided with earth (4.5 billion years ago). Material from earth's outer layers was ejected into space. The material from earth was thrown into orbit around the earth and formed a ring. Gravity caused the material to form the moon.

phase

the different shapes of the moon you see from Earth

Terminator

the dividing line between the light and dark part of a planetary body

Prime meridian

the earth's zero longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England

Gravity

the force of attraction between all objects in the universe

umbra

the fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by a total solar eclipse

Axis

the imaginary line that runs from pole to pole directly across the center of the planet

Revolution

the movement of one object around another object

What causes the tides and how frequently do they occur

the pull on the moon's gravity on the bodies of water on the earth's surface and it happens twice a day

Penumbra

the shadow cast by the earth or moon over an area experiencing a partial eclipse

dark side of the moon

the side of the moon that is never visible from earth

Rotation

the spinning motion of earth on its axis

Inertia

the tendency an object has to resist a change in motion

Why does the moon's surface temperature vary so much

there is no atmosphere, the sun's rays hit one side of the moon directly but then does not hit one side at all. This causes one side to be extremely warm but the other side to be cold

waning

used to describe the moon when less and less of the illuminated hemisphere is visible

waxing

used to describe the portion of the phases of the moon where the amount of the visible, illuminated hemisphere we can see is increasing