Science Chapter 12 Test Study Guide
Newton's 1st and 2nd laws of motion
1= an object will stay at rest or in motion unless an unbalanced force acts upon 2= the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object
Parts of the Earth
Check Notes 5
What causes day and night?
Day and night are caused by Earth's spinning on its axis or its rotation. As Earth rotates eastward, the sun appears to move westward across the sky. It is day on the side of Earth facing the sun. As Earth continues to turn to the east, the sun appears to set to the west. Sunlight can't reach the side of Earth facing away from the sun, so it is night there. It takes Earth about 24 hours to rotate once.
Why does the Earth have seasons?
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun. Earth's axis is tilted at a angle of 23.5º from the vertical. As Earth revolves around the sun, the north end of its axis is tilted away from the sun for part of the year and toward the sun for part of the year. Summer and winter are caused by Earth's tilt as it revolves around the sun.
1st person to examine the moon through a telescope
Galileo Galilei
Look at Diagrams of the phases of the moon and the tides
Look at the diagrams
Alignment of the sun, Earth, and moon during each type of eclipse
Lunar = the earth is in between the sun and moon Solar = the moon is in between the sun and earth
Why is it warmer at the equator than at the poles?
The Equator is warmer than the poles because it gets more direct sunlight. Sunlight hits Earth's surface most directly near the equator. Near the Poles, sunlight arrives at a steep angle. As a result, it is spread out over a greater area. That is why it is warmer near the equator than near the poles.
What is the universal law of gravitation?
The law that states that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object
Orbit
The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space
Astronomy
The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space
What does not cause the seasons
The varying distance between the earth and the sun
crescent
a moon that is less that half visible
gibbous
a moon that is more than half illuminated but not full visible
new moon
a new moon is when the moon's daylight side is turned away from the earth, and so it cannot be seen
Ellipse
a shape that is not a perfect circle, but is close
Tilt
a sloping position or movement
Compare/contrast two types of eclipses
a solar eclipse is the moon passing between the earth and the sun, a lunar eclipse is when the earth passes between the sun and the moon
Calendar
a system of organizing time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of a year
Equator
an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres
Poles
either of the two locations on the surface of the earth that are the northern and southern ends of the axis of rotation
What two factors keep the Earth orbiting the sun and the moon orbiting the Earth?
inertia and gravity
Maria
latin word for seas, they are flat plain on the moon formed by ancient lava flows
Longitude
lines drawn from pole to pole and indicate how far east or west of the Prime Meridian something is
Latitude
lines drawn horizontally and indicate how far north or south of the midline the location of something is
What 2 factors effect/determine the strength of gravitational attraction between 2 objects?
mass (directly proportionally to gravity) and distance (inversely)
Orbital Motion
motion of an object around a fixed point
Highlands
mountainous lighter surfaces on the moon that cast dark shadows
What are the names and the sequence of the 8 main lunar phases
new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent
Name the two parts of the Earth's shadow
penumbra and umbra
Craters
round, bowl-like depressions in the moon's surface formed by impacts from meteors
alignment of the sun, earth, and moon during each special tide
spring = the sun, moon, and earth line up neap = the sun is at a right angle to the line between the earth and moon
name/describe the two special kinds of tides
spring and neap
Equinox
the 2 days of the year when neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun
Solstice
the 2 days of the year when the noon sun is farthest north or south of the equator
tides
the alternate rising and falling of the sea, twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun
Mass
the amount of matter in an object
what causes the phases of the moon
the changing positions of the moon relative to the earth and sun
theory of how the moon formed
the collision ring theory: a large object collided with earth (4.5 billion years ago). Material from earth's outer layers was ejected into space. The material from earth was thrown into orbit around the earth and formed a ring. Gravity caused the material to form the moon.
phase
the different shapes of the moon you see from Earth
Terminator
the dividing line between the light and dark part of a planetary body
Prime meridian
the earth's zero longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich, England
Gravity
the force of attraction between all objects in the universe
umbra
the fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by a total solar eclipse
Axis
the imaginary line that runs from pole to pole directly across the center of the planet
Revolution
the movement of one object around another object
What causes the tides and how frequently do they occur
the pull on the moon's gravity on the bodies of water on the earth's surface and it happens twice a day
Penumbra
the shadow cast by the earth or moon over an area experiencing a partial eclipse
dark side of the moon
the side of the moon that is never visible from earth
Rotation
the spinning motion of earth on its axis
Inertia
the tendency an object has to resist a change in motion
Why does the moon's surface temperature vary so much
there is no atmosphere, the sun's rays hit one side of the moon directly but then does not hit one side at all. This causes one side to be extremely warm but the other side to be cold
waning
used to describe the moon when less and less of the illuminated hemisphere is visible
waxing
used to describe the portion of the phases of the moon where the amount of the visible, illuminated hemisphere we can see is increasing